NAMEH-YE-MOFID
Year:2002 | Volume:8 | Issue:3 (31 ECONOMICS)|Papers Count:13

Development of industrial sector in any country is an important issue for development and welfare of the society. It is, in this regard important to look into the role played by exchange and trade policies on such development. In this paper, we have focused on impacts on development of industrial sector, in Iran, during the period 1963-1998. The key concepts applied in this paper, are as follows: export effective exchange rate (EERX), import effective exchange rate (EERM) and  trade bias (BI= EERM/EERX). We have therefore concentrated, at first, on, computing these indexes, though detailed study of foreign trade policy of Iran. The second step, is to apply econometric tools and methods to the data produced in the context of the relationship between industrial value added and industrial export as dependent variables and EERM, EERX, as independent variables. Our estimation shows that as regards policy, while Iran has followed import substitution in the period 1963- 73, the country has moved into a period of export promotion, in the next period 1974-78. In the post revolution era, it seems again that we are confronted with different sub-periods, from this point of view: 1979-81, seems a period of import substitution, while the other years, up to 1998 must be considered as period of export promotion. Based on another result, an increase in EERM can lead to a reduction in industrial value added, in Iran. Our analysis shows that, this phenomenon is a structural element in Iranian industries and perhaps the country is in need of going about changing its industrial structure. Another result obtained from our studies is that an increase of about one percent in EERX, conteres paribus, will eventually cause an industrial export growth rate, 55 percent.

The paper examines the teachings of Qura'n and the Sunnah and the views of a number of classical Muslim scholars with respect to the unity of mankind and its implications for integration of the world economy through increased specialization and division of labor and removal of restrictions on the free flow of goods, services, labor and capital. It then discusses the extent to which these teachings and views fit within the framework of the new Global Economy. It argues that the philosophy ingrained in Islamic teachings and the writings of Muslim scholars consider the promotion of justice to be indispensable for achieving the desired integration of the world economy. the paradigm of the New Global Economy, unfortunately, lacks this commitment to justice. Hence the resistance to globalization. The author argues that Muslim countries should, nevertheless, support globalization, but should simultaneously struggle for the injection of justice in its paradigm. This will, however, not be sufficient by itself. They should also strive for introducing greater justice in their own economies and also adopt a number of measures that would help them meet successfully the challenges of globalization.

Financial globalization symbolizes the integration of security markets, global insurances, floating exchange rate regimes, transnational banking, global finance, global intermediations of payment, liberalization of banking services, global standards, electronic banking and bank and proprietorship mergers that form the major aspects of banking sector.The modernization of banking system improvement of capital adequacy ratio in commercial and specialized banks, reforming the regulations concerning the business of banking services and introducing structural organizational modifications are the urgent necessities of globalization of banking sector for Iranian banking system.

Extensive studies are conducted in non Muslim countries with respect to economics and religion including religion and consumer behavior of which there is no feedback available in Iran. Transferring these studies into our country along with their critiques can prepare the ground for Islamic economic studies.It was Weber's study that paved the way for the hot debates on the subject. Getting a wider scope, these studies were extended to consumer and economic differences of societies and individuals in respect of their religions. However in the last three decades theories were raised that sought to analyze consumer behavior in a microeconomic framework. In the most profound theories this and next world consumptions are taken into account. The complementary studies, however, have incorporated the effects of a religious human capital and religious institutions and religious classes in maximizing utilities resulting from religious rituals. More recent studies have given a more worldly form to the religious rituals. These are the studies to be imported in Iran but along with their critiques. The paper aims at presenting a summery and critiques of these extensive and scattered studies spelling out their pros and cons.

The aim of this paper is to investigate empirically the factors that affected economic growth of Iran during1338- 1380.The results, which support the indigenous-growth-type model, indicate that (1) Private accumulation of capital has an important effect on economic growth which is large and significant, (2) increase in government accumulation of capital has a positive effect on economic growth, (3) human capital development plays an important role in output expansion, (4) positive externalities are generated by physical and human capital accumulation, and (5) growth is boosted by economic policies that foster external and internal competitiveness.

The paper explaines qardulhasanah institution by elucidating it's concept, significance and impact on the key economic variables and the role of government in promoting this praiswothy behaviour. It then examines the extent of efficiency and applicablity of beneficence loan to the economic development strategies.To this end, the paper investigates the relationship between qardulhosanah and the aforesaid strategies comparing the concept of growth and development. In conclusion the author argues that there is a harmony and consistency between qardulhaseneh institution and the redistributive strategies, particularly the need fulfilment strategy.

In view of the fact that the methodology of economics is a seminal and significant field and professor Machlup is a prominent economist and a well known theoritician of methodology a brief elucidation may be worth while.Frits Machlup (1902-1983) wrote his doctoral dissertation under Von Mises (a pioneer of Austrian School). He lectured at the University of Vienna before going to America whereupon he taught at Johns Hopkins and Princeton universities. In 1971 he moved to NewYork university and remained there for the rest of his life.He was elected president of "American Economic Association in 1967". Among his many contubutions to economics is his extensive research in the theory of firm and international economics (publishing 100 articles and 17 books on the subject).To teach economics to students more precisely, he addressed the issue of methodology of economics. The present paper is a Persian translation of one of 26 articles from his book "Methology of Economics and Other Social Sciences".