Journal of Exercise and Organ Cross Talk
Year:2023 | Volume:3 | Issue:3|Papers Count:8

The purpose of this research is to survey the effect of eight weeks of sub-maximal training on the C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in elderly males. The subjects of the research consisted of 21 elderly males between 50-80 years old, divided into two groups (one experimental group and one control group), with VO2Peak values of 51.14±2.7, 51.92±3.17, and 43.61±1.85 (based on the 1-mile (1609 meters) Track Jog test). The experimental group carried out Balke-Ware sub-maximal aerobic exercise 5 sessions a week for 8 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the training program. The results of the research showed that the average CRP levels decreased in the experimental group, while they increased in the control group. However, these differences were not statistically significant according to the paired sample T-Test results. On the other hand, a significant difference in Vo2 Peak was observed between the two groups (p<0.039 and p<0.001), with the experimental group showing higher values compared to the control group. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in HS-CRP levels between the subjects (experimental group 1, experimental group 2, and control group) before and after the training period. In general, it seems that a longer duration is required to observe better markers of inflammatory and cardiovascular effects of these variables. The pre-study hypothesis of cardiorespiratory fitness on CRP response confirms that assessing control and inflammatory markers of cardiorespiratory fitness in the elderly requires more time.

We investigate the effect of exercise training in different stages of growth on protein synthesis (4E-BP1) and proliferation of heart cells (S6K1) in male rats. 30 male Wistar rats were prepared in three age groups of 2 weeks, 8 weeks, and 90 weeks (10 in each group), and each age group was divided into two control and training groups (5 in each group). In the exercise training group, the animals performed the resistance and aerobic training program every day (interval). The amount of overload for the resistance-training program was determined based on the body weight of the animals. For the aerobic training group, the training intensity increased from 50% of maximum speed in the first week to 80% in the last week. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the control and training groups in each age, as well as between the training groups in the three age (p>0.05). In contrast, the 2-week exercise groups (p=0.022) showed a significant increase and the 90 weeks control group (p=0.002) showed a significant decrease in S6K1 protein in cardiac tissue compared to the 2-week control groups. In the analysis of gene expression, it was also found that the 2-week training group showed a significant increase in S6K1 gene expression compared to the 2-week control group (p=0.018). It seems that doing combined exercise at different ages, especially childhood, has a greater effect on the proliferation index of heart cells (S6K1). However, studies with longer training durations should also be considered.

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of prolonged whey protein supplementation and resistance training on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene, the weight of the Gastrocnemius muscle and One-repetition maximum in young male Wistar rats. In this study, twenty-one young male Wistar rats, aged eight weeks and weighing between 200 to 250 grams, were randomly assigned to four groups: training (T), supplementary training (ST), Sham (Sh), and control (C). The resistance training program was conducted for six weeks, five days a week, with the training intensity increasing from 50 to 100% of the rats' body weight. The rats receiving the whey supplement via the gavage method based on their body weight, using whey production by ON company. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, the quadriceps muscles of the rats were extracted and the expression level of the IGF-1 gene was evaluated using the Real-Time PCR method. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way variance test and Scheffe's test. The results showed that the training -supplement group exhibited a significant increase in IGF-1 expression compared to the Sham group (P˂0.05). Moreover, the weight of the Gastrocnemius muscle of rats and also One-repetition maximum in the training-supplement group significantly increased compared to the training, sham, and control groups (P˂0.05). The findings suggest that the concomitant use of resistance training and whey protein supplementation has a synergistic effect on IGF-1 gene expression in skeletal muscle, which may contribute to enhanced muscle hypertrophy and One-repetition maximum.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the amounts of metabolic proteins like Sarcolipine, PGC1α and FNDC5 in SOL and EDL muscles of male Wistar rats. In the present study, 14 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental (n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. The training group performed high-intensity interval training for 4 weeks and 5 sessions per week, including high-intensity (90% vVO2max) and low-intensity (45% vVO2max) two-minute intervals. Finally, the SOL and EDL muscles of the research groups were extracted, and also independent statistical t-test (p <0.05) was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the amounts of SLN, PGC1α, and FNDC5 proteins in the experimental group were significantly different from the control group in SOL muscle, but the amounts of FNDC5 protein in the EDL muscle of the HIIT group were not significantly different from the control group. The results showed that by observing the changes in the amounts of regulatory proteins related to cellular metabolism due to high-intensity interval training, this training method could be suggested to increase metabolism and improve the lipid oxidation process in a short time.

Physical activity performance of patients during and after breast cancer treatment is common and is associated with increased toxicity from treatment, shorter time to tumor progression, and decreased survival. Exercise is a potential intervention to maintain or increase physical performance. We conducted a meta-analysis review of the 1-year tailored exercise training, according to cytokine levels and immune function with emphasis on IL-6 in breast cancer patients. A comprehensive search was performed in September 2022 for randomized controlled trials reporting the effects of structured exercise training on breast cancer effect with cytokine levels and immune function with an emphasis on IL-6 during or after cancer treatment. A random-effects meta-analysis was completed using the absolute net difference in the change between intervention and control groups as the outcome measure. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed. Data from 18 studies involving 1833 breast cancer survivors were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, there was a significant benefit of exercise training compared with the control (I2 = 71.3%, 95% CI = 38.4% to 77.6%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed positive effects for resistance training and aerobic training and for exercise training conducted during or after cancer treatment. Compared with usual care, exercise training has a beneficial effect on in women with breast cancer, both during and after cancer treatment. Given the physiological and functional importance of women with breast cancer, oncologists should encourage their patients to engage in regular exercise training, with particular emphasis on resistance training.

The covid-19 disease has spread all over the world since 2019 and many people have been affected by this disease. One of the main characteristics of this disease was lung tissue damage, which subsequently affected the immune system as well. In other words, since there are no registered drugs or vaccines against COVID-19, the immune system is the best defense because it supports the body's natural ability to defend against pathogens and resist infections. As long as the immune system is working normally, infections like COVID-19 cannot cause serious damage to the body. The three types of immunity are: innate immunity (fast response), adaptive immunity (slow response), and passive immunity. Strengthening the immune system can guarantee a better fight against pathogens. Exercising can help strengthen the immune system. In other words, exercise is one of the non-pharmacological factors for controlling diseases related to the immune system. Recently, it has been identified that exercise training with muscle contraction, the secretion of myokines in an endocrine form can affect all body tissues. One of the target tissues of myokines is the immune system. Therefore, this study deals with the strengthening role of the immune system due to exercise and muscle contraction in the conditions of the Covid-19 epidemic.

Dear Editor-in-ChiefMeteorin-like protein (METRNL) has drawn a lot of interest in the field of exercise because of its potential contribution to muscle health (Das et al., 2020). When exercising, skeletal muscle, designed for movement, goes through a variety of adaptations (Hamilton & Booth, 2000). This letter sheds light on the complex interplay between METRNL and muscle health by providing an outline of METRNL interaction with muscle tissue and the impact of exercise on this relationship.A newly discovered adipokine called METRNL has a variety of effects on the physiology of muscles. It seems to be involved in myogenesis, muscle growth, and muscular function. According to animal research, METRNL may promote myoblast differentiation and proliferation, promoting muscle growth and repair (Lee et al., 2022). The anti-inflammatory qualities of METRNL may also lessen muscle inflammation and injury brought on by exercise.A strong trigger for METRNL secretion is exercise. Exercise sessions, whether short-term or long-term, have been demonstrated to boost METRNL expression in circulation and muscle tissue. Numerous signaling pathways, such as those involved in metabolic adaption, muscular contraction, and inflammation, are thought to mediate this response (Alizadeh, 2021). Research is currently being done to determine the precise processes by which exercise causes the production of METRNL.Exercise-induced METRNL release highlights its possible importance in maintaining muscular health. Exercise-related advantages like increased muscle regeneration, less inflammation, and improved energy metabolism may be aided by METRNL (Alizadeh, 2022). Exercise-induced muscular contractions and metabolic demands may trigger METRNL release, which in turn may promote additional muscle adaptation. This suggests that there may be a bidirectional relationship between exercise and METRNL.There could be numerous clinical implications regarding fully grasping the effect of exercise on METRNL's effect on muscle health. To improve muscle regeneration, reduce muscle-related diseases, and reverse age-related muscle degeneration, strategies focused at modifying METRNL levels through exercise treatments could be investigated. To guide focused therapeutic methods, future research should concentrate on illuminating the precise connections between exercise, METRNL, and muscle health.The connection between METRNL and muscle health is a fascinating topic of research, especially in response to exercise. Its potential as a modulator of exercise-induced muscle adaptations becomes more intriguing as our knowledge of METRNL's impact on muscle physiology expands. Exploring how exercise affects METRNL secretion and how METRNL affects muscle growth, regeneration, and function could offer fresh perspectives on how to construct exercise regimens that are most effective for different people and circumstances.

Dear Editor-in-ChiefLactate can be a key factor in cancer tumor progressionOne of the clear indicators of cancerous tumors is an uneven distribution of oxygen, resulting in the presence of both hypoxic and normoxic areas within the tumor (Goodwin et al., 2015). Consequently, these conditions can contribute to the acidity of the tumor environment (Goodwin et al., 2015). The significant increase in lactate levels observed in cancerous tumors is primarily attributed to the heightened activity of the glycolysis cycle (Goodwin et al., 2015), a phenomenon identified by Otto Warburg in 1927, known as the Warburg effect (Pérez-Tomás & Pérez-Guillén, 2020). Despite the common misconception that lactate is a waste molecule, emerging evidence suggests that lactate may actually play a role in promoting cancer progression, particularly in support of cancer cells (Lavín-Pérez et al., 2023; Pérez-Tomás & Pérez-Guillén, 2020). Therefore, there is strong evidence to support the notion that lactate serves as the primary fuel to fulfill the anabolic requirements of cancer cells, potentially serving as a key factor in cancer growth (Lavín-Pérez et al., 2023; Pérez-Tomás & Pérez-Guillén, 2020). Given the complex physiological conditions associated with cancer, it raises the question of whether exercise is appropriate for cancer patients or not.Lactate, exercise, and cancerConsidering these complex physiological conditions, whether exercise in cancer patients can be appropriate (Lavín-Pérez et al., 2023).  Several studies have investigated the effect of exercise during cancer with different mechanisms that have reported the positive effect of exercise to improve psychological or immunological effects (Lavín-Pérez et al., 2023). However, the special concentration of exercise, lactate, and its relationship with tumor growth has yet to be specifically  investigated. Physiologically, exercise with any intensity can increase lactate (Stallknecht et al., 1998). One of the factors that can have a significant effect on increasing lactate is the intensity of training (Stallknecht et al., 1998). According to Brooks et al., lactate is the largest myokine in concentration and dynamic range and the most diverse in metabolic and physiological regulation (Stallknecht et al., 1998). In the past, lactate was believed to be produced in anaerobic conditions. However, in recent years, the theory has been proposed that lactate is also produced in completely aerobic conditions (Stallknecht et al., 1998). Therefore, aerobic and anaerobic training will increase lactate (Stallknecht et al., 1998). As the intensity of training increases, the ratio of NAD+ to NADH increases. As a result, fat oxidation decreases, focuses on the glycolysis cycle, and increases lactate (A factor that can be harmful to cancer (Stallknecht et al., 1998). Also, common research supports the hypothesis that lactate increase during exercise can lead to angiogenesis and is one of the key factors of this process (Ahmadi Hekmatikar et al., 2019; Hubbard, 1973; Khoramipour et al., 2020). It seems that lactate can 1) through its effect on factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and 2) as an important cardiac fuel and metaboreflex regulation leading to greater cardiac output for angiogenesis. On the other hand, considering that there is hyperlactatemia in cancer and the long history of cancerous tumors absorbing lactate, researchers are looking to prevent lactate transport in tumors by blocking MCTs. Accordingly, the development of therapies that limit lactate exchange and signaling within and between cancer cells should be a priority in cancer research, contrary to the physiological effects of exercise.Finally, the hypothesis that lactate could be suitable for cancer patients during cancer seems false, given the strong results. Both directly, as an energy source, and indirectly, as a gluconeogenic precursor, lactate plays a major role in the bioenergetics and self-sufficiency of cancer cells. Acutely and chronically, exercise has positive physiological effects that cannot be suitable for cancer patients. On the other hand, the tumor environment is such that lactate is one of its key fuels for aggressiveness and growth. On the other hand, lactate itself induces angiogenesis. Physiological changes that occur due to exercise can increase lactate, angiogenesis, and lactate transporters, which can benefit the tumor. Physiological changes that occur due to exercise can increase lactate, angiogenesis, and lactate transporters, which can benefit the tumor. However, this study suggests that researchers should focus on exercise and the effects of lactate on cancerous tumors in future studies.