International Journal of Nano Dimension
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

This review discusses recent developments in the field of nanosized biomaterials and their use in tissue regeneration approaches. The aim is to provide an overview of the research focused on nanoparticle-based strategies to stimulate regeneration. In particular, nanoparticles improve the regenerative capabilities of biomaterials offering ways to control surface and mechanical properties. Moreover, incorporation of nanoparticles within biomaterials increases cellular adhesion, differentiation and integration of stem cells into the surrounding environment. Finally, the drug delivery capabilities of nanoparticles offer additional possibilities to increase the biological performance of biomaterials. As the development of nanoparticles continues, incorporation of this technology in the field of regenerative medicine will ultimately lead to new tools that can diagnose, track and stimulate the growth of new tissues and organs.

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a prominent paradigm that is considered to continue its dominance in the computation at deep sub-micron regime in nanotechnology. The QCA realizations of five-input Majority Voter based multilevel parity generator circuits have been introduced in recent years. However, no attention has been paid towards the QCA instantiation of the generic (n-bit) even and odd parity generator. In this paper, a comprehensive QCA based methodology, termed as LTEx methodology is proposed to produce n-bit even and odd parity generators. The two-input Layered T Exclusive OR (LTEx) module is used to implement high fan-in parity generators. The corollaries first formulate the QCA design metrics such as O-Cost, Costα and irreversible power dissipation and then exploit the operability of the LTEx module to instantiate the efficient n-bit parity generators. These parity generators can exclusively be used in error detection and correction schemes.

Calix[8]arenes of conformational rigid were isolated. The NMR parameters of the structure of calix[8]arenes have been compared. The study of organic structures to form nanoporous materials is well-known in chemistry phenomena to find the crystal form of calix[8]arene as supramolecule. Investigated and compared hydrogen bonding, oxygen and nitrogen atoms effect on calix[8]arene and its complexes were reported at Hartree-Fock (HF) theory by Gaussian 2003 of program package. In this work, the complexing properties of azobenzene-bridged calix[8]arene with alkali earth metal cations has studied. The complexation properties of calix[8]arene were studied by HF method. The complex of the calixarenes showed different properties for the different cations, depending on the cations and the position of the substituent grafted on the ligand.

Biocompatible hydroxyapatite nanocomposites are biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and have been paid many attentions as one of the most suitable vehicle for drug delivery use. Our objective in this work was to prepare and characterize caseins based HA nanocomposite in a colloidal form for drug delivery purposes. Casein biopolymer was firstly extracted from skimmed milk by adding acetic acid and was used then to prepare colloidal hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) through a modified microemulsion technique. Characterization of the as prepared samples was carried out by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRD), Field Emission Scanning and Transmission Microscopy (FESEM & TEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique was finally used to measure particle size and zeta potential distribution of the sample using electrophoresis mobility. The results revealed successful preparation of a colloidal HA /casein suspension with a hydrodynamic zeta average particle size distribution of 256.6 nm.

In this paper, Taguchi method was applied to determine the optimum conditions for Zn (II) removal from aqueous solution by halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). An orthogonal array experimental design (L16 (45) which is of five control factors including pH, t (contact time), m (adsorbent mass), T (temperature) and C0 (initial concentration of Zn (II)) having four levels was employed. Adsorption capacity (mg/g) and removal percent (%) were investigated as the quality characteristics to be optimized. In order to determine the optimum levels of the control factors precisely, range analysis and analysis of variance were performed. For removal percent, the optimum condition was found to be pH=6, T=35oC, w=0.4 g, and C0=50 mg/L. Under these optimum conditions, adsorption capacity and removal percent can reach to 132.16 mg/g and 99.76%, respectively.

This study investigates geometrical variability on the sensitivity of the junctionless tunneling field effect transistor (JLTFET) and Heterostructure JLTFET (HJLTFET) performance. We consider the transistor gate dielectric thickness as one of the main variation sources. The impacts of variations on the analog and digital performance of the devices are calculated by using computer aided design (CAD) tools. The gate oxide thickness is varied uniformly from right to left and vice versa and the performance of devices are analyzed. It is shown that changes in the geometric dimensions of the devices improves some electrical parameters and degrades others. Finally, we use the oxide thickness variation advantage and implement the oxide pocket close to the drain-channel interface for proposing of the pocket in narrower drain side oxide HJLTFET (PNS-HJLTFET).

Silver nanoparticle therapeutics using symbiotic organisms can offer solutions to the current obstacles in antimicrobial therapies, because of cost-effective and eco-friendly properties over chemical and physical methods. In this study, we aim to synthesize silver nanoparticles using lichen (Parmotrema tinctorum) extract and evaluation of its antibacterial properties. Synthesized silver nanoparticle were characterized on the basis of morphology, size, shape and nature by UV-visible spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. TEM analysis showed that synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with maximum particles in size range within 15 ± 5.1 nm. Prolonged stability of synthesized silver nanoparticles was due to the presence of capping and stabilizing agent in form of biomolecules, which were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the bio-potentiality of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done against five pathogenic bacteria viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the agar well diffusion method. On the basis of zone of inhibition we can say that silver nanoparticles had antibacterial properties. Our results suggested that, prepared silver nanoparticle might be used for production of antibiotics and applied as potential microbial cell inhibitors.

Skin drug delivery systems with controlled release are suitable means for the local transfer of pharmaceutical compounds to the damaged and healthy layers of skin. Nanofibrous membrane prepares uniform moisture in the wound environment with less accumulation of fluid secretion due to its variable pore size. Electrospinning takes advantage of using herbal extracts in the form of electrospun nanofibrous mats as an alternative for skin grafts. In this study, after preparing optimized fibrous mats of Poly lactic-co – glycolic acid (PLGA), characterization and identification of their chemical structure was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The drug release of the optimized electrospun nanofibrous mats and the kinetics of drug release were investigated in vitro. Then, wound dressing performance, antibacterial property, cell adhesion and biocompatibility of nanofibrous scaffolds prepared by Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assays as well as important features of suitable wound dressing including porosity, Water Vapor Transmission Rate, and swelling percentage of nanofibrous mats were evaluated in vitro. Nanofibrous mats containing Hypericum perforatum extract without any bead with burst drug release kinetics followed Higuchi kinetic model with proper regression coefficient (PLGA-E10 = 0.8, PLGA-E30 = 0.76). The results of the antibacterial activity of nanofibrous mats against Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus) as well as the results of the cell culture test and in vitro biodegradability tests on these mats showed good potential of composite scaffolds as antimicrobial coverage for wounds with Gram positive bacteria infectious agent.

Metformin hydrochloride, a drug group of biguanides, with significant efficacy in the treatment of diabetes type II, is decomposed before reaching to the stomach and is wasted in great losses. In this study, the nanoliposomes of metformin hydrochloride were prepared with Bingham method. At first, the single factor test is done. Design variables are: lecithin to cholesterol ratio, organic solvent phase to aqueous solvent phase and formation time. The optimal ratios in vitro are obtained 7: 1, 4: 1, and 2.20, respectively. Entrapment efficiency is obtained 89.74. Then, by design of expert software, RSM method is used in five areas for evaluating the data. Optimum conditions were 6.97:1, 4.46: 1, and 151.29, respectively and entrapment efficiency is obtained 90.9. Finally, phosphatidylethanolamine has replaced the lecithin and the entrapment efficiency was obtained as 93.04. So, using of phosphatidylethanolamine has been better than lecithin in pH=7.4. Various physicochemical characteristics of Metformin Hydrochloride nanoliposomes were determined and evaluated. The mean size of metformin hydrochloride nanoliposomes based on phosphatidylethanolamine and lecithin with well-defined spherical shape was 52nm and 83nm, respectively. Based upon the in vitro release profiles, Metformin hydrochloride nanoliposomes exhibited a sustained-releasing potential in addition to the release behavior followed the Weibull equation. Release ratio for nanoliposomes based on phosphatidylethanolamine and lecithin are obtained 20% and 36.66%, respectively. The results indicated that the encapsulation of metformin hydrochloride into nanoliposomes proved to be a promising technology for more widespread uses. Encapsulation by phosphatidylethanolamine nanoliposome and release ratio by lecithin nanoliposome has been desired conditions.

In this research, a glassy carbon electrode was coated with a thin layer of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of the surfactant and subsequently was electro-polymerized with Poly-L-Arginine (P-L-Arg). The prepared electrode was used as an effective sensor for the quantitative detection of Rutin (Ru). The fabricated electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance with low electron transfer resistance. The electrochemical behavior of Ru at the prepared electrode was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. For modified glassy carbon electrode, the transfer coefficient (a), the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step (na) and electron transfer rate constant (ks) calculated. Under the favorable conditions, a linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and concentration of Ru was obtained in the range from 0.1 mM to 10 mM with a detection limit of 0.048 mM and with the extraordinary high sensitivity value of 6.3767, mA/mM was obtained. Interference and stability studies showed that satisfactory detection results are achieved using this electrode. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for the determination of Ru in human blood serum samples.