OLYMPIC
Year:2010 | Volume:17 | Issue:4 (SERIAL 48)|Papers Count:15

The objective of the research was to validate the AOT for estimation of VO2max in healthy pupils. Subjects included 80 boys and 102 girls selected by purposeful stratified sampling based on age criteria. Subjects participated in both AOT and a criterion test during a one week period. Age sub-groups were 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 years of age, each consisting of at least 10 volunteers. The criterion measures were directly obtained from gas analyzer outputs during a treadmill workout. Statistical analysis was based on multiple regression analysis. For boys, mean (±standard deviation) of weight, height, maximal heart rate, BMI, and relative VO2max were 55 (±17kg), 163 (±15cm), 201 (±8beat), 20.19 (±3.84kg/m2), 38 (±6ml/kg/min), respectively. The same measures for girls were 46 (±100kg), 156 (±9cm), 199 (±9beat), 18.60 (±2.95kg/m2), 34 (±4ml/kg/min), respectively. The study (P<0.01) the relationship between organizational culture with knowledge management indicates that knowledge management when will be successful performed in organization if appropriate cultural context is provided to this system. Because the guidance of the current wisdom of the organization is popular issue, and depends to staff organizational culture. Therefore organization should provide the appropriate culture for successful performance of knowledge management.showed that there was no significant relationship between age and relative VO2max for girls, whilst it was significant for boys (P £ 0.01). For both boys and girls, increase in BMI was accompanied by decrease in maximal heart rate and VO2max. Calculating formulas were produced in order to estimate VO2max from measures obtained of field AOT or Lab treadmill protocol. Compared to similar studies, produced formulas were scientifically acceptable, and the estimations were sufficiently accurate. High determination coefficients (Min = %45 and Max =%65) and low standard errors of estimate (Min=2.97 and Max=3.78 ml/kg/min) indicated that VO2max estimations by AOT protocols were considerably trustworthy. It is noteworthy that in comparison to adults, estimating formulas of V02max in adolescents generally have less determination coefficients.

The present study aims at exploring the relationship between organizational culture and knowledge management in Physical Education Offices of West Azerbaijan. This investigation is of a descriptive and correlation nature and was conducted as a survey study. For data collection, demographic questionnaire, organizational culture questionnaire with %84 validity and knowledge management questionnaire with %93 validity was utilized. The total population included 156male and female employees of the Physical Education Offices in West Azerbaijan. However, the final sample which was originally equal to the main population was reduced to 146 because some of the questionnaires were not sent back to the researcher. Spearman Rank order correlation was applied for data analysis. The respondents evaluated the situation of organizational culture and knowledge management as being at a medium level. And the findings of this study show that there are significant relations between organizational culture and its categories (management support, organizational belongings, individual creativity, agreement to conflict and leadership style) with deployment of knowledge management (P<0.01). The relationship between organizational culture with knowledge management indicates that knowledge management when will be successful performed in organization if appropriate cultural context is provided to this system. Because the guidance of the current wisdom of the organizations popular issue, and depends to staff organizational culture. Therefore organization should provide the appropriate culture for successful performance of knowledge management.

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of sport participation motives with sport orientation in Athletes' students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Subjects included 417 students (215 male and 202 female students) participated in students sport competition in 1385-86. Attending in student's Championship, One year sport acquaintance, and two sessions of regular training per week are criteria for being selected. This study was quasi-experiment research (Ex-post and correlation research). Data were collected by participation motivation questionnaire (PMQ) of Gill and et al (1993) and sport orientation questionnaire (SOQ) of Gill and Dater (1988). Independent-samples t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for analysis data. The results show that there are significant and direct relation between sport orientation components (competitiveness, win orientation, goal orientation) and sport participation motives components. The results also show that there is significant difference between sport participation motives of Females Athletes' students with male Athletes and individual Athletes' students with group Athletes' students so that sport participation motives of males were higher than female (p=0.044) and as athletes of group sport were better (P=0.011). Finally the results show that there is not significant differences between Athletes' students of physical Education and non physical Education in sport participation motives (P=0.117).

The propose of this study was to determine rate of validity between some of physiological variables of RAST and Wingate anaerobic power test in Iranian elite futsal players. 25 male futsal players of national team (age = 23.21±3.24, BMI = 23.35±1 kg/m2, Body fat percent = 12.93±1.84) participated in this study as subjects. RAST and Wingate 30 cycle test were performed for prediction of anaerobic power indices (Peak power, Low power, Mean power, Fatigue index) with 4 days apart. Heart rate and blood lactate were measured immediately, after 30 second and 120 second of tests. Data were analyzed by pears on correlation coefficient and paired sample t test. Results showed that: there were significant correlation coefficient between peak power, mean power and low power (r=0.50 P<0.01, r=0.52 P<0.01, r=0.49 P<0.01) in these tests, but correlation coefficient between fatigue index was not significant (r= 0.15). No significant correlation coefficient in lactate concentration immediately, 30 second and 2 minute (r=0.16, r= 0.08, r = 0.12) and also between. Heart rate immediately and 30 second after tests-(r=0.35, r=0.22) between tests was found. But 2 minutes after two tests there was a significant correlation coefficient in heart rate (r= 0.39 P< 0.01). Although there was significant differences between peak, low and mean power, fatigue index and also heart rate immediately and 30 second after tests (P< 0.05) but no significant differences were found between lactate concentration that indicate the similar physiological load in both tests.Therefore RAST - which is more specific for futsal than Wingate test- be used for anaerobic assessment in futsal players.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training on systemic inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease risk in aging men. For this purpose, 20 male subjects (age 60-70) voluntarily participated in our study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Resistance training or control group. The resistance training was circuit resistance training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and with 50-65% of one repetition maximum. Pre and post 8 weeks of resistance training blood samples were taken (5cc) in fasting state nom all subjects. The data was analyzed via t dependent and independent test. Results showed that resistance training caused a significant decrease in the serum CRP and plasma fibrinogen levels of the aging men (a= 0.05). We concluded that resistance training caused a decrease in the inflammatory markers and probably is decreased future cardiovascular risk in aging men.

The purpose of this research is the study of condition and analysis employment properties in sport private clubs in lIam city. In this study, moreover description employment properties, study relationship between receive salary and number of participants and personnel and also study of relationship between early enterprise, limpid revenues and number of personnel. In this study, 36 sport private clubs in lIam city have been investigated (Full-Count way). For data gathering made tow questionnaire by researcher. The data have been analyzed by SPSS software and construing and descriptive statistics. The results demonstrated that total jobs have been made are 83 jobs in variety sport with different titles. Also specified that non existence meaningful relationship between amount of salary and number of participants (r=0.353, P=0.052)and personnel (r=0.261, P=0.156), existent meaningful relationship between number of personnel and number of participants (r=0.543, P=0.002), existent positive however unmeaningful relationship between number of personnel and clubs early enterprise (r=0.081, P=0.666), and existent negative relationship between number of personnel and clubs limpid revenues (r=-0.027, P=0.884). 

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the rate of IL-4, IFN-g and proportion of CD4+/CDS+ in mice with breast cancer tumor. For this reason 80 female balb/c mice were utilized and randomly divided in 4 groups as follow: 1: Exercise -Tumor -Exercise, 2: Exercise - Tumor -Rest, 3: Rest -Tumor -Exercise and 4: Rest - Tumor - Rest. Pre - tumor exercise regimen was done for S weeks at 50 % to 75% VO2max and Post – tumor exercise regimen was done for 4 weeks at 50% Vo2max. The results of this research showed that the rate of inflammation cytokine, IL-4, decreased significantly in ETE and RTE groups (P<0.05). Data analysis showed that there were no significant differences between groups at the amount of effector cytokine production, IFN-g, and CD4+/CDS+ proportion after doing exercise programs (p>0.05). Based on the results of this research; doing continuous aerobic exercise is effective procedure for decreasing of inflammation factors such as IL-4. However this program is not a suite regimen for improving of effecter action of immune T cells.

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and Rate of Loading (ROL) during stop-jump task. Forty four healthy students 22 males (weight 75.89±3.22kg, height 177.84±4.52 cm, age 24±3 years) and 22 females (weight 64.17±2.85 kg, height 164.20±5.58 cm, age 22±2 years,) from physical education & sport sciences department volunteered in this study. Subjects performed stop-jump task on the force plate. Peak VGRF and ROL of subjects calculated using GRF data. To evaluate differences in peak VGRF and ROL between two groups Multivariate analysis of Variance (MANOVA) at the P level of 0.05 used. Significant differences seen between two groups for ROL (F1. 41=5.627, Wilks' Lambda = 0.372, P£0.05). ROL in females was 15.85 percent greater than males (479.10±113.30 for females and 403.20±98.50 for males), but there was not any significant differences between two groups for peak VGRF (F1.42= 2.818, P >0.05). Based on our results, it seems that increase in female's ROL during impact of landing can increase her knee loading secondary, and consequently create higher incidence of knee injuries, especially ACL, among females compare to males. The probable reason for increase of ROL in females can be attributed to differences in their landing pattern or their neuro-muscular controls.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on IL-6 and CRP during 6 weeks progressive swimming training in male collegiate swimmer. For this purpose, 19 volunteer college swimmers selected with physical characteristics mean (SD): weight 72.1±7.2 kg; age 22.2±1.2 years and vo2max 50.2±3.1 and then divided L- Carnitine (LC) group (n=10) and placebo (PL) group (n=9). Both group performed 6 weeks progressive swimming training, LC group (1000 mg/d by mouth over a period of 6 weeks) and PL group in same time use placebo. Blood sampling was performed on each subject 24 hours before the period began (Time 1) and end of 6th week (T2). Data analysis was conducted by independent and paired t-test. Results showed that free Carnitine concentration significantly increased at the end of the 6thweeks in LC (27%), but significantly decreased in PL (34%). The changes of IL-6 and CRP concentration were non significant in LC in this training program, but significantly increased in PL in same time. The results of this study suggest that 6-weeks L Carnitine loading decreased inflammatory proteins (IL-6 and CRP) during 6wk swimming training. Finally, it concluded L Carnitine supplementation can improve immune system and antioxidant in athletic.

Obestatin is a effective peptid on energy balance that identified in 2005. And there is no a lot of researches about this peptide. The purpose of this study was to investigate fundus obestatin concentrations responses to a treadmill exercise running program in Wistar rats. Fourteen Wistar male rats (12-14 weeks old, 235-250g) were divided into control and training groups. Training group was given exercise on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Plasma, fundus and liver were excised for determination of obestat in and ATP concentrations and liver glycogen by ELISA process. Data analyses for determine of defiance of mean between groups and in each group were done by using of indipended t-test and paired t-test. Obestatin concentrations were significantly low in trained rat fundus. Liver glycogen content was significantly higher in trained rats (P<0.05). Changes in plasma obestatin levels and Fundus ATP content were not significant. Data indicate that treadmill exercise was able to reduce fundus obestat in concentrations and this reduction was accompanied with a higher liver glycogen content in trained rats. Exercise training might modulate fundus obestatin levelsvia an improvement of energy source.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of circadian rhythm on cortisol responses and energy expenditure in obese versus lean men. 12 sedentary college students divided in 2 groups; six obese (age 22.83±1.9 yr; VO2max 35.45±3.9 ml/min/kg; BMI 31.08±1.8kg/m2) and six lean (age 21.17±1 yr; VO2max 45.86±3 ml/min/kg; BMI 18.2±1.3kg/m2) subjects. Student's t-test for compare variables in obese and lean group, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measure was used to evaluate cortisol, EE, Vo2 and RER between groups during baseline and different times after exercise (P<0.05). After 8h fasting, subjects run on treadmill 30 min with intensity 65% maximal oxygen consumption, beginning at 8-AM and 6-PM. Our results show that during baseline, there were no differences between lean and obese groups for salivary cortisol in morning and evening. In contrast, immediately, 15-min and 30-min after exercise obese group had significantly higher cortisol concentration than lean group in morning and evening (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between cortisol responses to 30-min exercise in lean and obese group. Mean EE and oxygen consumption (Vo2) during 30-min exercise in evening were significantly higher than morning (p<0.05). It can be concluded that obese men had higher and cortisol level after 30-min exercise than lean men, Also time of day can affect on metabolic condition, and mean EE and VO2 during 30-min exercise in obese and lean men were significantly higher at 8-AM than 6-PM, thus it can be attention in weight programme purposes.

The present study aim is to investigate the effect of caffeine ingestion (caf: 6mg/kg) on the anaerobic power, plasma LDH and Ca+2 concentration during a intensive - interval activity in the soccer players. The study was done by the semi - experimental design. Among 380 young soccer, 22 subjects were randomly selected as control and experimental groups (CG & EG), with averages of: (weight: 62.5 ±7.5 kg, height: 171±5.3 cm) which have been participated during native competition league. EG and CG performed the Davise and Wingate protocols. The subjects ingested caf and placebo (dextrose) for 1 hours before price program (pp). This protocol was involved 30 min activity with 10 interval rep x3min. Blood sampling and (AP) were measured, before, immediately and after (PP) protocol respectively. Absolute and relatively values (AP) and plasma Ca+2 concentrations were significantly increased in the (EG), however LDH concentrations were not markedly among two groups. Data showed that a given caff ingestion is caused an increased AP during (PP) in the young soccer.