Contemporary Sociological Research
Year:2024 | Volume:13 | Issue:24|Papers Count:12

AbstractMost people believe that marriage is the most individualized event that one experiences in their lifetime, holding special importance as it seems to fulfill the needs of two individuals. As a marital and family union, marriage provides an opportunity for social support. On the other hand, marital satisfaction and compatibility are crucial for the continuation of couples’ lives and play a significant role in individuals’ overall life satisfaction. Additionally, having a feminist perspective can influence attitudes towards shared life and marriage. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between marital satisfaction, compatibility, and feminist perspectives among married women in Hamedan. The research method was descriptive, focusing on correlation. The study population consisted of married women living in Hamedan, from various ethnic backgrounds including Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, and Lur, in the year 2013. A sample of 100 women was selected using convenience sampling. The instruments used included the Marital Compatibility Scale, the Feminist Perspective Scale, and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between marital compatibility and satisfaction. Additionally, results showed a negative and significant association between marital satisfaction and compatibility with feminist perspectives. This suggests that attention to these constructs can play a vital role in the lives of married couples.Keywords: Marital Satisfaction, Marital Compatibility, Feminist Cultural Perspective.1. IntroductionMarriage is a profound and multifaceted institution that holds a central place in the lives of many individuals (Johnson, 1991). Marital satisfaction and compatibility are key components that contribute to the success and endurance of a marriage (Downward et al, 2022). Marital satisfaction refers to the contentment and fulfillment that spouses derive from their relationship, encompassing emotional, physical, and spiritual aspects. Compatibility, on the other hand, involves the ability of spouses to adapt to each other’s needs, preferences, and life circumstances, ensuring a harmonious and supportive partnership (Leggett et al, 2018). In the context of Iran, the exploration of marital satisfaction and compatibility takes on added significance due to the unique cultural, social, and economic factors at play (Wadsworth, 2016). The role of feminist beliefs in shaping these aspects of married life is a topic that has not been extensively researched, despite its potential impact on the well-being of couples (Harris et al., 2023).Feminist beliefs, which advocate for gender equality and the empowerment of women, can influence marital dynamics in various ways (Umberson et al., 2015). However, the relationship between feminist beliefs and marital satisfaction and compatibility is complex and multifaceted. While feminist ideals can empower women and lead to more equitable relationships, they can also introduce challenges and tensions (Lyness & Lyness, 2007). This study aims to delve into these complexities by examining the correlations between marital satisfaction, marital compatibility, and feminist beliefs among married women in Iran. The research is essential for addressing the gap in understanding how these factors interact and for providing insights that could contribute to the improvement of marital relationships in Iran (Harris et al., 2023; DeLongis & Zwicker, 2017; Sánchez et al., 2017). 2. Materials and MethodsThe current research employed a descriptive correlational method. The study population consisted of married women residing in Hamadan, Iran, from various ethnic backgrounds including Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, and Luri in the year 2013. 2-1. The Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS)The Marital Satisfaction Scale was initially introduced by Fowers and Olson in 1993. It was designed to assess issues related to marital relationships, encompassing 12 subscales: Fowers and Olson calculated its reliability through Cronbach’s alpha, obtaining a value of 0.92. 2-2. The Marital Adjustment Test (MAT)This test was developed by Locke and Wallace in 1959 and consists of 15 multiple-choice items on a Likert scale. This instrument has also been validated in Iran. Its reliability, using the split-half method, was reported as 0.90. It has the ability to distinguish between adjusted and non-adjusted spouses in marital relationships (Mazaheri, 2000).2-3. The Feminist Perspective Scale (FPS)The Feminist Perspective Scale was created by Henley and colleagues in 1998. It consists of 60 items on a five-point Likert scale. This scale has also been validated in Iran with a reported reliability of 0.74 using the split-half method.After explaining the objectives of the study to the participants, emphasizing the importance of their participation in the current research, and assuring them of the confidentiality of their information, both private and non-private, by providing a consent form, three questionnaires were given to them in a single booklet. 3. DataDelving into the core objectives of the study, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed to examine the relationships between marital adjustment, marital satisfaction, and feminist perspective. The findings highlight a robust positive correlation between marital adjustment and satisfaction (p< 0.001). Further analysis, uncovers a significant negative correlation between marital adjustment and feminist perspective (p< 0.001). Lastly, findings presents a significant negative correlation between marital satisfaction and feminist perspective (p< 0.001).These results contribute to the understanding of marital relationships in the context of Iran and highlight the nuanced impact of feminist beliefs on marital well-being. 4. DiscussionThe current study explores the relationship between marital adjustment, marital satisfaction, and feminist perspective among married women. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between marital satisfaction and adjustment, supporting previous research by Amato and (Amato, 2014; Wanic & Kulik, 2011). This suggests that couples who are satisfied with their marriage are also more likely to effectively adjust to marital challenges. The Resource Adaptation Theory, as proposed by Jenkins and et al (2020), provides a framework for understanding how the equitable distribution of resources, including emotional support and work-family balance, contributes to marital satisfaction and adjustment. In contrast, the study reveals a significant negative correlation between marital adjustment and feminist perspective, consistent with findings by Twenge et al. (2015) but contradicting those of Poll (2020). This suggests that feminist perspectives, which often challenge traditional gender roles, may introduce tensions and adjustments within marital relationships. The negotiation of roles, power dynamics, and communication styles can be complex and may impact marital satisfaction and adjustment (Greil et al., 2019).5. ConclusionThe study’s findings highlight the nuanced interplay between marital satisfaction, adjustment, and feminist perspectives. While marital satisfaction and adjustment are closely linked, the introduction of feminist perspectives, which advocate for gender equality and challenge traditional roles, can complicate marital dynamics. This is not to say that feminist perspectives are inherently negative for marital relationships; rather, they introduce a layer of complexity that requires negotiation and adaptation from both partners.

AbstractAfter several decades of planning to improve the quality of life of citizens, a significant share of city residents is still unable to meet their needs. Meanwhile, informal settlements can be considered as a clear example of environments with a low level of social development, whose residents face many problems and limitations. Therefore, in this research, the indicators of social development have been questioned through a questionnaire from the residents of five informal settlements in Hamedan city. The investigated variables are categorized into five factors “social interactions”, “economic power”, “local services”, “service distribution” and “citizenship right” with the help of factor analysis model. Also, the evaluation of factor scores in the investigated neighborhoods shows that the arrangement of the neighborhoods was based on the level of satisfaction of the residents with social development, including Manochehri, Mazdaghine, Khezr, Hesar, and Dizaj. In the following, with the help of the linear multivariate regression analysis model, the weight of the five factors in realizing satisfaction with social development has been calculated, and the economic power factor with a weight of 0.429 shows the greatest impact. The research results show that the first priority of social development is related to the “service distribution” factor in all neighborhoods. Next, the priority of social development for Hesar and Dizaj neighborhoods is related to the “economic ability” factor, for Khezr and Mazdaghine neighborhoods, it is related to the “citizenship right” factor, and for Manochehri neighborhood, it is related to the “local services” factor. Therefore, the main strategy that can be placed on the agenda of urban managers will be to create balance and justice in the distribution of services and infrastructures in Hamedan city.Keywords: Informal Settlement, Social Development, Quality of Life, Residents’ Satisfaction, Hamedan. 1. IntroductionThe concept of development has evolved over the past two centuries through six major stages: economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s, poverty reduction in the 1970s, sustainable development in the 1980s, human development in the 1990s, and Millennium development goals at the beginning of the 21st century and sustainable development goals in 2015 (Adam Mohamed et al., 2019). Despite the considerable scientific and political attention to the broad concepts of sustainable development, it is felt that the “social” dimension has been neglected and it does not seem to be as important as the economic or environmental aspects of sustainable development. In social development studies only a few concepts have been considered such as social justice, social welfare, human services, social infrastructure, and social capital (Cuthill, 2010: 362-363; Luqman et al., 2017). Meanwhile, one of the important issues of urban resilience is addressing its social dimension (Moussovian et al., 2018).In the present research, the evaluation of citizens’ satisfaction has been considered with the indicators of social development in informal settlements. Informal settlements have failed to develop due to special economic, social and physical conditions. These settlements, which have been formed in the lower areas of big cities due to the migration or displacement of the low-income population, are facing many challenges. These are also facing other areas of the city with crises and social damage. Therefore, in this research, by selecting five informal settlements in Hamedan city, an effort has been made to identify the strategies for improving the social development of these settlements, and to determine priority measures. Therefore, in this research, by selecting five informal settlements in the city of Hamedan, it has been tried to determine the ways to improve their social development. 2. Materials and MethodsThe current research is done with descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and field observation. The theoretical foundations of the research were obtained through library studies and the indicators of the subject were extracted in a documented table. In the next step, indices were questioned in the case studies and were analyzed using the factor analysis method and multivariate regression.In this research, the statistical population includes all residents of neighborhoods who have a history of neighborhood for at least five years. The sample size (number of questionnaires) is considered to be 150 (about 6 times the number of indicators) in order to be valid for SPSS software analysis. Therefore, for each neighborhood, 30 samples were selected by a simple random method. Next, the data was entered into SPSS software and the main factors affecting social development were extracted with the help of exploratory factor analysis model. In the next step, the score of the samples in each factor is calculated, which indicates the action priorities for them. At the end, in order to calculate the weight of different factors and the final score of each neighborhood, linear multivariate regression analysis has been used. 3. DiscussionAfter extracting the information from the questionnaires and entering them into the SPSS software, the initial information matrix was formed. The output of the data validation tests shows the suitability of the data for analysis (Alpha Cronbach = 0.840, Kaiser meyer olkin = 0.761, chi-square =1207, Sig. = 0.000).After the control and appropriateness of the statistical tests, the preliminary matrix is calculated. This matrix clearly specifies that the process of factor analysis in reducing and summarizing social development indicators and measures has led to several final factors. In the following, the factor matrix was rotated so that each of the relevant indicators get the most relationship with the 5 factors and facilitate the conditions for naming and identifying the factors.The first factor consists of: Participation and voluntary activities, participation of women, social communication, cleanliness and health of the environment, and leisure time. This factor is named “Social interactions”.The second factor includes: income and expenses, employment and job opportunities, knowledge and skills, security, desirable housing, proper nutrition, and the status of women. This factor is named “Economic power”.The third factor includes: public transportation, educational facilities, medical-health services, and environmental safety. This factor is named “Local services”.The fourth factor consists of: sense of belonging, political participation, and right to choose. This factor could be named “Right of citizenship”.The fifth factor includes: access to municipal services, social justice, and class gap. This factor is named “Service distribution”.Finally, in order to determine the relationship between the factors and the level of social development of the neighborhoods, by using linear multivariate regression analysis, the beta coefficient for the factors is determined. Accordingly, the highest beta coefficient is related to the second (0.429), first (0.403), third (0.327), fifth (0.219) and fourth (0.133) factors, respectively. Finally, the final score of the social development in each neighborhood is determined by multiplying the “score of each neighborhood for each factor” by the “beta coefficient of the factor”.The final score of Hesar, Khezr, Dizaj, Mazdaghine, and Manochehri is calculated 1.87, 2.12, 1.57, 2.21, and 2.51, respectively. As can be seen, Manochehri neighborhood has a significant advantage over the other four neighborhoods.4. ConclusionDespite the passing of several decades of planning history in Iran, which has been carried out with the aim of improving the quality of life and the level of social development of the people, there are still deficiencies in this area, especially for the weaker sections of the society. Meanwhile, informal settlements can be considered as a clear example of environments with a low level of social development, whose residents face many problems and limitations. Therefore, in order to realize social development in these areas, it is necessary to determine the priorities for improving the conditions in them in the first step. Therefore, in the current research, this issue has been investigated by studying five informal settlements in Hamedan city.The most important results of this research can be summarized in the following cases:- The “service distribution” factor is the main priority for promoting social development in informal settlements in Hamedan. In this factor, there are three key variables: “social justice”, “social class difference” and “access to urban services”, which are among the primary priorities according to the analysis of the opinions of the residents of these neighborhoods.- The “social interactions” factor in informal settlements has a better status than other factors of social development. In fact, although “participation and voluntary activities”, “social relations”, “women’s participation”, “leisure time” and “cleanliness and health of the environment” are far from the ideal conditions, but they are not prioritized.

AbstractIntroduction: Corona virus has not only affected the biological existence of man, but also threatened our social existence under the tremendous pressure of medical panic and social isolation. This epidemic has led to massive loss of life and an unprecedented economic, social and cultural crisis, with far-reaching social impacts. Research objectives: The purpose of this research is to analyze the lived experience of the citizens of Isfahan about the consequences of the corona virus on their lives and the impact of this epidemic on the reflexivity experienced in this era. Research question: This research seeks to answer the question that What experience do citizens have of reflexivity in the era of Corona and what aspects of their daily life have they reflected and reconsidered? Research method: The current research has used the qualitative method of phenomenology.  For this purpose, 30 citizens of Isfahan in different age, occupation and base groups were selected and subjected to in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using Keywords: Reflexivity, Mistrust, Lived Experience, Citizens, Corona. 1. IntroductionIn the country of Iran, where the economic and environmental crises have weakened the people’s livelihood and resilience, the coronavirus epidemic has increased the depth and scope of existing social issues such as poverty, unemployment, class gap, social inequalities and the like since March 2018. And it has created its own social harms.Examining the experience of citizens facing this crisis is important because it determines the background and context of social vulnerability of citizens. While paying attention to the in-depth exploration of the lived experiences of the participants and how they create the meaning of these experiences, this research seeks to answer the questions that What experience do citizens have of reflexivity in the era of Corona and what aspects of their daily life have they reflected and reconsidered? 2. Materials and Methodsn this research, the descriptive phenomenological approach was used in order to provide a thick description of the deep experiences of the Isfahan citizens of the spread of the coronavirus and the social and cultural damages caused by the exposure to this epidemic. They have lived in Isfahan for at least twenty years.Based on this, by using Purposive sampling, those who, due to their conditions, had experienced more damage from the coronavirus were selected. In the entire process of data collection, maximum diversity was observed to select samples from different socio-economic bases, women and men, and different ages, youth and middle-aged, and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. In this way, 30 citizens were interviewed. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. 3. DataThe Corona crisis have left many consequences on the social, psychological, economic and cultural life of the citizens:They include five categories of “lifestyle change”, “semantic reflexivity”, “strengthening social togetherness”, “businesses going online” and “institutional distrust”.The first major consequence of the Isfahan participants’ exposure to the corona situation is “changes in lifestyle” in the form of changes in the ways of recreation and leisure of the participants (moving from the traditional collectivist, relational and action-based ways of leisure) Towards new ways of personal virtual leisure and based on quasi-media interactions) and changes in values and behaviors, including the removal of some cultural customs and normative changes.“Reflexivity” is one of the other aspects of coexistence of participants with corona conditions, which shows that the participants have been able to turn corona restrictions into opportunities for ontological reflections or the development of their skills and capabilities. The two categories “opportunity to reflexivity “ and “opportunity to learn” are indicative of this reflexivity corona life.The third major consequence of the Isfahan citizens’ exposure to Corona is “strengthening the sense of social togetherness”, which is manifested above all in increasing the sense of altruism, including the formation of campaigns to help the needy and the joy of family life.Another major consequence of the Isfahan citizens’ encounter with the Corona crisis is the “growth of digital culture” and double digitization. In fact, the virtualization of business is considered a major strategy for the transition from the corona situation and it can be very beneficial in the transition from other crises that the world may face in the future.The fifth consequence of Isfahani’s citizens facing the Corona crisis is “institutional distrust”. The ineffectiveness of government policies in dealing with, managing and controlling Corona has led to the formation of a form of mistrust among citizens, which is in various forms of “distrust of government institutions”, “hospital phobia” and “distrust of vaccination” has appeared. 4. DiscussionThe results of the research confirm the theory of Anthony Giddens (2005b) about late or reflexivity modernity. In this era, reflexivity becomes the basic phenomenon of daily life, in such a way that social functions are reconsidered and considered, the common people distance themselves from established customs and norms, and doubt and ponder about traditional identity and resistance. It increases compared to common stereotypes and traditional patterns in different dimensions of life such as life planning, religiosity, body management and gender stereotypes.The results of this research showed that as a result of critical reflexivity, Iranian people have found a new attitude and social mentality: the expansion of interdisciplinary approaches and the necessity of using them, a more positive attitude towards human categories and emotional values, growth The death of awareness and death thinking, paying attention to the importance of home and family, weakening attitudes towards traditional beliefs and superstitions, increasing sensitivity and paying attention to the category of health and hygiene; They are among the results of Iranian people’s reflexivity in the corona situation. These reflections led to extensive objective, mental, material and spiritual changes, which seem to affect the governance and economic system in the long run, and in this new social context, everything makes sense and it will have a new meaning. 5. ConclusionIn the current research, the covid-19 epidemic has led to individual reflexivity and reorganization in the intellectual and practical aspects of daily life, rather than collective activism to reduce the effects of the crisis. It is as if the reflexivity actions of activists in the conditions of the Covid-19 epidemic are also a way to adapt more to the existing conditions and be resilient against possible damages. Also, this research confirms the crisis of mistrust in science in the stage of reflexivity scientific development.

AbstractPeriods of extensive transformation, such as world wars and deadly disease outbreaks, often prompt deep reviews of institutional performance, including the family. The COVID-19 pandemic is one such crisis that has significantly impacted the Iranian family, necessitating reevaluation. This study examines how the functions of family institutions in Tehran, Iran’s most populous and diverse city, have been reformulated post-pandemic. Tehran’s demographic, ethnic, class and cultural diversity creates a challenging environment for families, making it an apt case for study. Given the importance of the family in meeting individuals’ needs and its role in structural changes across society, this research explores how the functions of families in Tehran can be reevaluated after the pandemic. Keywords: Family Changes, Qualitative Research Method, Theme Analysis, Coronavirus. 1. IntroductionThe family, a fundamental institution in human society, has experienced significant changes in its structure and meaning over recent decades despite its enduring presence (Cavanagh, 2008). As roles within the family evolve, complexity increases, and conflicts may arise if members, particularly spouses, cannot adapt to these changes (Dehghani et al., 2017).There is a concern that the family’s importance might be waning in modern society. However, despite claims about the diminishing role of the family, any societal change in Iran is deeply rooted in the family. The family remains central to societal transformations, making it essential to study factors affecting family functions and values (Labibi, 2014). Major global events, like the COVID-19 pandemic, have accelerated these transformations by challenging traditional family roles and functions. The pandemic removed functional boundaries between various societal roles, turning homes into multifunctional spaces for work, education, healthcare, and leisure. This sudden shift exposed underlying issues within family dynamics and forced individuals to assume new roles, often unprepared. Quarantine and remote interactions led to a reevaluation of family roles and relationships, revealing both weaknesses and new opportunities. In Tehran, the most populous and diverse city in Iran, these changes are particularly pronounced due to its demographic, ethnic, class, and cultural diversity. This diversity makes Tehran an ideal case for studying the impacts of the pandemic on family functions. This research aims to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the perception and performance of family roles in Tehran, providing insights into broader implications for family dynamics in contemporary society. 2. Materials and MethodsThis study is based on thematic analysis method outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006), which emphasizes identifying common features among data rather than unique individual experiences. The aim is to recognize patterns of meaning relevant to the research topic and questions.Theoretical sampling was employed in this study. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using coding and thematic network analysis. Transcriptions and notes underwent coding, were segmented into smaller parts, and themes were subsequently extracted, refined, and categorized based on the research question. 3. DiscussionThe COVID-19 pandemic brought widespread confusion about the future, accompanied by stress, anxiety, and the spread of misinformation, turning families into spaces where emotions like sadness, joy, stress, and difficulty in interaction were shared. The collapse of various social boundaries and the merging of all these institutions into the family unit provided an opportunity for significant rethinking of family functions. This process forced family members into continuous negotiation to adopt suitable approaches. On one hand, the pandemic led to the loss of individual freedoms, especially for children, who, due to quarantine, were under the constant watch of their families, resulting in feelings of bitterness and a perception of restriction. On the other hand, spending long days at home together compelled individuals to get to know each other better, offering new opportunities to develop relationship management strategies. Although no direct mention of experiencing violence was found in the findings, keywords related to negative collective emotions, feelings of pressure, isolation, and concern over losing relationships were frequently repeated. Additionally, business closures, fear of poverty, and home-based education created challenging conditions for family members, transforming the home from a place of leisure and comfort into a central area for meeting needs previously addressed by other institutions. 4. ConclusionThe findings of this study reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly transformed family functions by highlighting differences in daily life, altering power dynamics among family members, and changing the way rituals are conducted. Families aware of their situation and actively resolving problems experienced the least conflict and demonstrated the most effective adaptation in managing household affairs and member relations. Key themes identified in the study include:Support and suppression within families were evident. Some families strengthened emotional bonds through trial and error, re-evaluating relationships, and problem-solving. Others faced emotional breakdowns, marked by feelings of confinement and a longing for pre-pandemic conditions.The pandemic accelerated children’s entry into the workforce, changed economic power structures, and transformed business operations. Virtual workspaces and remote working became prevalent, prompting all family members to contribute economically and necessitating a re-evaluation of traditional work environments.Families faced confusion over health authorities, the spread of pseudo-science, and varying trust in scientific information. The pursuit of health, driven by media literacy and the need to balance traditional and modern treatments, became central concerns.Children gained educational independence, parents often had to re-learn to support their children’s schooling, and a full commitment to children’s education became essential. This led to new educational strategies, with parents sometimes surpassing teachers in guiding their children.There was a shift in recognizing the powerful role of mothers in managing the household and fulfilling family functional needs.Ceremonies like births, weddings, and funerals were often canceled or altered, leading to reduced social interactions and a focus on immediate family relationships, with virtual connections becoming more common.With external leisure activities restricted, families created new forms of entertainment at home, prioritizing family-based activities such as home movie nights over traditional outings like going to the cinema.

AbstractParental abuse damages the foundation of the family in the form of a hidden and invisible injury, and considering the importance of the family institution in the occurrence of many injuries, it can bring very unfavorable social consequences for the society. This study aimed to explore and interpret parental abuse among the families of Meybod city in Yazd province. We used a constructivist qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Participants were sampled purposively with different parents in Meybod. A total of 23 interviews with parents were performed. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory coding. After analyzing the data, 11 main categories were explored which include: committing deviation, financial damage, imposing insult and humiliation, children in conditions of indignity and disrespect towards themselves.Keywords: Parental Abuse, Violence, Violation of Dignity, Insult, Maybod. 1. IntroductionDomestic violence is a disturbing and undeniable reality in today’s world. Social and cultural changes have not only reduced the amount of violence, but have also made the family face new types of violence (Ghorori et al, 2019). Another type of family violence that has been noticed in recent years and the statistics have been increasing, is the violence of children and teenagers towards their parents (Abbaspuor et al, 2017). Children’s violence against their parents is a type of domestic violence that is now internationally recognized as a social problem (Holt, 2016). Daily media around the world present various reports about children who insult, beat, steal, assault and even kill their parents with various motives such as money, revenge, interfering in the choice of lifestyle, etc. (Muravyeva et al., 2021:1); In Iran, although there are no clear reports on parental abuse, the observations and news from the media show that this issue is increasing day by day at different levels of Iranian society. According to the statistics available since 2008, after the murder of the wife by the husband, the murder of the parents by the children is the most frequent (Sadeghi Fasaei and Shabani Afarani, 2016: 5). Parental abuse has different consequences for the individual and the family as well as for the society. As a result, it is necessary to conduct scientific and detailed research to discover why and how parents are abused. The consequences of increased parental abuse not only affect the health of the individual and the family, but also threaten the health of the society and bring irreparable mental and psychological damage to the family and society. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of discovering the experience and interpretation of parental abuse among the families of Meybod city, and the main question of the research is how do Meybod parents experience the abuse of their children? What are the reasons and grounds for children’s abuse towards their parents? What is the parent’s strategy in dealing with child abuse? What are the personal and social consequences of parental abuse for parents? 2. Materials and MethodsWe used a qualitative approach and a grounded theory method. The grounded theory is a methodological approach (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, Charmaz, 2006). In which data collection, analysis, and theory proceeds reciprocal. Participants were sampled purposively in Meybod in Yazd province. A total of 23 interviews with parents were performed. Data collection were performed through semi-structured interviews. The interviews started with general questions and then, more specific and advanced questions were asked to achieve the purpose of the research and collect the necessary information. Every interview took approximately 60–90 minutes. For data analysis, the theoretical coding (Strause & Corbin, 1998) was utilized by three coding levels including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. During the open coding, interview texts were reviewed and encoded line by line and a concept was assigned for the meaningful phrase of the interviewee talks. In the second level of coding, axial coding, the constructed concepts were put together and were transformed into categories that were more abstract in comparison to primary concepts. At third level of coding, categories were linked together and a core category was emerged as the final category. 3. DiscussionAs mentioned above, the interview transcripts were analyzed by theoretical coding after analyzing the data, 11 main categories were explored which include committing deviation, financial damage, imposing insult and humiliation, Ignorance, stress and anxiety, social isolation, desperation, normalization, impact of parenting, aggressive environment, submission and compromise. Finally, “violation of dignity” was emerged as a core category. According to the core category, there have been a wide variety of violence that children use them against their parents. Also, regards to findings, children have used a lot of way to make their parents upset and angry such as ignoring them or being indifferent. Children’s not helping their parents in various matters is seen as their abuse. Also, the constant and consecutive stress that parents experienced by their children’s behavior caused them a lot of suffering and sadness. One of the other factors of parental abuse is children’s aggression towards their parents, which often children who grow up in violent environments commit such behaviors. In other words, Parenting is one of the important reasons for causing parental abuse. The parenting methods adopted by the parents affect the behavior of the children in the future as well as the proper upbringing. Financial problems in the family are other influential factors in parental abuse. In some families, insufficient ability to provide for children’s expenses and numerous financial conflicts are the reason for children’s mental injuries and as a result, retaliating at an older age by applying annoying behaviors to parents. As a result, children who have experienced various types of failure for various reasons, including financial or emotional reasons, in adulthood, aggression and violence are one of their reactions and defense strategies. In the face of children’s violence, some parents remain silent and others give up, and some ignore the misbehavior. Consequently, children, by performing the mentioned violent behaviors, assault the dignity and reputation of their parents and threaten the health of the family and the society as well. 4. ConclusionAs a result, based on the research explored from the interviews, it can be interpreted that parental abuse is created during the stages in which parents are one of the important elements of its creation. The influence of parenting is one of the most important factors in causing parental abuse. In fact, the annoying actions of the children are not fulfilling the expectations inherent in the role and position of parenthood, which undermines the position of the parents in the family and subsequently the society. Therefore, both parents and children have played a significant role in the formation and continuation of parental abuse, and the importance of conducting scientific and accurate research in order to reduce it and build a healthy society with healthy activist’s shows the importance of this issue. In general, according to the data obtained from the interviews, it can be said that parental abuse is increasing in recent years and is often experienced by parents in the form of verbal and emotional abuse. Finally, to improve mutual understanding, adjust functions, reduce harassment, and train emotional, interactive, and verbal skills by responsible organizations, including family support centers, counseling, mass media, etc.

AbstractThe unexpected and rapid changes affected by modernity and globalization caused lots of challenges and contradictions in different areas such as religion and morality, especially in the case of women’s covers and hijab. In connection with that the pre-Islamic revolution’s generation of girls in Iran, are trying to contradict themselves with others by rethinking over the case of the hijab. This research, with the aim of analyzing the attitudinal differences of three decades of girls after the Islamic revolution about the case of hijab, has occurred by systematic analysis method using half-structured interviews with 29 women of Shiraz city. The demographic physiognomy of understudied women indicates that the majority have a university education with an average age of 25, and 13 people were constrained and 17 persons were against the hijab. The founded text of this research is categorized into 8 concepts/variants, political device, affirmation of friends, family’s inner value, self-hijab, social occasion-based hijab, sexual discrimination hijab, and duty hijab. Therefore, what can be argued as the result of this study is that putting on a hijab and cover according to religious values and norms are still counted as a core factor of the Iranian Islamic lifestyle? Even though nowadays women are struggling with a hijab with the challenges of modernity and traditions, in the way that our young girl generation’s clothing style has been reviewed and different styles and clothes are to be seen. The schools of humanism and liberalism and the effect of the globalization phenomenon have changed the view on hijab in the country.Keywords: Thematic Analysis, Hijab, Attitude, Girls. 1. IntroductionThe behaviors of social interactors and their interpretation of their own social environment and others have a reciprocal effect on the construction of social relations, in such a way that according to the Symbolic interactionism theory, communication particularly symbolic communication is known to be the core and base of all social interactions. (Mahboubi Manesh, 2006, quoted from Mohsenian Rad, 2005: 39). By this means, from a sociological point of view, hijab as a coverage, actually forms in social relations that on the one hand, it might have a diverse form and shape and a unified essence and content (or vice versa), and on the other hand from a communicatory perspective, hijab acts as an identity and communicatory medium which plays a symbolic role in the intrapersonal area. Thus there are cultural, sociological, political, and economic aspects to the hijab issue, and has spiritual-religious, status, personality, and behavioral indicators which can be observed through different angles, paradigms, and aspects.Through the past two centuries, clothing pattern was a sign of social status, but in the current century, what is being worn indicates a body-oriented, identity- gaining and fashion idea through clothing as one of the lifestyles (Salajqa and Musapour, 2010: 159). Because of the religious structure and the devotion of Iranian society to Shiite beliefs, the hijab, and continence are technically known as an apparent symbol of social dedication to Shiite rituals (Alavi, 1396:8). Somehow, the matter of a person’s loyalty and dedication towards hijab and continence is not one dimensional and it’s necessary to study and analyze this matter from different perspectives such as family, social groups, the condition of media’s effectiveness, effectiveness of the government, effectiveness of education and more (Alavi, 2016: 9).With more than four decades passing the Islamic revolution, different mindsets have caused the hijab as a sort of governmental affair to be challenged. In fact, the acts of minor hijab and unveil-ness are in total contrast with Iran’s cultural and social system which causes the duality of voluntary hijab and forced hijab amongst women, thus the necessity to proceed with this issue is inevitable. Therefore, this study is on to answer this basic question what different mindsets were formed about hijab among three different generations of girls after the revolution.According to Goffman’s dramatic theory and Symbolic interactionism, people in society show themselves in terms of others’ expectations. They want to show the part of them which appear acceptable to others. People’s self is shaped by their interactions and executing roles. Since symbolic interactionism is formed based on human relations and because the hijab is a social category and it only appears meaningful through social relations, in conclusion, hijab is a category driven by social relations and the way social relations are also affected by symbolic interactionism.This is a thematic analysis study. Thematic analysis is one of the qualitative analysis methods. The tools used by the means of gathering information is a deep and semi-structured interview. The statistical society is 60’s, 70’s, and ’80s (based on the Persian calendar) women and girls who reside in the city of Shiraz 29 of them were interviewed regarding theoretical saturation. The questions were about girls’ tendency towards unveil-ness and which people or organizations have the most important and effective role in the discussed area. Interviewing with people continued until reaching theoretical saturation. For the means of validating the data, the member validation method was used in such a way that subjects were asked to evaluate the entire founding and comment on the accuracy of the researcher’s interpretations and perceptions and to resolve whether there is an ambiguity or a misinterpretation and by utilizing the audit technique, data reliability was evaluated. What veiled means is a hijab that has all the hair under the scarf? A semi-hijab who partially has her hair out of the scarf. An unveiled is also the one who does not wear a scarf at all. 2. Analytic Results1- Hijab as political party’s device: Politicians employ women’s issues to achieve their highly regarded place. Indeed, hijab as a belief category is downsized to politics. 2- Acceptance of friends: Some also believe that friends and peers have more impact than others. Some girls avoid hijab because they fear being mocked by their friends or not being accepted among their group of friends. This mindset forms mostly through university. 3- The in-Family values: Throughout the girls’ teenage hood, their father’s opinion is especially important to the girls. Therefore, at this age, the father’s role was very important.  In fact, they seek the fathers’ consent. 4- Personal hijab: In this point of view people choose for themselves how far the restriction of hijab should be. They choose hijab based on the latest fashion.  This way, she adapts herself to the parts she desires. 5- Hijab based on social circumstances: Hijab should be reconsidered by the terms of society and get changed along with the changes of society and the scarf they are wearing today should be normalized and not be hashed.6- Gender discrimination in the hijab issue: They believe hair isn’t provoking.  Hijab nor non-hijab, neither differentiate men and women in clothing. Therefore, both men and women should mind the type of clothes they wear; although a situation should be provided to prevent men from harassing women.7- Hijab duty: This perspective belongs to the people who deeply accepted the religious law/ sharia and the related issues and they do not disassociate hijab under any circumstances. They have a religious view on every matter. 8- Hijab as a law: From the follower’s point of view, the type of hijab is determined by national law. Surely, the people who agree with this law obey it; but some, also, believe that governmental pressure cannot be effective. 3. ConclusionConsidering the fact that forced and voluntary hijab was propounded in society, the current research has examined hijab through three decades of girls’ perspectives and their diverse mindsets have been put to study. In Iran, people seek to build new identities because of the transition to modernity. Additionally, cultural, social, political, and religious sources are involved in it. Some girls are not against the hijab and accept it in terms of Iranian culture, but do not stand for domination and command. The hijab-bond girls in all three decades know their friends and peers to be an impactful factor in their tendency towards hijab; this is different than some consider friend’s impact where a family has an inconspicuous role and the person is in the age of forming her characteristic. Friends can change her opinion by either encouraging or mocking her. In their opinion legal force with cultural preferences should exist, or else the person would resist to it.Girls with no bond to hijab also, considered the role of friends to be efficient. Some were pressured by a friend’s ridicule. They all knew the role of the family to be important but the role of friends was more. They considered the role of force to be negative and even cause obstinacy and secrecy. Some of the other reasons are the girls’ willingness to be seen and be attractive. They expressed discomfort with being forced to wear headbands during school.  Even girls at strict schools mentioned that some girls from chador-obligatory schools got out of school to take their chadors off. They know the hijab to be restricting and divesting freedom. The increase in modernity outcomes will update a person’s social identity and types of Hijabs.

AbstractWhat are the dimensions of urban dynamics is the study motivation of this article. The purpose of this is to present a different perspective on how to analyze social dynamism in the urban space. “How can self-socialization of citizens affect the dynamics and sustainable development of a city?” By reflecting on the stated question, one can realize the special importance of this article. In this context, the information baggage of two sociology treatises was used by adopting the secondary analysis method. These treatises were done with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in the cities of Tehran and Arak; But based on the problem plan of this article, the result indicates that urban life can have a dynamic atmosphere according to important dimensions such as: diverse opportunities for comfort and social health, reducing damages, improving environmental health, etc. In addition to a dynamic city, it is necessary to adopt policies in the “cultural field” of the society so that the social self of the citizens is activated towards the expression of responsibility, competencies and abilities. In this field, the participation of entrepreneurial activists in different fields should be used. What supports the self-social dynamics of citizenship is the active campaign of entrepreneurs who have.Keywords: Dynamic City, Development, Responsible Citizen. 1. IntroductionWhat order and level of coordination the city’s movement has with responsible and self-aware activists, and what aspects of the density of the city’s material capital are compatible with the city’s social and cultural capital is a challenge that if For that, he expressed the appropriate and needed answers and theories, so that it is possible to get closer to the rules of dynamics and social and cultural development of the city. How can we create an atmosphere of dynamism in the contemporary city that, in fact, the city without the need of political and government affiliations, can light up and power its own development engine. The goal is to analyze and represent the quality of urban dynamics leading to real development in contemporary cities. The dynamic social self-agency of citizens in the city reduces environmental damage and pollution (weather and natural landscapes) and socio-psychological pains of citizens in many scenes and conditions. What is more important than witnessing manifestations of diversity, dynamism and individual-social dynamism, satisfaction, native creative identity in modern urban life so that the black dust of monotony, boredom, alienation and indifference can be removed from the image and atmosphere of the contemporary city. Perhaps it can be said that reaching such a destination is the most important goal for successful urban management and planning. 2. Materials and MethodsIn this article, the combination of information from two research works is used; The first is a sociological research in one of Tehran’s neighborhoods (area 2) around sustainable urban development, and the second is a research work on the issue of strategic spirituality of active entrepreneurs in the urban society (Arak) which is expressed with a preliminary basis on the issue of dynamics in harmony with development Urban has become a new and different approach and analysis. In this article, focusing on the secondary analysis method, three methods have been used in a combined manner: documentary study method, survey method, qualitative data foundation method. 3. DataBased on the opinions and findings of this article, self-socialization forms an important part of the parameter of trust in plans and decision-making structures of the urban area and is effective in citizens’ sense of belonging. Self-socialization by forming very strong communication networks, guaranteeing the effectiveness of programs or their failure, and organizing the wave of urban development and dynamics in the social dimension (employment, education, security, participation, equal opportunities, sense of belonging, etc.), The economic dimension (growth, justice, efficiency, etc.) and the environmental dimension (urban environment, protection of urban natural resources, etc.) help. In other words, the self-social (citizen) with its characteristics must interact with the social structure. The major and significant part of this structure includes the two dimensions of responsibility and social competence. Urban development and dynamism can be seen as a process that is able to be realized under the banner of self-society. In general, if the self-socialization of citizens is improved, by increasing the level of trust building through delegating responsibility, their sense of belonging and participation will also increase. This process ultimately leads to urban prosperity and dynamics through improving the level of self-awareness, increasing self-esteem, self-efficacy, trust and strengthening internal links. In addition, the growth and development of the green and dynamic self-social citizenship tree is in the light of the active role of entrepreneurs who actually have a kind of spirituality: beliefs, values and a non-traditional attitude. Entrepreneurs who firmly and sustainably play a role in the direction of important values such as cooperation, job creation, cooperation, social solidarity, responsibility, competence, social trust, trustworthiness, etc.; And therefore, they establish healthy and reinforcing norms in the urban space. Because what they say and believe, they also act in the objective field of civil relations of the city; Therefore, they are effective and can set an example. What better strategy than an active group of such entrepreneurs who can save and rid a city of all kinds of ruptures, wilting, disorders and disturbances (social, psychological, environmental, etc.). 4. DiscussionAccording to C. Wright Mills, one of the most important social problems of today’s societies is the reduction of the sense of altruism, especially in urban societies (Elwell, F, 2002). For this reason, paying attention to the issue of altruism and how to strengthen it in social relations is very important. Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between spirituality and overall levels of higher physical and mental health, better coping skills, increased life expectancy, and higher levels of life satisfaction(Brotheridge C.M. and..., 2007; 4 (3): 287-309).  Among the empirical findings, there is a common root argument that “spirituality - meaning the growth and promotion of personal and social self-awareness”, is not something that is exclusive to man and isolates him from the outside world, and causes a tremendous increase in the life force in man. 5. ConclusionThe development of urban dynamics can be seen as a process that is able to be realized under the banner of self-society. If the self-socialization of citizens is improved, their sense of belonging and participation will also increase by increasing the level of trust building through delegating responsibility. This process ultimately leads to urban prosperity and development through improving the level of self-awareness, increasing self-esteem, self-efficacy, trust and strengthening internal links. The self-social dynamics of citizenship is in the light of the active role of entrepreneurs who actually have a kind of spirituality: non-traditional beliefs, values and attitudes. Entrepreneurs who firmly and sustainably play a role in the direction of important values such as cooperation, job creation, cooperation, social solidarity, responsibility, competence, social trust, trustworthiness, etc.; And therefore, they establish healthy and reinforcing norms in the urban space. What supports the self-social dynamics of citizenship is the active campaign of entrepreneurs who have overcome alienation and individual speculation with non-traditional beliefs, values and attitudes towards important values such as cooperation, job creation, social work, social solidarity, and responsibility. , social trust, trustworthiness, etc., have harmonious actions and words. Because what they say and believe, they also act in the objective field of civil relations of the city; Therefore, they are effective and can set an example.

AbstractThe present research aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in Yazd province and its causes. This research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection; applied-exploratory in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. The participants included experts, policy makers, planners and managers who were aware of the development processes of Yazd province; selected using the purposeful sampling method. In this research, 45 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation and library documents, statistics and provincial information were used to complete the data. Validity and reliability were ensured by using appropriate methods. To analyze, three stages of coding were used. The results included 4 main categories of migration from the village to the city; migration of non-native unskilled workers; migration of foreign nationals and migration of elites. Based on the results, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in Yazd province. This process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. At the end, based on the findings, some suggestions were made to reduce the consequences and optimally manage of the immigrants’ problems.Keywords: Migration from the Village to the City, Migration of Foreign Nationals, Migration of Elites, Qualitative Analysis, Yazd Province. 1. IntroductionThe phenomenon of migration has been with mankind since the beginning of history (Sharifi & Zare Shahabadi, 2018: 56). As a social phenomenon, it is a dynamic process and caused by changing political, economic, social and cultural conditions (Nobahar & Ghorbani, 2021: 84; Sharifi & Zare Shahabadi, 2018: 56), which is observable in all societies either developed or undeveloped ones (Nobahar & Ghorbani, 2021: 84). It should be noted that as long as the distribution of development resources (financial, human resources, access to production raw materials, etc.) is not the same among different regions, the development of the country’s spatial structure will not be equal, and the consequence of this imbalance development is migration from less developed areas to developed ones (Askari-Nodoushan et al, 2017: 128). Yazd province, with a relative development level among the provinces of Iran (Askari-Nodoushan et al., 2019: 84), has become one of the main poles of migrant- receiving provinces of the country in the last three decades. (Afshani & Shiri Mohammadabad, 2023: 271; Hosseini et al., 2018: 1). The root of this migrant- receiving is that this province has higher levels of socio-economic development than other provinces (Afshani & Shiri Mohammadabad, 2023: 272). Admittedly, in Yazd province, along with the main flow of migrant- receiving, there has been a migrant-sending flow from Yazd province to other parts of the country. Incoming migrants are mostly unskilled or semi-skilled workers, whereas the migrants leaving this province are educated people, elites and entrepreneurs. This migration flow will have numerous significant economic, social and cultural impacts on Yazd province (Askari-Nodoushan et al., 2019: 84). Proper and correct exposure to the phenomenon of migration and its effects and consequences requires a deep study of this phenomenon and investigation of its factors. Accordingly, the present research was conducted aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in this province and its causes applying a qualitative approach.  2. Materials and MethodsThis research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection, applied-exploratory in terms of purpose, and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. The research community was experts, elites, policymakers, planners and provincial managers, entrepreneurs and other people involved in the development processes of Yazd province, whom were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and finally 45 interviews were conducted after reaching theoretical saturation. In order to collect data, in-depth and semi-structured interviews and complementary methods such as studying documents and library documents, provincial statistics and data were used. In the interviews, this question was responded: what are the causes and effects of migration in Yazd province? Validity and reliability of data were confirmed employing various methods of data collection. To analyze the data, three stages of coding were applied. 3. DiscussionBased on the findings, paradigm model of migration in Yazd province was presented. In this model, the causal condition, contextual condition, intervening, strategies and consequences of the migration process in Yazd province were depicted. Based on this model, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in Yazd province. This process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. In this regard, strategies such as: “management and planning in relation to immigrants” could be presented. 4. ConclusionAccording to the results, four main categories were identified including “migration from the village to the city”, “migration of non-native unskilled workers”, “migration of foreign nationals” and “migration of elites”. In the category of “migration from the village to the city”, three subcategories were extracted. “Louis” has also mentioned in his two-sector growth model theory of development that there is a surplus of labor in the rural areas, and this surplus rural labor is transferred to the urban industrial sector. In addition, these results were consistent with findings of “Azmi” and “Torbati Panah” (2021), “Sharifi” and “Zare Shahabadi” (2018), “Movahedi” and “Samiyan” (2018), “Ghasemi Ardehaei” and “Kord Zanganeh” (2018)  and “Mermanishvili” (2022). Furthermore, two subcategories were extracted in the main category of “migration of non-native unskilled workers”. In other words, the lack of improper infrastructure for development encourages people to migrate. The models of attraction and repulsion as well as the theory of relative deprivation both implicitly point to the existence of repulsion and deprivation at the origin as the causes of migration. In the main category of “migration of foreign nationals”, four subcategories were identified. These results were in line with the findings of “Mazloomi MahmoodAbad” et al. (2018). Finally, in the main category of “migration of elites”, five subcategories were extracted. In the theory of relative deprivation, brain drain is proposed as a response to remove deprivation. The results of this section were consistent with the findings of “Vedadhir” and “Eshraghi” (2019), as they also considered economic-occupational factors as the causes of the tendency to migrate abroad. Finally, based on the results of this research and the paradigm model of migration, the following suggestions are presented in order to reduce the causes of the phenomenon of migration in Yazd province: Considering that one of the consequences of the obtained paradigm model has been the effects of rural migration on cities, in this regard, it is suggested that migrant-sending villages be identified and measures be taken to reduce the repulsion in these areas and increase its attractiveness, such as providing employment opportunities in the mentioned villages. Consequently, the reverse migration of villagers from the city to the village should be provided. In order to reduce the effects of the presence of non-native and unskilled labor in the province, it is suggested that employers prioritize native workers in employing the laborers. In addition, providing technical and professional training courses for non-native and unskilled labor, the opportunity to increase their skills should also be provided. Furthermore, considering the social and cultural effects of the presence of foreign nationals, it is necessary to employ only those foreign nationals with a license from the Department of Foreign Nationals and Immigrant Affairs, as well as more effective laws in terms of their entry and employment should be approved and implemented.

AbstractAging population is the product of population transition in which fertility and mortality decrease from high to low levels. The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing and the number of young people is decreasing. The dimensions and consequences of this issue, despite the fact that in social sciences, such as; The economics of population aging, psychology of aging, sociology of aging, etc. have been analyzed and evaluated, but this issue has not been paid much attention by sociologists and political thinkers. Based on this, the present research aims to theorize the effects and consequences of this issue from the perspective of political sociology in the form of the theory of non-commitment. In this regard, what effects does the aging of the population have, for example, on the political behavior of citizens or their electoral tendencies or on their political demands from the government; Or what effects and consequences the aging of leaders, politicians and decision-makers will have on the behavior and performance of governments, in the future of policy-making, will be analyzed and analyzed. Demographic trends on the issue of aging confirm the fact that both current conditions and future trends of population aging are related to politics and power. In this research, with the aim of explaining and analyzing the subject and in order to obtain the required information, library data and documents have been used, and the method used in this research is analytical-descriptive.Keywords: Aging, sociology of aging, population aging, political sociology, lack of commitment. 1. IntroductionThe analysis of the age structure of the population, which is considered the main interest of demographers, is not well understood by sociologists and political thinkers, and therefore it is necessary that, along with various social sciences that understand new dimensions of this phenomenon day by day. Political sociology should also pay serious attention to this issue through the lens of its epistemological foundations and especially evaluate and analyze the consequences of population aging from the perspective of this science. In this regard, in this research, an attempt is made to investigate and study the problem of population aging (without considering a specific country) theoretically, from the perspective of political sociology, and to be able to examine the problem of population aging from a new perspective and attitude. slow, and evaluate and analyze the determining dimensions and consequences of this issue on various aspects of social and political life. Based on this, the present research will try to examine the effects and consequences of this issue from the perspective of political sociology. What effects does the aging of the population have on the political behavior of citizens or their electoral tendencies or on their political demands from the government? Or what effects and consequences will the aging of leaders, politicians and decision makers have on the behavior and performance of governments. The results of the article show that the aging population, from the perspective of political sociology, has caused a decrease in the level of political activities and civil participation of citizens and pushes their demands from the political spheres to the spheres of welfare and health and social security. On the other hand, aging in the field of political leaders and politicians causes the reduction of aggressive and radical policies and the slowing down of fast and fundamental changes and causes a kind of conservative tendencies and behaviors in politics. Therefore, demographic trends on the issue of aging confirm the fact that both current conditions and future trends of population aging are related to politics and power. 2.Materials and MethodsAccording to the nature of the subject and research objectives and in order to obtain the required information and collect the materials, library data and documents have been used, based on various researches and researches conducted in the field of sociology of aging, psychology of population aging and old age, To study the phenomenon of population aging from the perspective of political sociology with a forward-looking perspective. The type of research is also applied and developmental. The method used in this research is analytical and explanatory and based on interdisciplinary studies (i.e. the combination of sociology, psychology and political science) and tries to theoretically analyze the issue of population aging from the perspective of political sociology. examine and analyze its dimensions and consequences from this aspect. 3. Discussion3-1. Political sociology of population agingIn this article the consequences and effects of population aging will be analyzed and investigated from the perspective of political sociology and with the theoretical framework of non-commitment. First, the political sociology of aging people and then the political sociology of aging politicians and political leaders will be discussed.3.1.1. Political sociology of aging peopleIn the aging society, since the elderly make up a significant percentage of the country’s population and the weight of this population group increases over time compared to other population groups and their role in political developments will increase with the increase of their proportion in the population. Among the most important issues in this field, the political attitude of the voters - young and old - towards the age of the election candidate, the political priorities of the voters (young and old), the reduction of the political participation of the elderly population, the reduction of social capital in the elderly society and the reduction of society’s institutions Madani is an old man in society. 3.1.2. Political sociology of the aging of rulers and political leadersAlong with the general aging of the workforce, one consequence of an aging world is that more leadership positions are held by older people than ever before. Psychological research has shown that older leaders have distinct characteristics compared to younger leaders. Therefore, this important includes things such as; Gerontocracy (the government of the elderly or gerontology), the influence of age and leadership in political systems, the expansion of conservatism of political leaders and away from the policies of rapid and fundamental changes, the aging of leaders and the reduction of international conflicts and the change of priorities towards the expansion of welfare policies. 4. ConclusionThe changes that older people face physically and mentally create different conditions that the non-commitment strategy refers to as active non-engagement. A situation that leads to a decrease in the amount of political participation, a decrease in social capital, a decrease in civil society institutions, and a decrease in political conflicts in the elderly society, because the elderly, in accordance with the strategy of non-commitment in the last years of life, gradually reduce their social connections with society and others. Data and at the same time the society also mutually separates the individual through the rational-legal requirements of the job system, changing the nature of the family, etc. As a result, elderly people reduce their activity level, look for more passive roles, and therefore the interaction of the elderly person in the social system, to which he belongs, decreases. Another consequence of the aging of the society is the change in the priorities, attitude and behavior of people regarding political issues, which are affected by the aging, needs and psychological and physiological changes of this period. Therefore, as examined, the electoral behavior of voters, voting patterns and political preferences of voters will be different in the old society. From the point of view of non-commitment theory, the important consequences of this change in behavior, priority and political attitude, in addition to the movement of the society towards conservatism and the reduction of the tendency to accept innovation and reforms in the society, are the management of leadership positions by older people more than ever before. Elderly political leaders whose physical and cognitive abilities have decreased due to old age and can have consequences such as the spread of gerontocracy, the spread of conservatism and away from the policies of quick and fundamental changes, the change of priorities towards the expansion of welfare policies, the reduction of international conflicts and the reduction of political ambitions. To have together older leaders tend to behave more ideologically than strategically while in office.

AbstractIn recent years we have witnessed kinds of collective actions that have intensely represented characteristics of new social movements (such as weak organization, lack of leadership, and non-ideological orientation), called bio-movement and non-movement. What is the nature of such activism and its effects on democratic transformation? As a response, the paper hypothesizes that social bio-movement and non-movements can be considered micro-politics of resistance which might facilitate the democratic transformation (whether democratization or democracy). But their definite and permanent effect takes place by gradually imposing their demands on the ruling bio-political relations. To justify the hypothesis, the paper takes advantage of a combinative framework constituted of some conceptions in the late socio-political theories (postmodern and late modern theories). Three elements of this conceptual apparatus are “life politics” (Anthony Giddens), Rhizome theory (Gilles Deleuze), and the duality of “democratic and popular demands” (Ernesto Laclau and Chantel Mouffe). The finding implies the fact that although democratic transformation entails moving from the passive action of self-expressivism (resisting institutional rigidity) to the active action of creating a collective narration (mutating from passive solidarity into a counter-hegemonic movement), bio-movements and non-movements grounds for a democratic transformation in a long time by direct expressing of their demands. The present paper organizes the library-based data in a descriptive-analytical way.Keywords: Social Non-movements, Bio-movements, Micro-politics, Life Politics, Passive Solidarity, Democracy. 1. IntroductionFrom the late 20th century, we have witnessed the emergence of new social movements, born out of decreasing public trust in the institutional structures of representative systems (parliaments and parties) to represent the diverse demands of contemporary pluralistic societies. Unlike classic social movements, these are spontaneous collective actions without centralized organization or prominent leadership, which have become the basis for protest behaviors. In recent years, due to globalization (especially the expansion of communication technologies), we have seen examples that prominently exhibit these characteristics. Experts have chosen to refer to these movements with new terms such as “non-movements” and “bio-movements”. These terms, on one hand, point to the differences in the components of these actions compared to conventional social movements, and on the other hand, indicate their inevitable classification as “a kind of movement” capable of playing a role in social and political transformations, regardless of the type of political regime (democratic, semi-democratic, authoritarian). The importance of such research lies in its ability to assess the global spread of these types of movements and their implications for political processes, beyond case studies of the failed experiences.  2. Materials and MethodAnalyzing the relationship between non-movements, life movements, and democratic transformation requires a conceptual framework that encompasses the nature, style of action, and agency of this type of collective action. - Life Politics: Micro-politics of Resistance against GovernmentalityConsidering Michel Foucault’s notion that “where there is power, there is resistance” and its political expansion by Laclau and Mouffe (redefining the political as the sphere of social conflicts over creating hegemony for desired norms), new social movements can be seen as the actions of the “others” of hegemonic discourse and the dominant order. According to Anthony Giddens, these actions are not framed within “emancipatory politics” but rather as “life politics,” which seek to pursue their own meaning of life, setting aside the grand emancipatory ideals of ideologies.- Rhizomatic Structure, Fluidity, and FacelessnessThese collective actions exemplify Gilles Deleuze’s concept of “rhizomatic” thinking. Unlike tree-like thinking, which involves linear, vertical, and hierarchical connections, rhizomatic thinking suggests horizontal, multiple, and holistic interactions. Similarly, rhizomatic actions reflect a non-centralized movement that is everywhere and nowhere at the same time. These actions are in a state of constant “becoming,” resembling a nomadic existence that doesn’t align with limitation and stagnation.- Democratic and Popular DemandsThe mechanism of agency in this type of action can be explained through Ernesto Laclau’s concept of “demand,” ranging from requests to claims. When the logic of equivalence among diverse and separate demands emerges, two types of demands resonate in society simultaneously: distinct demands under the “logic of difference,” termed “democratic demands,” and a multitude of demands under the “logic of equivalence,” forming a broader social subjectivity known as “popular demands,” which gradually shape the people as a historical actor. 3. Discussion The micro-politics of social non-movements have emerged in a context described by terms like postmodernity and globalization. The collapse of meta-narratives, the proliferation of little-narratives, de-ideologization, individualization, and free communication in a networked society characterize this era. In such an environment, the dominance of technocracy and bureaucracy over the participatory nature of representative democracies has led to the discrediting of the representative system and the emergence of micro-politics as a new form of political action. This new form embodies life politics, expressive political belief, and direct action.The term “social non-movements,” which are bio-movements, refers to passive networks of micro-political resistance. This type of action represents the politics of presence as a silent struggle, direct action of spontaneous passive networks in everyday life, and bio-political resistance of the marginalized.The impact of this type of action on transformation within the “institutional structure” depends on variables such as the mutation from non-movement to movement, the structure of political opportunities, and how actors interact with institutional politics. However, this does not negate the “trickle-down effects” of the micro-political actions of non-movements and social life movements. These actions act as new agents of democratization, recognizing the loopholes for action and representing the power of the multitude.The theory of social non-movement explains how a passive group of people becomes active citizens (a social movement) attempting to overthrow the dominant regime through confrontational politics. This theory highlights that real struggle (even silent and individual) has always been ongoing among many people. In other words, social mobilization has been forming beforehand and only becomes organized opposition politics during suitable political opportunities (such as internal conflicts, crises, international pressure, wars, etc.). 4. ConclusionDemocratic transformation requires reviewing the successes and failures in confronting authoritarianism and studying various forms of collective action in the present era. The transition from protest to democratic order can take multiple paths: from classic revolutionary and reformist movements focused on macro-politics (government institutions) to new social movements centered on micro-politics (defending identity and life against the norms and systems of political life). Thus, all possible scenarios of societal transformation cannot be reduced to a binary of classic reformist or revolutionary action, thereby neutralizing political imagination.Considering the distinction between “the political” (the conflict of discourses over creating hegemony for norms) and “politics” (the institutionalization of a norm resulting from the temporary hegemony of a discourse), the direct, spontaneous, dispersed, and non-ideological actions of bio-movements and social non-movements can be effective because they aim to transcend structural rigidity. In democratic systems, such actions serve as opportunities to make technocratic-bureaucratic liberal democracies more participatory. In authoritarian regimes, the emphasis on self-chosen norms acts as micro-resistance actions that gradually contribute to democratization, especially considering that in the absence of organized civil society (due to governmental dominance), these uncontrolled actions are the only means of social agency.

AbstractEmpowerment is a process whose goal is the full participation of women in decisions related to their own lives. In this process, women are empowered and their agency is recognized as activists and agents of change. It is a process in which women describe and recreate what they could and could not do before. This empowerment can include measures to improve the status of women through education, increasing awareness, literacy, and training. Women can increase self-confidence to play a role and actively participate in decision-making on various issues of society. Empowerment has a long history in the world, and in Iran, there are activities to empower women. These programs are being implemented in Kerman City as well, but the consequences of these programs have not been given much attention. Therefore, the purpose of this Grounded Theory is to discover and understand the consequences of women’s empowerment in the city of Kerman from the point of view of the participants in these programs, and the main issue of the current research is what are the consequences of the women’s empowerment in Kerman and what are the consequences of participating in these programs for women. had? To collect data, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used and interviews were conducted with 21 women who participated in the empowerment processes of government organizations and people’s institutions in Kerman until reaching theoretical saturation. In addition to theoretical sampling, the sampling method was purposeful and maintained maximum diversity. Then, using open, central, and selective coding, the research findings were extracted. By extracting interviews and performing three stages of coding, 18 sub-categories and 5 main categories were obtained, and the main categories are the consequences of women’s empowerment in Kerman city, which are: personal development, life management, financial prosperity, and facing difficulties. continuity and creativity. The core category is also: reproduction.Keywords: Grounded Theory, Empowerment, Regeneration, Women. 1. IntroductionThe Human Development Report (1995) considers empowerment as one of the four main components of the human development model, the other three components of which are productivity, equality, and sustainability. Empowerment means full participation of people in the decisions and processes that shape their lives. Empowerment is empowering an individual, a group, or a society as a whole so that the members participate in that process, make decisions about it, have access to it, and have the freedom to choose the issues of which they are in the system. Deprived beings, enjoy.From a historical perspective, the term empowerment was used in connection with the development of society and groups that were marginalized in its framework. The term was first used in 1983 by the International Women’s Studies Association, “Power and Empowerment”. According to the existing literature in the field of women’s empowerment, “employment is the ticket of empowerment”. Most of the researchers in the existing texts have mentioned education and employment as key indicators of empowerment. Also, the origin of the concept of empowerment can be attributed to Freire, who emphasized education as a tool for the liberation of marginalized people by challenging social inequalities in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. Also, women’s empowerment and gender equality is one of the important matters considered in the Millennium Development Goals, in Iran, the role of women and their empowerment has been paid attention to in development programs. In general, the approach of development programs in Iran can be considered to improve the attitude towards women’s empowerment. The empowerment of female heads of households has received special attention from the fourth to the sixth program in the field of empowerment, especially its economic aspect.Therefore, activities have been carried out to empower women, and the main focus of these activities has been to create employment for women, which includes Jihad Agriculture microcredits; He pointed out the empowerment and rehabilitation plans of women heads of the household, the welfare organization and Imam Khomeini’s relief committee, the governorate, the municipality, and people’s organizations focusing on women and the family. In the city of Kerman, these programs are being implemented to empower women heads of households, women with special conditions, and marginalized women, but the consequences of these programs have received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this database study is to discover and understand the consequences of women’s empowerment in the city of Kerman from the perspective of the participants in these programs.2. Research MethodologyIn the current research, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology was chosen and to answer the goals and questions of the research, the qualitative method of Grounded theory was used, which goes beyond the description, creation, and discovery of a theory, that is, presenting an abstract analytical framework of a process or action or interaction. The participants of this study must all have experienced the considered process and the formulation of this theory can be useful in explaining their practice or provide a framework for future research.Also, theoretical, targeted, and maximum strategy sampling methods have been used. Therefore, the participants in the research were selected from among the women participating in the empowerment programs of government organizations and non-governmental organizations, and interviews were conducted and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 people until theoretical saturation was reached. In data-based theory, data analysis is done using coding, which are: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. 3. DiscussionBased on the findings of three stages of coding, 18 sub-categories and 5 main categories were extracted. The main categories are: 1. Personal promotion: women feel a positive change in themselves. 2. Life management: After the challenges that come one after another in life, people do not lose their motivation and try to change their mentality and take control of life. 3. Financial prosperity: After being empowered, women have become financially independent and have earned income. 4. Facing difficulties: Some women have faced these problems several times and have been able to overcome them with the help of others. 5. Continuity and creativity: Women have been progressing, they have used different ways and methods for this progress, they are looking to the future, and at the same time, their growth and progress have been gradual and calm.Core category: According to the main categories, the core category can be presented under the title of “recreation”. 4. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the research, the consequences of empowerment are personal improvement, life management, financial prosperity, facing difficulties, connection, and creativity. The extracted core category of re-creation means that women have been able to rebuild their lives in the process of empowerment and this change has not only been achieved in terms of well-being, but as activists and agents of change, they have been able to change their personal and social lives. make changes. As in the approach of gender and development as well as Ritzer’s point of view, women are considered activists who are the agents of change, Kabir, Sen, and Lange have considered a prominent role for women’s agency in the process of empowerment and this role They consider it important in the changes that occur in their personal and social life. Azimi, Ali-Beigi, and Pop-Zen’s research (2022) also emphasize the role of women’s agency in empowerment. After the process of empowerment, women grow and improve individually, they find the ability to deal with life’s problems, they find the ability to find reasonable solutions for problems and challenges, and on the other hand, They also find the ability to manage their lives besides this, their financial situation improves. In the research of Chek and Corbett (2024), the importance of self-sufficiency or financial prosperity, which is one of the consequences of women’s empowerment, is emphasized. Also, the research of Noor, Issa, and Noor (2021) also includes strong decision-making power, fewer problems in movement, autonomy, and financial independence among the consequences of women’s empowerment. As in the research of Ehsani-Far, Mohammadi-Ilyasi, and Shahmoradi (2023), empowerment, increasing women’s awareness, finding knowledge about their abilities, and providing a platform for social regeneration of women. Therefore, empowering women can be a step toward the development of society, which is mentioned in the research of Panahi (2023), Yasmi et al. (2023), and Adeel, Saber, and Majid (2023).

AbstractThe present study seeks the phenomenology of understanding the social differentiation of Kurdistan University students from social reproduction in the field of education. Considering the theories of social reproduction of people such as Bourdieu, Apple, Bowles and Genies, the status of social differentiation has been interpreted and how it is reproduced in the field of education. These theorists believe that formal education is a tool in the hands of certain strata and classes of society to consolidate their desired values and norms and the permanence and consistency of their power within the society that reproduces the field of education. To achieve this goal, we interpret students’ perceptions of this and use the phenomenological method, which seeks to discover the unchanging common experience of all participants. Therefore, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 students of Kurdistan University faculties in different fields, and the data were formed through four steps of reading and understanding the totality of the data, horizontalization and summarization of the data, and the formation of semantic units. Results: The topics were described and collected and analyzed. The results show that the distinction in choosing the field is the first manifestation of the distinction that upper class students make to achieve and master the educational field. Although this started in high school with a tendency towards private education, due to access to resources, facilities and opportunities in higher education, the distinction is also highlighted and ultimately leads to the continuation of their class position.Keywords: Social Differentiation, Social Reproduction, Educational Field, Phenomenology, Kurdistan University. 1. IntroductionEducation should be accepted as one of the main determinants of socio-economic status, and its access, acquisition and enjoyment should be considered dependent on the socio-economic base. This fundamental assumption links education to social space. Bourdieu believes that performing the specialized function of the field of education, like other social fields, requires the existence of (general and specific) characteristics of the field, although Bourdieu believes that the field of education has a social function in addition to specialized work, which he did. It is hidden in the shadow of its technical function. "Educational institution, which acts as the principle of pleasure and the principle of reality, is both the stimulus of the libido of knowledge and the stimulus of the libido of domination, which is hidden under the libido of knowledge and derives from competition. Assuming that the institution of education believed that "by preferring individual talents over hereditary privileges, it can establish a kind of meritocracy, in fact, it seeks to establish through hidden connections between academic talent and cultural heritage to provide a real state aristocracy whose authority and legitimacy is guaranteed by academic titles. Therefore, the field of education helps to reproduce these privileges and maintain the status quo, and in this way, it also reproduces power relations. Power relations also confirm the performance of the aforementioned educational action and will lead to social reproduction. The present research will examine students' understanding of differentiation and how it is reproduced among students of Kurdistan University as important actors in the educational field. The interpretation and explanation of the students' experiences and opinions show the basics of analyzing the differentiation of the university education field, within the framework of which it is possible to criticize this situation. It is very important to address that, as the statistical and theoretical data indicate a gap in the tendency of the upper social classes to higher education and far more distinction in entering important fields. On the other hand, studies show that the market has dominated higher education and has doubled this gap. Taking into account the theories of social reproduction, people such as Bourdieu, Apple, Bowles and Gentis interpret the state of social differentiation and how Its reproduction has been discussed in the field of education. The main question will be what students understand about differentiation and its reproduction in the field of university education and how do they interpret it? 2. Materials and MethodsThe present research method is a qualitative method. Among the qualitative methods, the phenomenology method is more appropriate in terms of its nature and relationship with the subject and target. The current research has sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of students' experiences and perceptions of differentiation and its reproduction in the academic field. For this purpose, the incoming students from 1997 to 1400 from various fields and faculties of Kurdistan University were interviewed about this issue. An attempt has been made to interview a number of students from each faculty based on purposeful sampling (8 people) and based on students' willingness to participate, and data collection will continue until theoretical saturation. The main method of data collection in phenomenology is interview. Because it is the only way that the participant describes his experiences of the phenomenon with his own language and movements. The phenomenological interview is generally in-depth and semi-structured so that the participant can provide full and comprehensive explanations about the phenomenon without any restrictions. The participants who are interviewed are theoretically selected (theory sampling) so that the researcher can create his theory in the best way. According to the methods used in phenomenological research, four stages can be presented for data analysis. "The first stage includes reading and understanding the entire text of the data. At this stage, the researcher tries to read the data he has transcribed (from the interviews), understand the whole text and find out their inner connection. 3. DataData in 7 semantic units; Inclination to medical and engineering fields, encouragement to continue education, cost for choosing a field and entering university, orientation to non-profit institutions (campus, etc.), access to reverse education, creating educational motivation, educational opportunities, entering the market Work and maintaining class and family distinctions were categorized. Based on this, the main themes were divided into four categories, differentiation in the choice of field, tendency to private education, access to resources and facilities and opportunities, and continuity of class position. In the analysis of the first category, i.e. the distinction in the choice of field, the interviewees are of the opinion that this distinction starts from the very beginning in high school and even earlier, and in high school, the children of the upper classes continue their education in the university with the aim of securing their career future. They are of the opinion that due to the strong tendency of upper-class families to continue their education and choose their children's majors in the fields of medicine and engineering, it becomes difficult to enter this competitive field, and because they have access to more facilities and resources, They occupy that position. In the second main theme, that is, the trend towards private education, at the high school level, which is the stage before entering higher education, the trend of parents and upper-class families towards private education has increased. In the third theme, that is, access to facilities and opportunities, such as the manifestations of this field of action that the interviewees believe that economic capital has gained more power and strength in the educational space, higher education and access to it depend on the acquisition of capital. He knows economics. In the fourth theme, that is, the continuation of the class position, the reproduction of the class position is not only limited to the category of income and economic capital, but it occupies another field which can be explained mostly by cultural capital. 4. DiscussionThe results of this research showed that the first distinction in entering the university is the distinction in the choice of field, which happened to the upper classes of the society from the very beginning of the education period. The obvious distinction started in high school. A course that is a prelude to entering a higher education course. This distinction with participating in reinforcement classes, participating in non-profit schools, participating in English language classes and getting a private tutor, etc., has been excellent for targeting education and planning for the educational level. The choice of field has started since this time, but at the university level, it has become a choice of a university field that can [and should] serve to differentiate and maintain the social status of the upper classes. So that the upper classes of society have a strong tendency to choose and enter income-generating fields with high social status, including medicine and engineering. What emerges from the interviews is that the distinction is not only limited to the university, but also related to the tendency of the upper social classes to private educational centers. 5. ConclusionInterviews show that high spending in the field of education, participation of children in English language classes, tendency to go to foreign exchange and continue studying abroad, as well as access to resources, facilities, and opportunities, are the tendencies and subsequently their mastery. has paved the field of education. The main point is that this mastery and distinction is not realized only with economic capital, but requires cultural capital, which is the most important capital for the education field. Students understand that having cultural capital along with economic capital leads to smooth access to higher levels of higher education for those who have the most cultural and economic capital. Cultural capital is also the most important feature that can help to maintain the social and class position of students. In a more straightforward way, having the capital makes continuity more solid.