JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER ENGINEERING
Year:2018 | Volume:4 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:8

The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons-contaminated wastewater using UV/O3 method. To predict the degree of pollutant destruction, the initial concentrations of O3 and pollutant, pH, solution temperature, reaction time and UV intensity were designed. For this purpose, 1-liter cylindrical glass reactor was used. The radiation source was a low-pressure mercury UV lamp with 254-nanometer wavelength (30 W UV-C) placed on the top of the batch photoreactor in order to perform UV/O3 experiments. Different concentrations of O3 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/l) were tested. In a concentration of 15 mg/l petroleum and contact time of 5, 10, 30, 20, 40, 50, 60, 100, and 120 minutes, the removal rate of hydrocarbons in the UV/O3 system was 15, 28, 31, 36, 42, 52, 56, 73, and 59. 5%, wheras, the COD removal efficiency at the same contact times was 22, 38, 45, 61. 5, 67. 5, 70, 80, 88. 5, 76. 5% respectively. When the initial pH was 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12, the approximately efficiency of hydrocarbon removal was 75, 8, 62, 63, 4, 58, 44, 8, 35, 8, and 30% respectively. The results of this study showed that 20 mg/l O3 dose at pH = 3 and UV intensity of 2. 8 W/cm (254 nm), the optimal utilization conditions for mineralization of hydrocarbon provide 73% removal after 100 minutes of reaction time.

One method of groundwater quality assessment is applying Groundwater quality index (GWQI), which is a combinational method of different quality parameters of groundwater. The aim of this study was to estimate the Marvdasht-Kharameh Plain groundwater quality for drinking by employing GWQI along with applying geostatistics technology in GIS environment. For this purpose, the norm of five years quality data of 49 wells were used. GWQI was estimated by applying inverse distance weighting method to quality parameters. Kriging geostatistics pattern was used for assessing spatial changes and mapping the quality parameters and GWQI. Spherical variogram pattern had the best fitting on quality parameters and GWQI. The results illustrated that spherical variogram pattern with 19200 m effective range is appropriate for GWQI. Based on sensitivity analysis, EC, TDS, and Mg had the most and pH, sulphate and TA had the least influence on GWQI. The GWQI range was variable from 47 to 1000. Upon to GWQI map, the north-western parts of Marvdasht-Kharameh Plain aquifer had suitable quality for drinking while it was not suitable to use in southern parts of aquifer.

Shortage and water crisis have made it essential to improve management and consequently to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems. Since a large percentage of agricultural lands in Iran are irrigated by furrow irrigation, research on this method application is required. In this study, the simulation accuracy of WinSRFR and SIRMOD models were compared and analyzed with the data taken from the farm of Agricultural Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, where the field experiments were also performed. The farm soil had clay loam texture with bulk density of 1. 18 g/cm3 under furrow irrigation. The length, depth, slope, and flowrate of the open-ended furrow under continuous flow were 25 m, 65 cm, 0. 007 m/m and 4 l/s respectively. The results showed that the percentage of average prediction error of advance time in the WinSRFR model was 7 percent less than the SIRMOD model. The value of λ in simulation of WinSRFR and SIRMOD models was 0. 82 and 0. 68 respectively, which estimated the error rate of 18 and 32 percent, respectively. In estimating the average infiltrated depth, the WinSRFR and SIRMOD models estimated the average infiltrated water depth with λ = 0. 97 and λ = 1. 11, respectively, showing that the WinSRFR model has carried out the simulation of application efficiency with a three-percent error and with higher accuracy than the SIRMOD model. The results showed that WinSRFR model is more applicable and higher accuracy than the SIRMOD model.

Assessing existing water resources along with different routes of the river in a watershed is essential for its optimum use, conservation, and predicting flood and minimum flow. In addition, identification of runoff production processes is also important for assessing the effects of climate change and landuse on the hydrologic response of the watershed. There are several methods for separating base flow. In this study, the minimum local methods, sliding intervals, fixed intervals, one-parameter recursive digital filter and two-parameters recursive digital filter method were used for separating base flow at four hydrometric stations of Karaj River basin with a statistical period of 22 years (1991-2012). Then, the results were compared to determine the most appropriate method. The results showed that at Sierra-Kalvan and Nashtarod stations, the one-parameter recurrsive filter method with alpha of 0. 925 and 0. 950 could be a suitable method for estimating the base flow, due to the lack of significant differences between their results, as well as the minimum standard deviation. For Mored and Sierra stations, the one-parameter recursive digital filter with alpha values of 0. 950 and 0. 975 was considered as a suitable method in separating base flow because of the lack of significant differences between their results as well as the standard deviation. The one-parameter recursive digital filter, therefore, has high spped in separating the flow hydrograph and can determine the continuous values of base flow.

Determination of corrosion and scaling potential is one of the most important quality aspects of groundwater resources in different uses. Therefore, the aim of this research work was to determine the corrosion and scaling potential of Marvdasht Plain groundwater using Langelier saturation and Ryznar stability indices and their mapping through GIS. For this purpose, 49 agricultural wells were sampled for five years and total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA) and pH were measured. The ordinary kriging geostatistical method was applied for mapping the Langelier saturation and Ryznar stability indices and their components. The results showed that the spherical model was most fitted for these indices. The eefective domin varied from 15752 to 32711 m for the components and the spatial correlation class changed from good to fair. The mean Langelier index was 0. 58 showing low to fair scaling potential. The mean Ryznar index was 6. 2 indicating low corrosion potential of Marvdasht Plain Aquifer. Based on the zoning maps, the northern parts of the area showed the highest TH and TDS components followed by Langelier index, showing fair scaling potential. In this part, the effect of carbonate formations was evaluated as the probable contributor of the increasing the Langelier index. In general, the Marvdasht groundwater has fair quality in terms of corrosion and scaling potential.

Study of changes in groundwater resources has great importance on planning and management of sustainable water resources in any region. The goal of this study was trends and dominant period investigation in groundwater level data at monthly timescales in fifteen piezometers of Ardabil plain using non-parametric Mann– Kendall (MK), temporal pre-processing (discrete wavelet transform) and spatial pre-processing (self-organizing map) methods. In first step, a Self-Organizing-Map (SOM)-based clustering technique was used to identify spatially homogeneous clusters of groundwater level (GWL) data. At second step, the wavelet transform (WT) was also used to extract dynamic and multi-scale features of the non-stationary GWL for central piezometers at 3 level. At last step, The MK test were applied to different combinations of DWT after removing the effect of significant lag-1 serial correlation to calculate COMPONENTS responsible for trend of the time series. The results showed that negative trend is prevalent in the case study; generally, wavelet-based detail at level 3 plus the approximations time series was conceded as the dominant periodic component.

The possibility of contamination of surface waters by the safranin dye and its consumption by ruminants is inevitable subsequently; hence the effect of using safranin as a water pollutant with low-cost absorbents on fermentation activities of ruminal microorganisms was investigated in a culture medium. Safranin, at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ppm) with processed sodium bentonite (SB) and ash prepared from Cucumis Melo L. skin, each at three levels (0 and 4 and 8 mg) were used with a factorial experiment 3×2×3 in a laboratory medium. Removal effect of safranin in water was also investigated at 3 and 24 h incubation. The maximum removal rate of safranin from water (5 ppm) for SB and melon peel ash was determined 90 and 80%, respectively at 24 h incubation. Removal percentage of safranin by two adsorbents, decreased when safranin increased from 5 to 10 ppm. In response to increasing the safranin levels from 0 to 10 ppm in the culture medium, potential gas production, and cumulative gas production after 12, 24 and 48 h incubation, ME, SCFA, NEl, MPY, and OMD decreased significantly compared to the control group. The gas production potential decreased when levels of both adsorbents increased from 2 to 4%. The amounts of TVFA and ammonia nitrogen in the culture media decreased when safranin concentration increased from 0 to 5 ppm. Generally, both adsorbents were able to remove safranin from the water, efficiency. The SB also appears to be more effective in eliminating of safranin rather than ash.

Water treatment has long been a debate about human attention. This colorless liquid is one of the purest materials available on the earth and yet the most complex hosting solution. Increasing pollution and the subsequent decline in water quality have made proper management of this resources vital and crucial for different consumption. Zoshk-Shandiz River is one of the most important permenant rivers in the west of the Mashhad City in Khorasan Razavi Province. Assessing the water quality of the river is essential as the river water is used for agricultural purposes in gardens and farms along the river sides and a portion of it is stored in the Golestan Reserviour for use in gardens within the Mashhad City. In this study, coagulation-flocculation process using two coagulants (lime and alum) was applied to determine the optimum coagulant dosage for the treatment the water of the Zoshk Shandiz River. Lime was a better coagulant than alum because it had higher removal efficiency for TSS and turbidity. The amount of lime added to the water of Zoshk-Shandiz River at 0. 4 g/l presented the best result.