THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
Year:2024 | Volume:15 | Issue:55|Papers Count:6

The importance of religious values and beliefs as cultural assets of the society requires efforts to preserve and promote them. The current research aims to explain the role of scholars in the transfer and promotion of cultural investment, examines the characteristics of this role in the biography of Amir al-Mu'minin, and in a comparative approach, evaluates the performance of Mohaghegh Karki based on the obtained characteristics. As a result, from the perspective of Amirul Momineen, scholars should play a role in transferring and improving the cultural investment of the society through increasing knowledge, creating cultural models, spiritual growth, and establishing, strengthening and reforming cultural centers. Using the positive approach of the Safavid rulers towards Shiism and supporting Shia scholars, Mohaghegh Karki, as one of the scholars of Shia, carried out actions such as training students, writting books, reviving Friday prayers, modeling Ahl al-Bayt and the scholars of the past. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on historical data.

Imam Hasan's peace is one of the most important political actions of the infallibles, and it is reflected in his narrated and attributed narrations and sayings. The present study was conducted with the aim of historical analysis of the narrations and sayings of the Ahl al-Bayt about the peace of Imam Hasan based on the reports of ancient texts (up to the fifth century of Hijra) using the analytical-historical document method and answered the question of what historical stages the narrations and sayings of the Ahl al-Bayt have, indicating What dimensions and approach has been in this issue and what has been achieved in this issue. The results of the research showed that the narrations and sayings of the Ahl al-Bayt about the peace of Imam Hassan can be divided into three categories: Narratives related to the period before the peace of Imam ,during his peace and the traditions related to Imam Hassan after the peace. The narrations mentioned in the topics before the peace of Imam Hasan refer to the occurrence of this event, which can prepare the audience's thoughts to face it. Narratives at the time of peace have explained the conditions, contexts and causes of peace with a positive approach and have created a kind of relative awareness and understanding of this action of Imam Hassan in the audience. Narratives after the peace of Imam Hassan show that because of the uprising of Imam Hossein that happened in the period after the peace of Imam Hassan, his peace created doubts and questions that the infallibles, specifically until the time of Imam Sadiq, explained and convinced The audience should pay attention to this.

The shape and architecture of the bathrooms have undergone changes, but their spatial arrangement follows a fixed pattern. The present research seeks to know the architectural pattern of baths in Kurdistan province during the Safavid period until the end of the Qajar period. Research questions: 1. What has been the role of climate in the formation of the physical proportions of the baths in Kurdistan province? 2. What is the difference between the proportions in the bathroom building spaces in a cold climate compared to a hot and dry climate? The research method of this descriptive-analytical writing is based on field investigation and library studies. The results of the research show that the bodies of the bathrooms located in the same climate have similar proportions. Considering the same function of the internal spaces in the bathroom building, it seems that the architect tried to harmonize with the climate by creating proportions unique to the climate, such as: enlarging the size of the greenhouse, shortening the height of the greenhouse, the height difference in the different spaces of the bathroom, and the break in the entrance parts. and overcome energy-related challenges

The second period of the Abbasid caliphs (232-322 AH) with the emergence of several factors, some of which were rooted in the policies of the rulers of the first Abbasid period, the prestige and concentration along with the authority of the caliphate institution faced a serious and deteriorating challenge. The caliphate system was a toy in the hands of the power-seekers who had seized the sovereign affairs. A few of the caliphs of the period started and pursued reformist efforts in various elements in order to restore the former status of the mentioned institution and, according to their belief, by identifying structural damages, gaining the satisfaction of the people and the properties of the society, and restoring the basic position of the caliphate. In the present research, it is tried to analyze the set of actions of reformer caliphs based on library studies and descriptive-analytical method. The findings of research mean that reform efforts in political, economic, military, social and scientific-educational dimensions have been more or less visible; But the achievements have not left a significant impact on the reform of the structure and its continuity.

The Prophet's succession was The most important issue in the history of Islam at the beginning of Islam, which overshadowed all subsequent events. Each of the companions who found themselves worthy of the caliphate sought to assume the office of the caliphate. A group sought to achieve this goal from the very beginning, but the other group, which failed to achieve this goal at the beginning, was with the winner trying to gain a strong record to hold it in the following periods. Among these people was Abd al-Rahman bin Auf, who after the death of the Prophet He did not participate in the disputes between companions to gain power and only took the side of the victorious person in the field, namely Sheikhin, During the era of Abu Bakr and especially Umar, he gave advice and fatwas on important government matters, that is why Umar entrusted him with the right to appoint the next caliph in case of a tie in the Shura. Abdur Rahman also sought help from this to achieve his goals. By setting the condition of following the way of Sheikhin, which followed the election of Uthman; He is waiting for the caliphate after him. That's why he started to act as a secretary, which he was not known for before. because he wanted to show that he is worthy of the caliphate; But contrary to his idea, Uthman sided with Bani Umayyah. After that, he regretted what he had done and wanted to rise against Uthman, but no one accompanied him.

With the beginning of the First World War, the Ottoman Turks, with the help of the Germans, proposed the idea of a great Islamic Jihad against the Allies in order to put pressure on the Russians and the British on different fronts. The goal was to exploit the capacity of Islamic anti-colonial movements and threaten the interests of the Allies with Islamist slogans. This article tries to analyze the process of issuing Ottoman jihadi fatwas against the Allies and its effect on the political and military participation of the Muslims of the world by using Ottoman Turkish sources and the archives of the Ottoman Prime Minister. The findings of the research show that as a result of the issuance of five fatwas, the tension between the people of Muslim countries and the Allies increased, especially in the Caucasus region, and several local uprisings were formed in Azerbaijan and North Africa against the Allies. But the declaration of Jihad did not fulfill all the expectations of the Turks. This plan was accompanied by extensive propaganda and left a great spiritual impact in Islamic societies, but it did not lead to significant achievements in the field. Because Osmani did not have a strong political, financial and military support to advance the Great Jihad, and the territorial reality and the formation of Arab nationalist movements had largely overshadowed the slogans of the Islamic Union of Turks. Also, most of the Islamic governments were against involving their country to protect Ottoman interests and analyzed the World War as an opportunity to end the centuries of Ottoman Turks showing power in their borders.