SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT
Year:2020 | Volume:1 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:6

As the increase of the Earth's population and the human impact on the environment and the development of cities, the Earth has been seizing by the crisis, the negative environmental impacts of the city have grown to such an extent that the greatest threat to these ecosystems is counted. Environmental problems in Tehran are a very significant issue. The main aim of this research is to investigate environmental responsibly behaviors of high school students in Tehran with emphasizing on connectedness with nature. The research method was survey and a sample of 450 high school students in Tehran's 22 educational districts was selected by random cluster sampling. The research tool is a questionnaire. The results of the research show that responsibly environmental behaviors and the connectedness with nature of the students are moderate, while the environmental values of the students are high. There is no significant difference between girls and boys in responsibly environmental behaviors, environmental values, and connectedness with nature. Also, the findings showed that the connectedness with nature and environmental values with responsibly environmental behaviors and connectedness to nature with environmental values have a significant and positive relationship. The results of the partial mediator model test show that connectedness with nature part of its effect is made by environmental values on responsibly environmental behaviors.

Border areas play a crucial role in the economic, political and cultural life of countries. Due to many reasons, these areas have a lower developmental level than other parts of the country, and this requires more attention and planning for the development of these provinces. The first step in improving the status of the border provinces is to determine the level of development of these provinces. In this regard, the Human Development Index is currently the most acceptable tool for measuring prosperity and economic development, and calculating this indicator is essential for understanding and analyzing the welfare status of border regions. Therefore, this study aimed to measure and compare the development level of the northwest provinces using the Human Development Index and analyse the level of HDI components such as income, education and health in these provinces. To do this, the Human Development Index has been calculated using the data from 1391 to 1393 for the northwest border provinces and their development level has been determined. The results of the research show that East Azarbaijan province has a better status in terms of educational, health and income indicators than other provinces, and has a higher human development index than them. Kurdistan province has the worst situation as the indicators and has the lowest level of human development. Also, the human development index showed that the studied provinces had a moderate developmental level and their human development index was between 0. 5 and 0. 8. Also, the results indicate that the trend of human development index is increasing in all provinces during the study period.

In the present age green space is considered as one of the indicators of sustainable development due to its importance and its role in the life and development of cities. The physical and natural effects of these spaces in the urban system and its various ecological, social, and economic returns are indisputable in the structure of societies. As far as the use of green space in cities and its per capita is considered as the main issues in urban planning and management. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the environmental quality in Tehran 10th District based on available green space and provide appropriate recommendations for improving the quality of the environment to the standard level. To reach this goal, green areas were extracted using Landsat-8 satellite image and NDVI (Normalized Indicator Index). The areas of green space extracted with air quality indexes and population density and using the indexing index method at each block level were quantitatively analyzed to determine the relationship between these factors. To identify areas with high sensitivity, the map of the state of the environmental crisis was created based on population density and available green space. The results indicate that 3. 25% of the total area is covered by green space, as well as 122 blocks out of 125 without the minimum per capita green space for healthy living. In order to raise the quality of environmental indicators to international standards, recommendations for areas where green space should be created are presented. This research is important for future development projects, urban planning in order to maintain environmental quality at an acceptable level.

The growth of population and its activities, as well as the development of big cities and the change in climate, have resulted in permanent or seasonal dryness of lakes and wetlands, thereby accumulation of evaporite minerals, especially salt in these lakes. This will have extensive environmental impact on cities, villages and agricultural areas. So, analyzing how to reduce vulnerability of villages and cities against natural risks has become a critical and extensive issue in the field of planning and risk management. The present study, as a strategic plan for environmental risks in villages located in the southeast of Lake Urmia, with a descriptive analytic purpose, has applied an analytical approach to this issue. In this research, we identified the internal and external factors using SWOT. Then we applied AHP, on a Likert scale, to rank the internal and external factors, in order to choose the best strategy analyzing SO, WO, ST, and WT. The final result of assessing the internal and external factors determines the strengths of the region (with a total final value of 0. 483), the opportunities facing the region (with a total final value of 0. 179), the weaknesses (with a total final value of 0. 23), and the threats around the region (with a total final value of 0. 107). Considering the internal and external factors, a defensive strategy would be the best strategy, and it would have a relative advantage compared to other strategies.

Cities are changing permanently in different dimensions due to human and nature activities. the physical changes are significant and these changes formed in two main patterns (sprawl and compact) so that causing stability or instability. The recognition of physical development pattern of Kashmar city and it’ s stability or instability is The purpose of this study. Research method is Descriptive – analytical. Shannon entropy index and Holdern model used for measurement and recognition of physical growth pattern of city. Also spatial autocorrelation technic used for analysis of spatial pattern of city growth parameters. The results show the physical growth and spatial spread of Kashmar city have been Inappropriate and ineffective over the last twenty years. Also we can assume dispersed growth pattern or irregular horizontal expansion for the city. Shannon entropy index for 2000 and 2010 years is 1. 36598 and 1. 36731 that it show horizontal growth with slight increase during a decade. Also the result of holdern model show from total area added to city, during the period under study, %45 is result of population increase and %54 is result of urban per capita increase. It shows instability. The result of spatial autocorrelation about four variable population, household, Residential units and density show the greatest number for density. These reveal cluster and abnormal distribution of density on city area. Household have lowest number so it have relatively normal distribution. with emphasis on results, urban sustainable development and sustainable city growth need to politics for control and change of this kind of growth.

The purpose of this study was to develop strategic strategies for Shahrekord's survivability based on the role of urban management. The present research is based on the purpose (type of use), an applied research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this research is Shahrekord residents, and the statistical area of the whole area is Shahrekord. The number of statistical societies (160, 000) is considered. The sample size was 383 people, based on the Cochran formula and randomly available. Data collected based on the SWOT model were analyzed. The results indicate that defensive strategies, conservative type strategy, competitive type strategy, and ultimately aggressive strategy are respectively in the first to fourth priority respectively. Based on this, the most important strategies for the development of Shahrekord's shelf life, based on the performance of urban management, include strengthening and protecting the right to social participation, using successful experiences and popular beliefs, in order to improve the laws and regulations in Shahrekord, to organize participatory projects in Different levels of local, national, and international transport, development and strengthening of cultural, social and economic interactions between people in different places through television programs.