JOURNAL OF RECENT STUDIES IN NAHJ AL BALAGHAH
Year:2019 | Volume:2 | Issue:1 (3) |Papers Count:6

There are two different approaches regarding the use of Nahj-ul-Balagha as the source referred to in the inference of religious laws. Some people have questioned the jurisprudential rulings of Nahj-ul-Balagha; the main causes of such a concern are rooted in: 1-failure to accept Nahj-ul-Balagha for sending a document or being included in one single news item 2-turning attention to non-juridical aspects of Nahj-ul-Balagha like ethical and literary aspects 3-existence of clearer and more rigorous narrations in the field of jurisprudential rulings and 4-well-established methodology of the Jurists referring to particular jurisprudential sources. Some scholars have cited the inference of religious laws like other valid sources of narration, and have cited it in various jurisprudential affairs. Of course, the number of reference to this group is very small and also includes a few jurisprudential affairs. This paper, by analytical-documentary design and collecting data through library study, examines different perspectives on the possibility or impossibility of referring to Nahj-ul-Balagha in the inference of religious laws, and finally, after analyzing and criticizing the reasons for impossibility of citing, the viewpoint of those who are able to cite Nahj-ul-Balagha is offered as a support to the inference of religious laws. The type of research is applied due to the use of created jurisprudential capacities for strengthening the fundamental principles and jurisprudential inferences that are likely to lead to the explanation and development of jurisprudential sources.

Parallelism is a linguistic behavior frequently used in the eloquent sermons of Nahj-ul-Balagha. Therefore, examining and explaining factors leading to parallelism can reveal part of the magic of this systematic and eloquent masterpiece. Rhymed components, lexical parallelism in different types of rhymes and syntactic parallelism of sentences have brought this success. In the present study, descriptive-analytic approach was adopted to examine the contributing factors to rhythm and harmony in Emam Ali’ s Jihad sermon. The findings revealed that the sermon is rich with respect to different harmony generating elements. It is evident that Amir-al-Momenin (PBUH) has utilized various types of parallelism, particularly phonological one and overt music resulted from different types of rhymes and also covert music developed from repetition, symmetry and syntactic parallelism to present the themes of the sermon persuasively and emphatically. Moreover, the use of different phonological and rhythmic elements shows Imam Ali’ s mood on that occasion. For instance, when he wants to warn, encourage, or threaten the audience, his voice rises by using phonological elements.

Islamic texts have been proved to have great effects on Persian literary texts and this can be seen in almost every literary work. Among these texts, the most influential have been the Holy Quran, Hadith, and Nahj-ul-Balagha. Many Persian writers and poets have endeavored to make use of Islamic texts, particularly the teachings of Nahj-ul-Balagha as much as possible due to its highly eloquent position and its comprehensive account of religious, social, cultural, political, and ethical issues. They have tried to get inspired by the style used in dealing with such issues and put them into practice while writing and composing; hence, guarantee their living an immortal life just as Nahj-ul-Balagha which is certain to survive as long as the earth and the heavens exist. Among the Persian writers and poets, Saadi was remarkably influenced by Nahj-ul-Balagha to the extent that it has been considered to be the most important and comprehensive model (following Qoran) for Saadi. The methodology used was descriptive-analytical. The results indicate that Saadi was profoundly influenced by Nahj-ul-Balagha. There were 260 items of direct and 600 items of indirect influences from Nahj-ul-Balagha in Saadi’ s writings. Furthermore, in his book Boostan, Saadi used Imam Ali’ s remarks in Nahj-ul-Balagha and, undoubtedly, one of the secrets for the immortality of Saadi and his legacy has been the effect of this invaluable book and mining its treasures.

The present study attempts to identify factors of dysfunction within the organizations and social subdivisions in fulfilling their responsibilities and functions. Since the educational thoughts and teachings of Imam Ali. (PBUH) were based on religious principles and fundamentals, adhering to ethical values and establishing religion sovereignty is outstandingly manifested in his practice. This can be interpreted and clarified in the form of discourse analysis taking into account the cultural and social fields. Nahj-ul-Balagha was the product of intellectual-practical challenges in Imam Ali’ s government. The true vision of religious well as spiritual and human values are thoroughly reflected in Nahj-ul-Balagha. Discourse analysis of cultural damages with the intention of coping with its consequences and aiming at preventing cultural damages indicates that religion is a cultural category. Regarding the broad concept of culture and the wide scope of its influences, the origins of the damages to a religious society are considered to be of cultural nature. In this study, the cultural damages were investigated from two broad aspects; namely, “ attitudinal– behavioral” and “ planned– structural” . The most prominent components of the former are ideology and ethics while the most important components of the latter are “ norms” – as the plan and shared rules of social action– and “ society” – as a structure with strategic and functional importance.

Language is one of the fundamental elements in stylistics and gender, in turn, is of significance to the language of literary texts. Robin Lakoff is the first theorist of linguistics to discuss his views on the female speech patterns in discourse. From his point of view, male and female language is more projected in speech than in writing; a sample of Nahj-ul-Balagha and the guidance of Fadakieh of Hazrat Zahra sermons were selected for their similarities in terms of the conditions and subjects and were analyzed based on Lakoff's theory. Lakoff's phonological, lexical, and syntactic elements along with emotional-related concept were employed to descriptively analyze the selected sermons in terms of the linguistic features manifested in the speech of males and females. The patterns obtained appeared to match up, though partially, with Lakoff’ s model in difference between males and females in terms of rhyme, pun, using adjectives, questions, syntactic coordination. They, however, did not differ in terms of emphatic expressions, oaths, and taboo words. The mismatch of the western point of view and that of the infallibles is utterly obvious. It is stands to logic to argue that the infallibles did not discriminate for/against one gender rather depending on the condition and topic of their speech resorted to different styles.

Although there is still controversy surrounding the nature, definition, and application of the concept of equilibrium, it is one of the fundamental concepts in translation studies. Due to the wide variety of texts in terms of their aims and styles, balance cannot be judged as a general relation between the original text and its translation. In translating a text, or specific sections of it, the translator must determine what kind of balance has to be struck. Since metaphor is an aesthetic structure in its translation, aesthetic balance is of paramount importance. The aesthetic balance means preserving the communicative value of a metaphor in its translation in terms of the degree of interpretation and presence of the audience to discover its ambiguity. The present study, employing a descriptive-analytical method, examined three popular translations of Nahj-ul-Balagha and came up with the following results: first, the literary features of metaphors are translated into the target language under the condition that the translator reads, like the reader of the original text, along with intellectual reflection and challenge; second, the ambiguity in metaphor is the factor that prompts the curiosity of the audience to intimately understand the meaning and image of the metaphor, third; literal translation is recommended for metaphors with intercultural implications; proverbial metaphors are suggested to be replaced with some communicative value in the target language; other metaphors, however, might be translated into similes.