Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    279-290
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    845
  • Downloads: 

    211
Abstract: 

Microalgal biomass is the most promising and attractive alternative to replace the terrestrial crop utilization for renewable biomass fuel feedstock. The potential for biomass fuel is due to its fast growth rate and high ability for CO2 fixation as compared to terrestrial vegetation. There are many species in the globe, growing both in marine and freshwater. In this work, the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) had been investigated in terms of potential abundance and physicochemical properties, which determine its feasibility as biomass fuel feedstock. The chemical composition was evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and the proximate analysis was done by performing experiments in the thermal gravimetric analyzer. During 7 days of cultivation, the average rate of increase in algal biomass was about 1.5×106 cells/ml/day. The proximate analysis of N. oculata indicated that it had compositions of low moisture content and fixed carbon, whereas high volatile matter and ash content, i.e., 3.99, 8.08, 67.45, and 24.47%, respectively. The energy content, which was calculated through the proximate analysis results, was 16.80 MJ/kg. The algal biomass and its residue after 1, 200oC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate their chemical macromolecular compounds. This present study concludes that N. oculata is feasible as biomass fuel feedstock, either to direct or co-combustion mode by giving special attention to high ash content.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    303-312
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    333
  • Downloads: 

    122
Abstract: 

In the present study, various white-rot fungi were used for the pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using solid-state cultivation. The results showed that Trametes versicolor TISTR 3224 gave the highest selectivity value (the ratio of lignin degradation to cellulose degradation) of 1.57. In comparison, Trametes sp. BCC 8729, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725, Marasmius sp. BCC 9542 and Xylaria sp. BCC 7749 gave selectivity of 0.60, 0.59, 0.30 and 0.06, respectively. Screening parameters for the fungal pretreatment of EFB using T. versicolor TISTR 3224 was studied by Plackett–Burman design (PBD). It indicated that the moisture content and co-substrate gave a positive effect on the lignin degradation, while EFB concentration had a negative effect on cellulose degradation. The optimum conditions for lignin degradation obtained from Box–Behnken statistical experimental design (BBD) were 80% moisture content, 2.29% wheat flour and 23.3% EFB. Under this condition, 15.6 % of delignification was obtained. After an enzymatic hydrolysis, the digestibility of fungal treated EFB under the optimum condition achieved 1.34-fold compared with untreated EFB.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    313-322
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    441
  • Downloads: 

    153
Abstract: 

This paper deals with the analysis of the performance of different wind turbines using the Similitude Theory. Wind turbine performance was determined as a function of geometrical similarity coefficient, which is related to all parameters of the Similitude Theory. Therefore, a mathematical model simplification is possible in the ‘in similitude’ wind turbines comparison. The mathematical model for wind turbine performance is based on BEM Theory, and its efficacy was verified several times by comparing different wind turbine experimental data. The original mathematical model was modified to take into account Similitude Theory parameters. The model is able to determine which wind turbine is most suited to particular design specification. This work presents power and torque curves, power and torque coefficients as functions of rotational speed and wind velocity. All the results are function of the geometrical similarity coefficient. With this methodology it is possible to maximize the power coefficients of a wind turbine, and it is possible to identify a family of wind turbines, geometrically different, but with the same high performances.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    323-332
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    333
  • Downloads: 

    108
Abstract: 

The deployment of CO2 capture and storage technologies in oil sands operations exhibits an outstanding potential to reduce CO2 emissions, out of the ones produced by power generation sector. This paper assesses through thermodynamic modeling the influence of integrating CO2 capture technologies into two different configurations for in situ bitumen extraction plant (SAGD) reference cases. Results from this analysis will allow putting forward the optimum option in terms of energy and CO2 emissions reduction. Unlike the extensively explored CO2 capture in fossil fuel power plants, evaluation addressed in this study, within the scope of energy penalty and CO2 avoided, reveals a clear advantage of oxy-fuel combustion.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    333-340
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    816
  • Downloads: 

    258
Abstract: 

This work analyses the link between the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis straight-bladed (H-Rotor) wind turbine and its performance (power coefficient). The aspect ratio of this particular wind turbine is defined as the ratio between blade length and rotor radius. Since the aspect ratio variations of a vertical-axis wind turbine cause Reynolds number variations, any changes in the power coefficient can also be studied to derive how aspect ratio variations affect turbine performance. Using a calculation code based on the Multiple Stream Tube Model, symmetrical straight-bladed wind turbine performance was evaluated as aspect ratio varied. This numerical analysis highlighted how turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blade. From a geometrical point of view, as aspect ratio falls, the Reynolds number rises which improves wind turbine performance.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    341-347
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    469
  • Downloads: 

    86
Abstract: 

This study describes the industrial use of waste generated from the brewing industry, specifically sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. The processing technique was developed to produce ceramic material with the potential for use as a lightweight aggregate in construction. This waste is usually dumped in landfills, but the current increase in restrictions on dumping and interest in improving the environment make our proposal for gaining value from this sludge a significant contribution. The chemical composition of the raw materials was analyzed (using X-ray fluorescence and elemental analysis) and their thermal behavior evaluated (thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis). To determine the effect of adding sludge to the aggregate, different compositions were then prepared and tested. To obtain the material’s final resistance and cohesion, the dried sample was subjected to a firing process in a kiln. The samples were prepared without special pre-treatment steps, such as milling, and without the addition of expansive additive. The new aggregate has a low bulk density, due to the formation of an internal cellular structure, a porous internal and a partially vitrified external shell. As waste is added, water absorption increases by values of 17–26%, as does the porosity, resulting in a linear relationship between the pore volume and percentage of sludge added.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    349-356
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    605
  • Downloads: 

    443
Abstract: 

Combustion of fossil fuels is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) CO2, it is therefore necessary to develop technologies that will allow us to utilize the fossil fuels while reducing the emissions of GHG. Removal of CO2 from flue gasses has become an effective way to mitigate the GHG and adsorption is considered to be one of the methods. Adsorption of CO2 on zeolite 13X, zeolite 4A and activated carbon (AC) have been investigated at a temperature ranging from 25 to 60oC and pressure up to 1 bar. The experimental data were fitted with isotherm models like Langmuir and Freunlich isotherm model. The Langmuir model fit well with the two zeolites and Freunlich model fit well with AC. The thermodynamics parameters were calculated and found to be exothermic in natures for all three adsorbents. Moreover, regeneration studies have been conducted in order to verify the possibility of activated carbon reutilization, to determine its CO2 adsorption capacity within consecutive cycles of adsorption–desorption. Temperature swing adsorption was employed as the regeneration method through heating up to a temperature of approximately 100oC. There is no full reversibility for zeolites while AC can achieve complete regenerations.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    357-363
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    366
  • Downloads: 

    108
Abstract: 

The problem of neutral current compensation has to be addressed in Wind Energy integrated weak microgrids. This study analyses two types of techniques possible for implementation of neutral current compensation by drawing a comparative research of their application on the same wind energy conversion system. The hybrid microgrid considered in the study comprises a synchronous diesel generator and an inverter-based wind generator. The results and analysis are conducted by time-domain simulations using MATLAB/Simulink software. The use of electronic power converters that also act as an active neutral current compensator or a zig-zag transformer connected with the load mitigates the problem of neutral current compensation to a large extent. The voltage unbalance factor is also significantly reduced due to neutral current compensation and power quality is enhanced. The results provide the actual operational limits possible under the set of given constraints.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    365-374
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    306
  • Downloads: 

    118
Abstract: 

Anaerobic digestion (AD) was introduced in Vietnam more than 10 years ago, but at a small scale to deal with agricultural wastes, manure, etc. Despite its many advantages, AD does not yet make a significant contribution to resolving Vietnams urban waste issues due to a lack of information, data and experience. This paper, using an energy model of food waste digestion, provides a usable source of information regarding energy potential of food waste generated from urban areas in Vietnam in forms of electricity, heat, and upgraded biogas under two different scenarios. Results show that if food waste is separated from the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream and sent to AD plants, total available energy equivalent each day is about 19, 20 and 45 GWh in 2015, 2020, and 2025, respectively. This could contribute between 2.4 and 4.1% of the electricity demand of Vietnam, as well as double this amount of energy in the form of heat. Alternatively, upgraded biogas could contribute approximately 2.2–4.7% of fuel consumption for transportation. This suggests AD is a promising method to treat MSW in cities, especially when considering the problematic aspects of other current waste disposal methods such as: landfilling, composting and, incineration.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    375-385
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    412
  • Downloads: 

    203
Abstract: 

According to the United Nation Development Programme, access to modern low-cost energy systems in developing countries is important in the realization of the globally agreed developmental goals, as well as the Millennium Development Goals, and sustainable development, which would assist in the reduction of poverty and to improve the conditions and quality of life for the greater part of the world’s population. Planners have suggested hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas worldwide. This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental effect of applying demand side management (DSM) activities to rural loads before design and sizing of hybrid energy systems for such community. Iporin a rural area in Ibadan, Nigeria which is endowed with an average daily solar radiation of 3.84 kWh/m2/day was taken as a case study. The total daily consumption which was initially estimated as 297 kWh/day after the application of DSM techniques dropped to 130 kWh/day representing a decrease of 56.80%. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables software was used for simulation and optimization purpose. Parameters such as DSM index, net present cost, and emission level were used in determining the effect of the DSM technique. Overall, the DSM activities proved to be more economical and environmental friendly.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    387-397
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    327
  • Downloads: 

    90
Abstract: 

The present investigation aims to analyse alternative uses of bottom ash and fly ash as part of construction materials for different applications: bottom ashbased ceramic bricks, pozzolanic material in the cement production, waste stabilisation/solidification of an electric arc furnace dust using ash-based geopolymers, and ashbased geopolymers used as hydraulic road binders. Different replacements of natural materials by different fly and/or bottom ashes have been studied in all the cases. This study has analysed various parameters influencing the manufacturing process, with the aim of reducing the energy consumption of these processes, as they have been, for example, the firing temperature of bricks and grind size of bottom ashes in cements. All materials are manufactured in a simple and economical way, in order not to increase the cost of the products, and the final products have been evaluated according to different European standards used in these applications, in order to assess their possible, actual technical feasibility. The results obtained in this study show that even higher ratios of replacement (>40%) of ashes have properties similar to those commonly used.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    5
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    391-301
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    431
  • Downloads: 

    182
Abstract: 

The beneficial effects of vermicast on soil fertility in general, and agriculture in particular, are widely recognized, but there are no reports on the effect of storage on vermicast quality. The present study is an attempt to cover this knowledge gap as it may assist in the formulation of guidelines for packaging and storing of vermicast in a manner that preserves the cast’s fertilizer value. Vermicast generated from paper waste was packed in airtight and partially sealed bags with and without pre-drying for 24 h. Changes in several physical, chemical, and biological properties of the castings were monitored for 3 months with weekly assessments. The results reveal that the beneficial properties of vermicast were the highest when it was fresh. There was deterioration on storage, which can be minimized if the castings are contained in airtight bags after pre-drying the casts.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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