RESEARCH IN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2014 | Volume:5 | Issue:9 |Papers Count:7

Illusion is a linguistic phenomenon in Arabic grammar. By means of it as a language tool, the classical grammarians attempted to account for some words and grammatical phrases which were not in agreement totally with common rules of Arabic syntax. This linguistic tool has been found in different ways in Arabic grammar and we can recognize almost many examples of it in literary works like Quran and ancient poems; however, the grammarians just explain it in a particular part of syntax called "conjoining based on Illusion". Thus, by analyzing some examples and investigating their words, the authors tried to reveal other aspects of illusion neglected by classical grammarians. As a result, three different kinds of illusion were found in Arabic language. Three new terms were suggested for them: Syntax Illusion, Lexical Illusion, and Semantic Illusion.

"Abu Almajd Isfahani" is one of the greatest Iranian poets whose poets are in Arabic language. He was trained in Iran and Iraq (Isfahan and Najaf) and used both cultures. Although he is a great poet, his academic and literary life was not so much studied by academic researchers. So, this research aimed to consider both the literary and academic aspects of his life. The findings of this study show that the main theme of his poetry is Ekhvaniat, he has considered the glory of great people in his poetry; nevertheless, he has not ignored the mean people. Althou his poems are not great in number, their meaning is beautiful and sublime. He concerned with figures of speech in his poetry.

Textbooks have been very significant and valuable for our precedents because education is very significant and through it, everybody can achieve fulfillment. Knowledge and its application can be achieved through the person’s interaction with society, worldview and his intellectual development. The criteria of social discipline, behavioral values snd civilization should evoke knowledge in the students. Therefore, a textbook should benefit from contemporary linguistic culture which is summarized as follows:1 - Debate and conversation, question and answer.2 - Storytelling, narrative and representation of characters and imitation.3 - Reports and speeches, words and conversations.4 - Giving directions and instructions.5 - Holding personal interviews and managing meetings,6 - Describing realistic things, arguments, defending their opinion, explanation, dialogue, analysis, survey and commentary.These aspects must be observed in the language and style of the book when a person wants to develop educational materials because these factors implicitly form the ideology of the students who are the next generation of our society.

Stylistic is one of the important Methods in Linguistics, that many of the Linguistic researches about Quran are based on it. This article seeks to use statistical methods to explore the implications of language in Sura Noah, through the analysis at the linguistic level. According to the language of the sura Noah, we analyzed both phonetic level and syntactic level. Research findings indicate that increased use of bass phones and repetition of some sounds such as “R”, are coordinated with the overall context of sura. At the syntactic level, pronouns at the beginning of the sura, indicates the efforts of Noah to evoke emotions of his People, and at the end of the sura, pronouns indicate the efforts of Noah to distance himself from his people, because they rejected his invitation.

There are several books in Arabic language on writing styles and instructions as well as the characteristics of writers. The present article is an attempt to introduce and critically and comparatively study the books written from the early Omayyad era up to the ninth century Hegira, i.e. when Sobh al-Asha fi Sana’at al-Insha on writing instructions was written. It is a descriptive-critical study. The first chapter briefly introduces the books on writing instructions and their authors. Then their styles are introduced and critically studied. In the second chapter, the biography of Qalqashandi is reproduced and then, the contents of his book, Sobh al-Asha, is briefly discussed and his book is compared with other related works. The reason for selecting Sobh al-Ashi is its considerable fame in the field of writing instructions. Moreover, it is one of the most exquisite works of the era of literary decline which is called an encyclopedia of the sciences of its time by experts.

The most important characteristic of the rules of Arabic language is their extent and diversity, so that they are difficult for learners to manage and learn. There are Different reasons that play role in formation of this diversity. Some reasons are due to the language itself, because it is a language of derivation; it has the ability to expand and borrow words from other languages and interpret them based on the capabilities of its own native speakers. Another reason is because of the grammarians themselves who have undergone forgetting, errors, delusion or change in opinion. And some of these are general and come from cultural difference or incorrect punctuation and interpolating occurred in many of the views of grammarians, or because of tune and the music of the words. It may be caused by jurisprudential doctrinal differences raised among people. The research with a descriptive and analytical approach is an attempt to collect reasons for this multiplicity. one of the main results obtained by the study is that the language and its rules over the centuries have been influenced by the cultural, social and religious circumstances of life, and are subjected to the culture of grammarians and their sectarian affiliation, and we believe that this vulnerability is a double-edged sword; whenever it leads to the enrichment of the language and its expansion, it leads to ambiguity and learning difficulty to learners.

Eltifat is one of the most prominent artistic techniques that impressively drew the attention of the old and modern poets. This rhetorical style bestows richness to texts and contributes to avoiding direct addressing. Therefore, this study deals with the aesthetics of pronouns, Eltifat, in Mahmoud Darwaish’s collections, “It's a song. It’s a song”, “Eleven planets and “The Fence”. Pronouns and verbs are not always used for what they are meant in language usage. The purpose of studying and analyzing this text is to understand this concept and clearly illustrate the meaning behind it through its components and also by indulging into its profound language secrets, interpreting its syntactic structure, figuring out the relations of meanings and words and to project possible faces of the text away from its direct interpretation. Eltifat in his poetry relies on one or two sentences or even three to maximum ten sentences regardless of the number of lines. The researchers illustrate the meaning of the term “Eltifat” trying to find a synonymous word in the Arabic language heritage following a statistical and analytic method in order to illuminate the uniqueness of employing Eltifat in the traditional poem and its equivalent in modern poems. This was carried out by analyzing Eltifat and its employment in the Arabic poem generally to reach the aesthetic aspect of pronouns in all the three collections of this Arabic poet' Mahmoud Darwaish. The most considerable finding of this study is exaggeration, permit, customization, the alert the recipient.