URBAN PLANNING KNOWLEDGE
Year:2019 | Volume:3 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:7

One of the issues that urban system of many developing countries are facing, is the formation of new towns from rural settlements. In the Guilan Province of Iran, as an important agricultural region, the problem of this reclassification, has received considerable attention, because of the possible destruction of agricultural land. The question that which factors and processes force to rural settlements be identified and reclassified as a city can be considered as the most important question in relation to this subject. This research employs a qualitative approach focusing on the application of grounded theory in order to explain the nature of this subject. For this aim, 15 experts were selected by snowball-sampling method and interviewed. The research findings show that the political factor has been the main factor affecting the reclassification of rural settlements into cities in this region. This has occurred through five key components, including intervention by political power, redefining space management scale by government, people's attitudes about cities and villages, ignoring key capacities of settlements and dependence of rural settlements on governmental economic resources and subsidies. Meanwhile, the role of the authorities has been the most effective role in reclassification of rural settlements into cities since 1991. Due to this, the process of formation of new urban centers and reclassification of rural settlements into cities in Guilan province, can be defined as an inter-related top-down/bottom-up process. In this process, firstly, the demand of local people and political-social elites, leads to intervention for reclassification of rural settlements as city. Through this, willing and pursuit of people for reclassification of rural settlements into cities because of cultural attitudes or better life conditions, has been considered as bottom-up intervention, and the legal means (instruments) such as laws and approval by the state is considered as top-down intervention.

Public spaces witness three different relations between gender and space, these relationships are (1) relation between men and space, (2) relation between women and space, and (3) relation between men/women and space. These spatial relationships are based on the three different spaces which are masculine, feminine, and mixed. The main problem of the research is how to make justification in them. Space Gender refers to some feature of the place which is emphasized in cultural studies and makes an independent personality. Spatial Gendered culture planning highlights the effects of planning on males and females, as well as the impacts of men and women on planning itself. The case study of the research is Tabriz's Tarbiat walkway and the methodology is combination of the quantitative method which is questionnaire and qualitative method which is based on observation. The main aim of doing the research is checking out the effect of Material Space, Representations of Space, and Spaces of Representation on Gender Culture of Space. The structural model of the research evaluates the Partial Least Squares through Smart PLS software. The result of t-value shows that significant levels are more than the standard 1. 96 for all the routs by confidence level of 95%. At last, it shows that the most optimal choice of men is Sense of Power through (3. 51) average point, then the Thrill (3. 44) and Ownership (3. 41) are second and third from their point of view. Women choose Memories as the most optimal indexes by (3. 89) average point. After that Inspiration (3. 78) and Feelings (3. 66) are two other priorities of them. The significant tip is that these indexes are from Spaces of Representation subset too. Also, it can be mentioned that the Spaces of Representation has more effect on the Gender Culture of Space that the other variables.

During the Safavid period, due to security and economic prosperity, it provided a suitable platform for the promotion of Iranian Islamic culture. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the urban planning of the Safavid era city system ، and its impact on the formation of the new urban fabric of Isfahan city. The present research is based on the nature and method of analytical descriptive. The method of data collection is through exploring the text and documents. Data analysis is in a qualitative way. The research shows, that the ideal city in the Safavid era has been influenced by the kind of worldview that has been observing them. The physical crystallization of its urban spaces has emerged in a new form and form of the old organization in a process of historical and natural transformation. in fact it has been (Transition from the city-Location to the city-). So as the result; The development of the city during the Safavid period was the reflection of the translators of the religious beliefs of society and the historical and natural processes of the city, and in order to adapt its ability to respond to the physical, spiritual and spiritual needs of the urban community of the Safavid period.

By recognising the importance of studying the relations between spatial planning and cultural contexts, the aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical and conceptual framework for a systematic analysis of planning practices related to a cultural and social context. Understanding of the relationships between the spatial planning as an operative instrument of territorial policy and cultural context— including the specific socioeconomic patterns and related cultural norms, values, traditions, and attitudes— is possible by introducing the concept of ‘ planning culture’ . By perception of planning culture as a cultural system, decisions and judgements of planners are affected by both individual and collectively shared cognitive frames, through which planners perceive the planning context. planning culture refers to the mental predispositions and shared values of those involved at all stages of the planning processes (agenda setting, decision making and implementation) influencing their behavior and action. Planners make different judgements in their daily work process – they define the planning problem, they formulate goals and objectives and implement certain instruments to develop, good or desirable places, neighbourhoods, cities or regions. They always perceive the world through a ‘ cultural lens’ which consists of both individual planners’ and commonly shared accumulated attitudes, values, rules, standards and beliefs of planning institutions. To understand and compare the planning practices and judgements, the conceptual framework – consisting of the dimensions: cognitive frames of individual planners; actors and their interactions; the institutional context and the planning system and social context has been introduced affecting planning and planners’ judgements. The goal of such investigation is to avoid such a reductionist conceptualization of spatial planning and consider the planners so passive to interpret and re-interpret rules and norms in the framework of their individual and collective motivations.

New neighbors are determined as a kind of developing methods in cities, in the case of appropriating housing needs in Iran, it is so common. Planning and designing such districts is based on presenting rules and regulations which effects on the district's structures. It can effect on the residents. The main problem of the research is that the new districts as a cities' development manner in supply area of housing demands in Iran is in progress and shaping; so, the aim of the article is reevaluating the effects of rules and regulations on cities' districts structures. The methodology incorporate quantitative-qualitative that use both of questionnaire and observation. The questions are grouping in 15 indexes and 79 types that is evaluated in Likert spectrum. The sample volume is 760 persons and the accuracy of the hypotheses is tested by SEM model in SPSS software. As a result, experts choose the rules and regulations of Building Facade by average of (9. 45) and after that the Ghosting, Location, and Nobility (8. 65), and Ground Level (7. 71) are classified. At the end of the list, Collectivization (2. 98) is located. It means that the rules and regulations in Sahand's Neighborhoods are compounded of semantic and operational types.

During the recent years, according to the current crises about climate change, energy consumption and environmental contaminants through carbon emission, the subject of urban form relationship with energy in cities has attracted the interest of many researchers in different disciplines. The span of this field is a topic which leads to the multiplicity of interpretations and various studies and also measuring the relationship between the urban form and energy using different variables, methods, scales and approaches. The aim of the present paper is to compare and analyze the employed variables, methods and models in different scales and approaches by reviewing a total number of 119 articles. Reviewing the articles which were published between 1974 and 2019 in this field reflected the fact that mentioned studies have been carried out in seven general sets: Urban form (with an emphasis on 1. The building or one of the urban form indices, especially density, 2. The land use, 3. The transport, 4. The combination of building and transport sectors) and energy, 5. Urban form and its relationship with the climate change, heat islands, thermal comfort and sustainability, 6. Urban form and thermal loads, 7. Urban form and energy management, planning and policies. Finally, in spite of the existing variety in the articles, common and deductible challenges and opportunities were extracted. Results of this research indicate that the relationship between urban form and energy has the possibility of reaching a consistent and dynamic viewpoint beyond the single-disciplinary approaches, scales and methods.

In recent decades, urban life has faced tremendous changes caused by the advancement of new technologies in the postindustrial context. New technologies address different geographical and physical issues; and socio-political systems adapt themselves to different technological developments. So, over the years, these two spaces (virtual and physical) became merged. Understanding contemporary civic life in urban spaces is possible through recognizing the interactions between these two spaces. This article as a theoretical endeavor tries to shed light on the effects of new technologies on the characteristics of urban spaces. It is structured in two main parts; The first part, is a chronological analysis of the metaphors coined to describe the relationship between physical and virtual in order to define hybrid urban space. In the second part three main characteristics of urban spaces: “ legibility” , “ sociability” , “ diversity of activities” are explored and comparatively analyzed in physical, virtual and hybrid urban spaces. Exploring legibility in the new context shows that the necessity of engagement with physical environment is less than before. Instead, digital and online data about events, history and narratives attached to the places and affect understanding of it. According to sociability, many forms of social interactions which had been transferred to the virtual space are reattached to the physical space via location-based networks. New third places are substantially in-between spaces which should contain physical facilities as much as opportunities for network connection. Hybrid urban spaces are nodes shaped in the intersection of online digital flows and offline physical activities. Different activities can be represented and merged and people can play different roles simultaneously. This paper shows new qualities of good urban spaces are the results of transformation in the way of experiencing urban spaces. Providing good hybrid urban spaces with these new characteristics is a new challenge for urban design and management.