Human Geography Research
Year:2020 | Volume:52 | Issue:2|Papers Count:20

Introduction A creative city is one that utilizes from creative works, scientific and technological innovations and impact of growing culture and is able to use creativity and imagination in the public and private sector. Such a city is possible ideas and potential solutions to solve all the problems in today's complex cities. Since, cities are a place for flourishing of creativity, the creativity in cities usually refers to ideas related to culture, art, knowledge and learning. Methodology Present study is an applied research and the used method was descriptive-analytical method. Data were gathered by citations from books, documents, articles and using statistical data, censuses of population and housing, municipal reports and other related organizations. The under study statistical population included 11 districts of Karaj city. Measurements and data analysis were carried out using Excel Software, Urban Planning Model and TOPSIS Software and valuation was done using ANP model. In continue, the results obtained from these soft wares and process implementing were entered into the geographical information system (GIS) to complete the process of analysis and investigating the distribution and frequency of indexes on the statistical population. Results and discussion To assess a municipal property must always take into account a number of specific criteria and how close to the ideals and standards must be measured using related indexes. Hence, there are a number of indexes, by which development of creativity and city's creativity can be measured. Activity priorities of creative cities endorsed by UNESCO in 2004 and used to measure include: Literature, cinema, skills and ritual art, design, media arts and nutrition each of them with different components which the main and adapted of their components have been selected to measure Karaj City in the term of creative city. In this study, the indicators have been selected in the form of 26 components and at the level of Karaj's districts include literature and culture, scale, nutrition, higher education institutions, communal spaces, symbols, urban identity, art and so on. In present study, the indicator of the creative city have been analyzed through investigating the under study area as well as Richard Florida's viewpoint and adopting it with under study area. Among the effects that creativity can has on organization and urban management activities, one can refer to Increased production, increased service delivery, enhancing the quality and diversity of services, lower costs, reduce waste of resources, increase the level of mental health, reduce bureaucracy, increase activism among managers and so on. Conclusion The findings showed that the city's regions are moving towards creativity and prosperity and descript 5 is placed on the first rank with the value of 0. 56 and descript 11 with the value of 0. 11 is placed on the last rank. In terms of having creativity indicators, descript 5 is a richest region and descript 11 is a deprived region. The difference between the highest TOPSIS rank(descript 5) and the lowest TOPSIS rank (descript 11) is equal to 0. 45 which indicates a significant difference in acceleration of progress of the regions toward creativity. Introduction A creative city is one that utilizes from creative works, scientific and technological innovations and impact of growing culture and is able to use creativity and imagination in the public and private sector. Such a city is possible ideas and potential solutions to solve all the problems in today's complex cities. Since, cities are a place for flourishing of creativity, the creativity in cities usually refers to ideas related to culture, art, knowledge and learning. Methodology Present study is an applied research and the used method was descriptive-analytical method. Data were gathered by citations from books, documents, articles and using statistical data, censuses of population and housing, municipal reports and other related organizations. The under study statistical population included 11 districts of Karaj city. Measurements and data analysis were carried out using Excel Software, Urban Planning Model and TOPSIS Software and valuation was done using ANP model. In continue, the results obtained from these soft wares and process implementing were entered into the geographical information system (GIS) to complete the process of analysis and investigating the distribution and frequency of indexes on the statistical population. Results and discussion To assess a municipal property must always take into account a number of specific criteria and how close to the ideals and standards must be measured using related indexes. Hence, there are a number of indexes, by which development of creativity and city's creativity can be measured. Activity priorities of creative cities endorsed by UNESCO in 2004 and used to measure include: Literature, cinema, skills and ritual art, design, media arts and nutrition each of them with different components which the main and adapted of their components have been selected to measure Karaj City in the term of creative city. In this study, the indicators have been selected in the form of 26 components and at the level of Karaj's districts include literature and culture, scale, nutrition, higher education institutions, communal spaces, symbols, urban identity, art and so on. In present study, the indicator of the creative city have been analyzed through investigating the under study area as well as Richard Florida's viewpoint and adopting it with under study area. Among the effects that creativity can has on organization and urban management activities, one can refer to Increased production, increased service delivery, enhancing the quality and diversity of services, lower costs, reduce waste of resources, increase the level of mental health, reduce bureaucracy, increase activism among managers and so on. Conclusion The findings showed that the city's regions are moving towards creativity and prosperity and descript 5 is placed on the first rank with the value of 0. 56 and descript 11 with the value of 0. 11 is placed on the last rank. In terms of having creativity indicators, descript 5 is a richest region and descript 11 is a deprived region. The difference between the highest TOPSIS rank(descript 5) and the lowest TOPSIS rank (descript 11) is equal to 0. 45 which indicates a significant difference in acceleration of progress of the regions toward creativity.

Introduction Increasing these costs and damages to natural hazards, and in particular floods, has caused more attention from countries to find solutions to reduce the risk of flooding, so that engineering measures (such as the creation of dams, gates, construction of congestion) and non-mechanical measures (such as the area Flood mapping, flood mapping and flood insurance programs). Engineering measures to deal with the disaster before the 1960s and non-military measures gradually attracted the attention of the researchers since the 1960s. Examples include non-mechanical measures in various countries, such as the National Flood Insurance Program, the Flood Management Program in the United States; Flood alert system, flood hazard mapping and flood hazard inventory in Britain and India; The establishment of a forecasting and training system for the prevention of accidents in Japan, and the provision of flood risk maps or drainage routes in China. One of the crucial issues for public safety is how to safely and quickly evacuate flood areas in the past or during floods. Therefore, recognizing communities and their speed of action against flood risk, emergency evacuation during floods and providing a suitable strategy to reduce their effects should be considered. Identifying these factors can reduce the effects of this risk, and it is necessary to provide solutions in order to improve them. Therefore, the main research question is: What are the most important factors affecting the emergency discharge capability against the flood risk in mountain villages. Methodology This study in terms of purpose applied and method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done in both documentary and field studies. Statistical Society includes rural households exposed to flood in Poledokhtar Township (N= 5392). Using the Cochran formula and the method sampling quotas 360 families were selected as samples. Selection the 60 villages studied were also targeted. A tool for collecting data and information is a questionnaire and interviews with local people. To answer research questions and analyze data Statistical methods (descriptive and inferential) was used. Statistical methods were performed in Eviews software version 9 and SPSS version 22. To analyze the inferential statistics, one-sample t-test, chi-square, and binary logistic model were used. Based on existing literature and interactive discussions with 35 local households and 20 experts in various fields of study (geography, hydrology, sociology and risk management), Five factors and 35 variables that affect the discharge rate of rural households in the face of flood risk. The validity of the questionnaire was measured and verified using content validity, which is determined by those who specialize in the subject matter. Results and discussion Investigating the findings using logistic regression model, the results showed that among the 35 variables in the research, 14 variables have a significant relationship with emergency evacuation of rural households at the time of flood events. The significance level of 0. 001 indicates that variables such as age, gender, level of education, previous awareness, mental health, people with special needs, personal care, ownership, government assistance, early warning, information, shelter, road and rail And discharge routes have had a positive and significant effect on the emergency evacuation rate of rural households at the time of flood events. Variables have been more or less effective in this regard, but these 14 variables have the most effect on the rate of discharge of rural households in Poledokhtar Township. Some variables whose level of significance was lower than the covered levels (0. 001 and 0. 005) did not have much effect on this. In addition, the model findings on the key factors affecting the ability to evacuate against flood show that among the five factors considered, three factors have a significant relation with the discharge rate at the time of the flood event. The significance level of 0. 001 indicates that personal factors (0. 344), infrastructure (0. 300) and institutional-structural (0. 238) have the most effects on the discharge rate (dependent variable) of rural households in Poledokhtar Township they are. Among these five factors, the personal factor has the most impact and social impact on the subject. Therefore, the research question was based on identifying the factors affecting the emergency discharge capacity of rural households at the time of flood events. Conclusion Natural hazards are not considered natural disasters in the first stage, but also there are dangers that are repeated in nature. The most important natural hazards include earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts, landslides, and volcanoes. Different countries have different management practices to deal with a variety of hazards. Iran also experiences a variety of hazards by being in a special geographic location. In the Lorestan region and especially in Poledokhtar, due to the mountainous nature of the area, high rainfall, the flow of two important rivers of Kashkan and Seymareh are at risk of flood. In addition, the lack of proper planning for settlement of urban and rural areas is another crisis in the region; Most of them are located on the ground because of the limited geographic and mountainous nature of the area. Therefore, in order to minimize flood damage, immediate discharge is essential before and during the flood for general safety. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting emergency evacuation against flood risk in mountain villages of Poeledokhtar Township. The results showed that the variables such as age, gender, level of education, previous knowledge, mental health, people with special needs, personal care, ownership, government assistance, early warning, information, shelter, road and rail, and evacuation routes are more related to Rapid evacuation of rural households at flood events. The overall results of the findings also show that the three personal, institutional and institutional factors have the most effects in this field.

Accurate and real time information on land use and land cover and their changes is very important in urban management decisions, ecosystem monitoring and urban planning. In recent decades, widespread changes in land use of the Khan mirza plain as one of the northern Karun watersheds have occurred, that need to monitoring these changes. In this study, Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images and TM, ETM, and OLI sensors for the period of 1996, 2006, and 2016 were used to produce of land use and land cover map of Khan mirza plain by four methods: maximum likelihood, artificial neural network, minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance and theirs Kappa coefficient were evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of these two methods by using Kappa coefficients have shown that the artificial neural network algorithm is more accurate than the maximum likelihood algorithm. Also, by results of two algorithms of artificial neural network and maximum likelihood with an overall accuracy of 90. 29 and 86. 79, all of land cover maps were classified in six classes (agriculture, rangeland, residential area, rocky and bare lands, gardens and flatlands). The analysis of the classifications showed that agricultural and residential classes had a rising trend, 62. 5% and 3. 5%, respectively, and rangeland, rocky and bare lands and flatlands were decreased. The largest change is related to the conversion of rocky and bare lands class to the agricultural class, which 1673 hectares of rocky and bare lands in 2006 changes into agricultural lands in 2016. Another obvious land use change in this area, are change of rangelands into residential areas, which 40. 8 ha of rangelands changed into residential area. In overall, this research showed that the best way to produce of land use map in the study area is to use artificial neural network algorithm. According to the results, it is suggested using this method to produce of land use change map for this region. Accurate and real time information on land use and land cover and their changes is very important in urban management decisions, ecosystem monitoring and urban planning. In recent decades, widespread changes in land use of the Khan mirza plain as one of the northern Karun watersheds have occurred, that need to monitoring these changes. In this study, Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images and TM, ETM, and OLI sensors for the period of 1996, 2006, and 2016 were used to produce of land use and land cover map of Khan mirza plain by four methods: maximum likelihood, artificial neural network, minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance and theirs Kappa coefficient were evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of these two methods by using Kappa coefficients have shown that the artificial neural network algorithm is more accurate than the maximum likelihood algorithm. Also, by results of two algorithms of artificial neural network and maximum likelihood with an overall accuracy of 90. 29 and 86. 79, all of land cover maps were classified in six classes (agriculture, rangeland, residential area, rocky and bare lands, gardens and flatlands). The analysis of the classifications showed that agricultural and residential classes had a rising trend, 62. 5% and 3. 5%, respectively, and rangeland, rocky and bare lands and flatlands were decreased. The largest change is related to the conversion of rocky and bare lands class to the agricultural class, which 1673 hectares of rocky and bare lands in 2006 changes into agricultural lands in 2016. Another obvious land use change in this area, are change of rangelands into residential areas, which 40. 8 ha of rangelands changed into residential area. In overall, this research showed that the best way to produce of land use map in the study area is to use artificial neural network algorithm. According to the results, it is suggested using this method to produce of land use change map for this region. Accurate and real time information on land use and land cover and their changes is very important in urban management decisions, ecosystem monitoring and urban planning. In recent decades, widespread changes in land use of the Khan mirza plain as one of the northern Karun watersheds have occurred, that need to monitoring these changes. In this study, Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images and TM, ETM, and OLI sensors for the period of 1996, 2006, and 2016 were used to produce of land use and land cover map of Khan mirza plain by four methods: maximum likelihood, artificial neural network, minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance and theirs Kappa coefficient were evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of these two methods by using Kappa coefficients have shown that the artificial neural network algorithm is more accurate than the maximum likelihood algorithm. Also, by results of two algorithms of artificial neural network and maximum likelihood with an overall accuracy of 90. 29 and 86. 79, all of land cover maps were classified in six classes (agriculture, rangeland, residential area, rocky and bare lands, gardens and flatlands). The analysis of the classifications showed that agricultural and residential classes had a rising trend, 62. 5% and 3. 5%, respectively, and rangeland, rocky and bare lands and flatlands were decreased. The largest change is related to the conversion of rocky and bare lands class to the agricultural class, which 1673 hectares of rocky and bare lands in 2006 changes into agricultural lands in 2016. Another obvious land use change in this area, are change of rangelands into residential areas, which 40. 8 ha of rangelands changed into residential area. In overall, this research showed that the best way to produce of land use map in the study area is to use artificial neural network algorithm. According to the results, it is suggested using this method to produce of land use change map for this region.

Introduction: Today, the expansion of urbanization along with the increasing population growth and environmental pollution have created difficult conditions for the survival of human life (ostadi and et al., 1396: 329). This development and rapid urbanization of most countries in the world has caused many problems, such as the lack of proper use of all citizens for urban services (Akbari and et al., 1396: 68). The direct consequence of this increase and the over-population density in recent decades is the change in the structure of the urban landscape and natural scenery of the city, followed by a much more tangible need for urban respiration and subsequently increases the air and noise pollution in Cities have been (Yazdani and et al, 1395: 252). Expansion of change in cities has transformed urban respiratory centers, including urban green spaces, into harsh and impenetrable concrete surfaces, which is more serious in Third World countries (Shi, 2002: 18). The present study was conducted to investigate the status of parks and green spaces in 22 areas of Tehran. One of the issues in the city of Tehran is the uneven distribution of green space in different parts of the city, and in some areas, the need for recreational spaces and green spaces and the relative per capita of parks are not paid attention. Population density and the effects of excessive forces on this the texture has destroyed its environmental quality, so that the comfort and psychological security of the people living in these areas has been aggravated. In this regard, this research seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the position of the 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran in terms of urban green spaces? 1. How is the spatial pattern of spatial cluster spacing of urban green spaces in the 22nd metropolitan area of Tehran? Methodology: In this research, the type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytic. Two methods of library and documentary (Statistical Yearbook of Tehran) have been used to collect data. Based on the methodology, the research indicators are extracted from the basics and literature on urban green spaces. The geographic area studied is the metropolis of Tehran and its 22 districts based on the political divisions of 1395. Also, for analyzing data and information, entropy methods, copras multi-criteria decision-making technique, Moran's self-correlation and spatial cluster analysis of multidimensional or k-Ripley function in software ArcGIS Used. Results and discussion: Conclusion: With the increase in population, especially in major cities, the importance of urban green spaces has become increasingly important. In our country, most of the big and medium-sized cities have grown without plans, and the standards for urban green spaces and other vital uses of the city have not been fundamentally allocated. The Metropolitan Tehran, as the administrative and political capital of our country, is also facing this problem. Along with other political and planning developments, the city has faced increasing growth in recent years. Maintaining the basic needs of this massive population flood in this city is one of the main concerns of urban authorities. This research was carried out with the aim of studying the spatial distribution of urban green spaces and comparing the 22 areas of Tehran with respect to 20 indicators extracted from the statistical journal and green space site in Tehran. As the findings show, parks and urban green spaces are not distributed regularly and planned in the city area. If the per capita survey of urban green space shows that 19, 20 and 21 regions of Tehran with the per capita level of 33. 6, 61. 3 and 19 square meters, respectively, have the highest percentage of vegetable space per capita In contrast to the 10 regions with the lowest per capita level of 1. 8 and the 7th area with a per capita level of 3. 7, and finally the area 8b, the per capita rate is 1. 4 in the last place. . According to the approvals, the structural and strategic plan of city development (comprehensive plan of Tehran) for the urban future of Tehran in the green area to develop green spaces with a scale of urban, regional, regional and local action to provide at least 10 square meters per capita green space in Tehran with balanced distribution According to the chart above, it can be said that in most areas of the city this is not achieved and in 10 urban areas per capita green space is less than 10 square meters. . Also, the findings of this study are consistent with the research on the urbanization of urban green spaces (Case Study: Tehran's urban areas), as well as its findings suggest that the average per capita space The green gained for the areas of Tehran in 2009 is 5. 9 square meters, which is approximately half the proposed per capita for Tehran (10 square meters) based on its comprehensive plan in 2007. The results of this research showed that the amount of green spaces per square meter in Tehran's 22 districts is not standard and the proposed per capita comprehensive plans in most areas are not realized. Also, the research findings of Hosseini and et al (2012) with the title of studying and analyzing the space of the park and urban green of Shiraz city are also consistent. The results of his research did not show that in addition to the lack of green space in the city of Shiraz, the distribution of green space In the nine regions it was not fair, the findings of this study showed that the distribution of green space in areas of Tehran is not fair. The results of his research did not show that in addition to the lack of green space in the city of Shiraz, the distribution of green space In the nine regions it was not fair, the findings of this study showed that the distribution of green space in areas of Tehran is not fair.

Prosperity is a vast concept that has been proposed by united nations in 2012 in relation with balanced and harmonic development in an environment with fairness and justice. This concept has been introduced by united nations with six varieties: 1-Efficiency 2-Environmental sustainability 3-Justice and social participation 4-Quality of life 5-Infrastructure development 6-Urban governance and legislation. On the other had the concept of accessibility has been proposed by the majority of urban planning Theorist, as a significant criteria in promoting quality of urban life index. In this research with a descriptive – analytic approach the effects of this index in improvement of urban prosperity index has been explored. The statistical society of this research includes all citizens of 11 regions of Shiraz city that the sample’ s volume has been defined 384 people with Cocran formula. For further more certainty, 10 percent has been added to samples’ volume and finally 421 people from citizens filled the questionnaire. For data analysis and measurement of urban prosperity index and accessibility in regions, confirmatory factor analysis method with structural equation modeling softwares such as AMOS, LISREL have been utilized. Exploring urban prosperity models proved that it is possible to consider accessibility indexes as a part of urban prosperity index. Accessibility indexes have an acceptable effect on urban prosperity indexes and caused urban prosperity models’ fitness to improve. Introduction One of the new concepts that has been proposed by united nations for a few years is urban prosperity concept which its goal is to contribute innovative urban management methods in order to lead their cities toward future economic, social, political and environmental urban prosperity. This concept which is a combination of proposed methods in recent years is a result of the movement towards sustainable urban development. (UN – Habitat, 2012) After publication of urban prosperity performance innovation and its six proposed factors, united nations have been always engaged with correcting and completing of its indexes and asks governments and planners to act for recognizing local and native factors and promote urban prosperity cycle since not recognizing entire factors related to urban prosperity can decrease its credit and narrative as a measurement for comparing and grading different cities. On the other hand the concept of accessibility has been introduced as one of major factors in urban environment quality. In this case assessment of accessibility index and correcting that can be located as an important index among urban prosperity indexes and cause it to be completed. The main goal of this research is evaluating the role of accessibility index in promoting urban prosperity index which with its execution smaller goals such as identifying effective factors and indexes of urban prosperity, assessment of urban regions of shiraz city according to urban prosperity and accessibility indexes, giving solutions for correcting urban prosperity and accessibility indexes in regions of shiraz city will be executed. Methodology Based on the objectives presented the type of this research is a practical research and according to it’ s inherit and method it is a descriptive-analytic research that it is possible to use the results in decision making and planning. In this research for gaining the target goals three methods has been used. 1-Library and documentary study, in order to analyze theoretical texts related to the research subject and effective indexes in urban prosperity and accessibility 2-Field observations, for measuring the study regions 3-Quantitative methods and public questionnaires, Results and discussion • indexes, accessibility destination, accessibility geographic points and accessibility method, have a positive and meaningful relation with urban prosperity • Among accessibility indexes, accessibility destination and accessibility method, have a positive and meaningful relation with efficiency. In other words increase in these features is accompanied with efficiency. • Among accessibility indexes, accessibility destination, accessibility geographic points and accessibility method have a positive and meaningful relation with infrastructure development. In other words the increase in these features is accompanied with the increase in infrastructure development. • Among accessibility indexes, accessibility destination and accessibility geographic points have a positive and meaningful relation with quality of life • Among accessibility indexes, just accessibility geographic points has a positive and meaningful relation with social justice and participation. In other words increase in this feature accompanied with increase in the score of social justice and participation of responders. • Among accessibility indexes, accessibility destination and accessibility kind have positive relation and accessibility geographic points and accessibility method have negative meaningful relation with urban governance and legislation. In other words with an increase in destination scores and accessibility kind governance scores amount and accessibility kind, urban governance and legislation scores amount increased. Conclusion Evaluation of the relation between accessibility indexes as prosperity amount Evaluating the relations between accessibility and prosperity indexes stated that the majority of accessibility indexes, has a strong relation with urban prosperity. Accessibility destination has a positive and meaningful relation with indexes efficiency, infrastructure development, quality of life and urban governance and legislation. Accessibility geographic points has a positive relation with indexes infrastructure development, quality of life, social justice and participation and has a negative meaningful relation with urban governance and legislation. Accessibility type has a positive relation with efficiency and quality of life and has a negative meaningful relation with relation with environmental sustainability and urban governance and legislation. Accessibility method has a positive relation with efficiency and infrastructure development and a negative meaningful relation with environmental sustainability and urban governance and legislation. Examining urban prosperity models showed that it is possible to consider accessibility indexes as a part of prosperity structure. Accessibility indexes had an acceptable factor load on urban prosperity structure and caused fitness models of the urban prosperity to improve.

Putin and the annexation of Crimea to Russia; geopolitical analysis of Russia's action in annexation of Crimea peninsula Extended abstract Introduction: Appearance of the Ukraine crisis as one of the most important controversies of 21 century, has put Russia in front of the west and became to one of the most controversial issues in international arena. Manifestation of west advocators in the election of 2004 in Ukraine and the next events of it conduced to the extension of tension in the relations of west and Russia. The intensification of these tensions brought to the creation of feeling danger in classical interests of Russia and after the exacerbation of crisis, Russia inserted Crimea peninsula to itself. The annexation of Crimea peninsula to Russia faced with a bitter reaction of the west and Europe and they imposed hard and widespread bans against Russia. This article tries to answer this critical question that what interests does Russia gain by the annexation of Crimea to itself which has caused to the endurance of hard bans of the west and Europe and also what geopolitical element or factors caused to Russian's decision and its action about the annexation of Crimea peninsula to this country and what geopolitical aims does it have about this decision and action? Methodology: The research method of this article is analytical-explanatory method and it has studied the problem of research by using library and internet resources with a geopolitical approach and by incorporation of classic and modern geopolitical theories. Results and discussion: The year of 2014 was the important and controversial year for the Russia. The Ukraine crisis and the annexation of Crimea to Russia converted the relation of the west and Russia to the congelation point. In reality, Ukraine is a club for the confrontation of west and Russia and westerns tries to drag Ukraine in to their block to maintain a strategy of geopolitical oppression on Russia. This matter has caused to Russia's fear about its interests in the western and south western borders. Ukraine because of its geostrategic situation as a buffer situation of Ukraine between the Russia and west (NATO) and supplying the security of Russian's navy and the security of black sea and also because of the Sevastopol Island's location in Crimea has a particular importance for Russia. Putin wants to use Ukraine as a buffer region between itself and Europe (especially NATO). This policy from the age of Stalin was a safe policy. In this time, the annexation of Baltic region to European Union and NATO has caused to the failure of creating secure buffer region of Russia. By repetition of the crisis in Ukraine we can see the fear of Russians and Putin's efforts for maintaining Ukraine as a buffer region to protect the Russia's interests. From the geo economical view, Russia pays attention to the Ukraine's market of energy consumption and also regards this country as a pathway of transferring the Russia's energy to Europe. More than 90 percent of Russia's energy exports to Europe by the path of Ukraine. More than this, Ukraine is one of the important importer of energy especially gas from Russia. Besides these existent energy resources in Ukraine, Russia has noted to other mineral resources such as the resources of Manganese, Iron, Phosphate, Uranium, Titanium, and Granite and … and also agricultural products. From the geo cultural view, culture and identity of the Ukraine people is important for Russia because Ukraine more than being one of the soviet's republics and Kiev which now is a political center of Ukraine, from the past centuries has been a center for Russian dynasties and still between the Russian language is called as metropolises of Russia and has cultural and national interests to Russia. So by regarding to the ethnic and linguistic similarities between the populations of Russia and Ukraine, localism and advocation of Ukraine's Russians is a geocultural ends of the Russia. Moreover, Russia pays attention to the protection of culture extension and Russian values in Ukraine. Conclusion: What is scrutinized in this research was researching this problem that what geopolitical element or factors conduced to Russia's movement and decision to annexation of Crimea peninsula to this country and what geopolitical ends does Russia have to make this decision and action; in the other words, what geopolitical interests and values does Russia describe and appoint for itself which by this action has put itself in front of the west and has accepted the consequences of this action such as the bans of west. An answer that was given to this question is that Russia because of disability to confirm its power in Ukraine completely and feeling danger about leaning of Ukraine to west and loosing its interests in this country, for maintaining its minimum interests in Ukraine, will annex Crimea peninsula to itself in order to use the important geopolitical situation of Ukraine and this island in the geo strategic, geo economic and geocultural forms and protect its interests. Russia after the annexation of Crimea, undergoes the most boisterous bans in financial and economic zones that impose high pressures to Russia's economy; nonetheless, Putin doesn’ t accept to condone Ukraine and Crimea because he thinks that his interests depends on the dominance on Crimea. So Putin tried hard to annex Crimea to Russia and despite of European and western bans doesn’ t accept to leave Crimea because loosing Crimea is equal to loosing all interests in Ukraine and widely in Europe and its vicinity (black sea, Mediterranean Sea and … ) for him. So by regarding to these geopolitical interests that Ukraine has for the Russia, it is unlikely that Russia leaves Crimea unless more important and valuable interests convince it which it is unseemly and impossible.

How to manage of water resources in the agricultural field in Iran is a matter that should be decided with the participation of farmers and water users. In this regard, the analysis of stakeholder relationships and the identification of key actors or actors among the exploitation of water resources as a participatory management arm particularly where water resources are used jointly, it can play an important role in the success of water management partnerships and optimization. This research attempts to analyze the relationships among agricultural water utilities using the network analysis approach in the Palm Groves in the Eastern Part of the Fadami city – Darab-Fars. First, the exploiters were classified based on economic characteristics, age and ownership, and then analyzed with the network analysis model, relationships and various indicators. The results show that about 54. 51% of the users of the water resources in the region studied had social relations with others. Also, some operators have the most connection with others or " Out Degree " among operators, which places their position in the network in a state of authority. The findings of this research will be effective in identifying actors with a central position that play a key role in the program's optimal water management action plan; Because key and powerful people can play a role as the executive arm of government actors as local leaders and social powers in organizing participatory water resources management. Introduction Water is a limited and precious resource and must be managed both for immediate needs and for long-term economic and environmental sustainability. With the effects of climate change now a reality, and increasing demands for water, sound policies are required to ensure a sustainable supply of water for present and future generations. Our water comes from rivers, streams, and lakes (surface water) and water held under the ground in aquifers (groundwater). The NSW Office of Water is responsible for the strategic management of the State's freshwater resources. This involves: setting water policy, developing statutory water sharing plans, negotiating interstate and national water agreements, determining how available water is allocated to water users, particularly during times of drought, approving the extraction, use and trade of water, monitoring the quantity and quality of water extractions, monitoring the ecological health of our aquatic ecosystems. Much efforts in water resource management is directed at optimising the use of water and in minimising the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. Successful management of any resources requires accurate knowledge of the resource available, the uses to which it may be put, the competing demands for the resource, measures to and processes to evaluate the significance and worth of competing demands and mechanisms to translate policy decisions into actions on the ground. For water as a resource this is particularly difficult since sources of water can cross many national boundaries and the uses of water include many that are difficult to assign financial value to and may also be difficult to manage in conventional terms. Examples include rare species or ecosystems or the very long term value of ancient ground water reserves. This research attempts to analyze the relationships among agricultural water utilities using the network analysis approach in the Palm Groves in the Eastern Part of the Fadami city – Darab-Fars. First, the exploiters were classified based on economic characteristics, age and ownership, and then analyzed with the network analysis model, relationships and various indicators. Methodology The research method in this study is the field survey. Documents and quantitative research has two parts located at the library to collect documents through the study of literature. In the quantitative that includes field surveys, data collection tools is questionnaire, The population, exploitation of water resources in the eastern part of the city of palm groves Fadami, Darab city were 25 individuals who were administered a questionnaire matrix to determine the relationships between them. The theory and analysis of network and application Yosynt the most practical application in the analysis of relationships and using lattice is the density, temperature, reciprocity, transferability, E_I etc. for analysis and a variety of graphs to display is used. Results and discussion The results showed that the index of density, 26% of farmers in the field of water resources are related to the relatively poor looks. Links reciprocity index showed that 21% of farmers, mutual and reciprocal relationship with each other. The transferability of social relations regional water resource utilization was 14/42% respectively. Means to connect the unit to a third party, which looks relatively good value. Points out that both the transport index is greater, greater network stability. Index EI beneficiaries in the social relations of water resources in the study area for the network based on income groups at 0/383 or 38/3%, based on an area of palm groves 0/338 or 38/3%, based on age groups 0/218 or 21/8%, respectively. The relationship between people and between the center and periphery of 35/7 of 21/1 percent. In addition, the 25 farmers surveyed, 19 central and peripheral are 6 people. It should be the center and the periphery closer to each other, because each of these values to zero, fragility and isolation more networks. Conclusion The findings related to social status of water resources in the study area shows that, Overall, approximately 54/51% of water resources in the study area have relationships with others and 19/79 percent of the other operators have been invited to cooperate and respect. It also detailed some operators such as BN, MH, MGH, JM Most of communicating with others, or "Exit" among beneficiaries hold that the situation in their position of authority and influence others in the network has.

Introduction With the rapid increase in urban population across the world, meeting the goals of sustainable development in terms of securing water, food, and energy is considered as one of the biggest challenges encountered by humanity (UN, 2014; Van Ham, 2016). ). The issue of water shortage in Iran due to its location in the arid Middle East on the one hand and the relatively rapid growth in urban population as well as increasing per capita consumption and industrial development around cities on the other hand are also getting more serious every day so that today’ s large cities are struggling to meet demands for urban water (Bustani and Ansari, 2011). Although the city of Isfahan is located along Zayandehrood river as one of the permanent rivers carrying large volume of water in central Iran, the position of the city in terms of placement in an arid region, population growth and immigration to this city, development of water-intensive industries (steel, petrochemicals, and so on), drinking water consumption higher than the standard rate, low efficiency of water use in agricultural sector, impact of excessive exploitation of underground resources, overuse of grass for urban green space and problems in water management are among the factors affecting water shortages in the city of Isfahan. Consecutive bone-dryness of Zayandehrood River in recent years has also become one of the regional issues in Iran and it has also exacerbated water crisis within this city. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the spatial pattern of household water consumption in the city of Isfahan and to identify and analyze the factors affecting water use in this city. The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan. The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan. Methodology The research method in this study was of descriptive-analytic type. The required data in the present study were collected through documents (statistics from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company) and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population included all household subscribers (residential use) within the city of Isfahan. The sample size estimated via Cochran’ s formula was equal to 398 subscribers. The monthly statistics regarding water consumption by the subscribers of the city of Isfahan obtained from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were also divided into five consumer groups with a similar pattern of water use, then an output map for the subscribers with similar pattern of water consumption by using Cluster Analysis Technique via Spatial Hot Spot Analysis was provided with the ArcGIS Software. The data obtained through the questionnaire that included information about household subscribers in the city of Isfahan as well as data about consumption rate of subscribers in Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were entered into the SPSS Software and then analyzed via multivariate regression and correlation (path analysis). Results and Discussion The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between cultural, social, and economic characteristics of residents and their patterns of water use. To investigate the given relationship, correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis (path analysis) were used. Considering the factors affecting household water consumption, , the results of correlation tests and path analysis in multivariate regression revealed that the five variables could directly and significantly affect the dependent variable. The given variables included family monthly income, family size, number of residential units in a building, age of building, and sense of responsibility in saving water. In addition, a number of variables could indirectly affect household water use through the mediation of the variables in the first group including level of education of household head, age of household head, building area, type of housing ownership, duration of residence in a neighborhood, and type of housing (villas or apartments). Of the aforementioned variables, level of education of household head and type of housing had negative effects on the variable of number of family members and number of residential units, respectively. Among the other variables, the effects of independent variables on the mediating dependent variables were reported positive. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, there are some strategies recommended for household water demand management including cultural measures as the most important and fundamental method. In Iranian families, women play a decisive role in the sociocultural structure of the family. For this reason, mothers can have effects on the formation of culture, social behavior, and emotions since they have the most frequent presence among children and have more communications with them better than anyone else. In this regard, the positive and effective role of mothers requires knowledge and awareness of various cultural, social, and economic fields which can be met when mothers boost their awareness of issues and problems within society through education and active presence. Since 84% of women questioned as the study samples were housewives, and 40% of respondents in terms of water consumption introduced the member of families with high consumption as women and especially mothers, planners and managers can pay more attention to giving information and awareness to women in terms of water consumption and thus have a significant role in reducing domestic water use. Among the other effective measures to save and reduce household water consumption were reducing acceptable level of water consumption by conventional tariffs, separating water meters of households in apartments, establishing partnerships between subscribers and directors and officials of water supply and distribution, producing TV programs especially for water crisis and optimized domestic water use, and also having more cooperation between relevant organizations in charge of the issue of urban water.

The increasing dependence on urban infrastructure systems especially, water infrastructure, have led to an increased emphasis on disaster-resilience infrastructures. Recent damages caused by earthquakes around the globe have attracted researchers’ attention to the infrastructure resilience concept. Water infrastructure resilience is the ability of a system to both withstand uncertain conditions caused by natural disasters and to recover quickly from the disastrous events. Urban infrastructure resilience evaluates by a model which analysis restoration time, serviceability index and resistance features. The purpose of this research is to promote a new practical approach to analyze urban resilience. In this research water infrastructures’ restoration time, serviceability and supply interrupted population in a metropolitan area are analyzed based on new proposed urban resilience methods. The methodological approach of this paper is practical and focuses on the water system in district two of Tehran city, Iran, in the context of the earthquake. Results of this research demonstrate the vital importance of urban resilience features, restoration time and functional recovery team to increase urban water system resilience. For the case study area, results indicate that in a potential earthquake, water infrastructures would suffer more than 28% of disruption of service in the immediate aftermath, which more than 172982 people will experience almost severe disruption of water availability. To better understand the system resilience, three restoration scenarios were analyzed. In the first scenario, one emergency post consist of 3 teams were allocated. Results indicate that complete restoration of the system takes more than 89. 5 days. Furthermore, analyses of the second scenario indicate that the increase of the resilience factor will reduce restoration time to less than 45 days. In the last scenario, changing sources base on the organizational analysis, decreased the restoration time to less than 29. 8 days. Based on the standard target for emergency water supply which should be less than one month, the third scenario seems to improve the resilience of the system dramatically. Methodology This article’ s methodological approach is practical and concentrates on the restoration period of water infrastructure services in a probable earthquake. In this research, analytical techniques and resilience models were used to analyze the restoration time of water infrastructure based on three scenarios of damages caused by a scenario earthquake. We focused on district two of Tehran municipality where active faults and main urban infrastructures cross the area. The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) was used to estimate the seismic features such as PGA and PGV of a most probable earthquake in the case study area. At the next step pipeline damages including breaks and leaks were analyzed based on damage models. At the next step, serviceability was evaluated based on average break rate (equation 3). Besides, the system and was classified and prioritized in 6 levels based on HAZUS methods (Table 3). In this research, ArcGIS software was used to analyze and evaluate restoration time model and produce damage maps. In this article, the restoration function for the water system is analyzed based on the minimum resilience model and damages caused by the earthquake. At the final stage, based on restoration functions and serviceability index, water supply interrupted population and required time for restoration process in three scenarios were analyzed. Results and Discussion Understanding restoration time, as one of the main elements of water infrastructure resilience model, is critical for decision-makers and urban planners. It can improve the disaster resilience of cities in high-risk areas around the globe. Damage analysis indicates that in 43 points break and 175 points leak will happen in a case of the earthquake scenario. Results of this article indicate the vital importance of restoration time and repair functional team to increase urban water system resilience. Results show that water serviceability index was 72% which means that in a potential earthquake, more than a quarter of study area’ s population or 172982 people will experience severe disruption of water availability. Based on three restoration scenarios, restoration time will be between 90 to 29. 8 days. In the first scenario based on the real data of the emergency department, one urban emergency post consist of 3 teams were analyzed as the model input. Results indicate that complete restoration of the system takes more than 89. 5 days. Furthermore, analyses of the second scenario with two posts consist of 6 teams reduced the restoration time to less than 45 days. In the last scenario, by increasing team numbers, the restoration time decreased to less than 29. 8 days. Emergency restoration efforts are predicted to reduce the service disruptions to moderate levels within two weeks, but complete restoration would need more than four weeks. Conclusion This article proposed a practical method to increase water infrastructure seismic resilience and specified quantitative measures of restoration time and serviceability index as key parts of urban resilience. The keys to this framework are the three complementary measures of resilience: Reduced time to recovery, increased serviceability index to reduce the consequences of the earthquake and increased the stability of the system. The finding suggests that increasing infrastructure resilience and repair team would reduce the restoration time and damage. However, team numbers should be limited because two teams cannot work at one time on the same area. Since serviceability index has a direct relation with water supply interrupted population, then we found that by increasing serviceability, system resilience will be increased. Furthermore, retrofitting and improving the system would reduce the damage and restoration time which will increase system resilience by 20%. Based on this article's results, we recommend the following actions to increase urban water infrastructure resilience: • It seems that three posts consist of 9 teams are essential to achieving the standard resilience target • A long-term comprehensive earthquake restoration plan should be prepared based on the priority of potable water pipelines (Map 3) • Developing mid-term and long-term restoration and rehabilitation plans to change vital urban lines with more flexible pipes based on the results of the model to reduce the damage by 70% and increase the urban resilience • Finally, we encourage more academic studies with a practical approach to propose new urban resilience models

Many scholars acknowledge that Iran is on the verge of global civilization in terms of geographical location. Being in this position has been accompanied by successive attacks by various ethnic groups. The people of this land have always taken the necessary measures to resist the waves of various threats. The creation of habitats and underground cities, that are usually of a hidden nature, and most of the time, under or around the cities or habitats of the ordinary are in danger of being sheltered. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of threats and geographic location in the formation of underground cities. The research question is the role of geography and defense in shaping the works mentioned in Iran. The descriptive-analytic research methodology, as well as the comparative analysis methods are used for data categorization and analysis. The research hypothesis considers geographic location and defense requirements as the main factors of the emergence of residential spaces and underground cities in Iran, and the results of field research and references to ancient texts also support this. One of the most prominent examples in this case is the underground city of Golestan around Nir of Ardabil. This subterranean city, like the Derinkuyu, is in an environment in which there are several shelters or rocky underground villages around it, and are different in nature with the villages like Meymand and Kandovan, and can only be distinguished from a very close distance. Introduction: Creation of habitats in the cliffs hidden and inaccessible along with other underground engineering construction in Iran is so diverse and complex that some have called it "the glow of civilization in the depths of the earth, Beginning. Also, the special geographic location of the land of Iran is such that "the quadrangle of civilization is dubbed. Iran, on the path to civilizations and in the heart of the ancient world, without giving up its originality, had from the beginning of its history, until the end of the day, the ruling of the interlocutor of the East and the. Because of its geographical and historical features, Iran has put it somehow in the four cornerstones of the cultural and civilization of the world. Methodology: The descriptive-analytical research methodology, as well as field quality research, has been used in this research. In order to arrive at more precise conclusions, firstly archaeological field surveys and an overview of the presence of specimens were performed at the sites. Collecting data from research samples and comparing them and using a library study, especially in historical sources for concluding, interpreting the data based on analogy and reasoning, is the basis of the research method. The present research, in this field, has a typological look It has a compilation of genotyping and phenotype typing on these works. "Genotype" typology is based on the biological pattern and the rules contained in the space forms and the "phenotype" typology is based on the physical system with variable formats. Results and discussion Throughout history, it has always had extensive contacts with different nations of the world, largely influenced by the strategic and strategic position of. As in neighboring Turkey, studying on a subterranean underground city such as Dreinkuyu in Cappadocia has been continuously underway for many years, and dozens of underground cities in this area have been explored and exploited. Anatolia's experiences in this area could be a good example for us. Research shows that there are many similarities in terms of There are species of rocky cliffs and settlements in particular geographic, climatological and geological locations between the studied area and the Cappadocia, and are closer to similar defensive considerations. The creation of underground cities was a kind of defective defenses. Geographical location is one of the main reasons for the emergence of such cities. Because human beings have no justification, But to save lives to create such a laborious task. The hidden nature of these cities and the use of various defensive interests, including hideouts, camouflage, traps and places for food supplies. . . all prove this. Location and settlement of underground habitats, including rocky villages, are not even recognizable within a few meters in normal conditions, and underground cities also have hidden entrances. Therefore, Cappadocia was included in the third Persian satrapy in the division established by Darius, but continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributaries of the Great King. Therefore, the similarities and interactions are not expected. Conclusion: The basis of the formation of these cities is defensive structures. From all sources, to the details, defense considerations are visible and can be distinguished and analyzed Hidden roads, Wells, Diversions, defensive obstacles and etc. The design of underground cities is one of the architectural adventures of the military. The significance of this issue is so much that it is ordered by the Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrians to give Jamshid an underground fortress to preserve the human race. The Golestan underground castle, with its halls, tunnel paths and wells and other biological spaces, can be considered as a true example of Avesta's fort. The field survey of underground cities presents an innovative defense set from ancient times. The underground habitats, in the vast zones of the geography of the land of Iran, include three general categories, villages rooted in the rocks, rocky fortifications and underground cities. The motive behind the creation of such secret and hidden cities has been to protect them from the sight of the aggressive enemies to protect themselves; the hidden nature of these cities is one of the unknown reasons for them to remain. But they are still being discovered and uncovered, and undoubtedly there are dozens of examples of these cities in Iran's territory, which may be discovered and studied in the future. Underground shelters are not only used in ancient times but also today in the field of defective defense. These collections have a large tourist capacity that requires a decent amount of attention.

Introduction: Nature has done trial and error for 3/8 billion years and during this time only the optimal and most efficient natural structures remain, which can be the source of inspiration for human beings in solving its problems. Bionics is a science that by looking at Nature and living systems finds solutions to human challenges in design and construction. On the other hand, human settlements as the most important part of human habitats, despite advanced technologies rather than the past, have no desirable quality. The special quality that is called "life" in this study. Therefore, the main question of the study is that what the bionics-based life criteria for using in planning and designing human settlements are? Methodology: This study, based on the objective, is a fundamental one. It is a qualitative research that is done by a descriptive-analytic method. In the first part, the basic theories related to the field of research are compiled by library research and theoretical framework is formed. The method of data analyzing in this section is logical reasoning. In the second part, regard to the widespread of life definition and the lack of consensus on it, Delphi technique has been used. In this method, during three rounds of sequential surveying and anonymity of the panelists, life criteria are compiled, categorized, modified, summarized, ranked and presented. Since, in the homogeneous groups, 10 to 15 panelists are sufficient, 10 specialists and experts in the field of urban planning, urban design and architecture are selected for the second and third Delphi rounds. SPSS software (Cochran test, mean method, standard deviation, and variance) was used to analyze the findings of the research. Results and discussion: In the first round, data (life criteria) was compiled based on the theoretical framework of Delphi technique by library and field research from the perspective of experts in the fields of biology, physics, philosophy, theology, urban planning, and architecture. then, based on the definitions provided for each criterion and by using content analysis, analogy and logical reasoning method, some of the 135 criteria were categorized, deleted and combined. Finally, 85 criteria were extracted. In the second and third rounds of Delphi technique, experts were asked to classify criteria in addition to commenting, categorizing, combining, or deleting them. Finally, 7 criteria were extracted in 3 classes. In order to measure the similarity of experts' opinion about the obtained criteria, the Cochran test was designed and done. The Asymp. Sig. (0/806) is greater than the confidence interval (0/05), which indicates that, at the alpha value of 0/05, there is no significant difference between the experts' opinion about the criteria obtained in the third round of Delphi technique. In other words, with a 95% confidence interval, the experts' view is convergent and there is no need to repeat Delphi rounds. In the end, in order to rank the criteria based on their role and importance in giving life to human settlements, panelists were asked to express their opinion in five states of the Likert scale. The results of this assessment show that in terms of importance, all criteria are more than the average (2/5) and range from 3/4 to 4/9. Also, the obtained variance (0/498) indicates that scores are not scattered and the experts agree about the importance of the criteria. In the following, life criteria are introduced with examples of nature: 1. Wholeness: Each part of a system is simultaneously self-reliant and always part of a larger system in the universe around it which is deeply attached to it. Bell's theorem, which expresses the deep integration between the structure of material and space, or Mach's principle, which states that particles of a material are deeply interrelated, are examples of wholeness in Nature. 2. Evolution: Each part of a system must move by either an external force or an internal one. Reproduction of plants and animals and Natural selection theory are examples of evolution in Nature. 3. Compatibility: The ability of a system to develop and maintain its inner order without control from outside. Bending trees in the wind, Changing color of chameleons are examples of compatibility in Nature. 4. Optimization: Each part of a system must be energy efficient in order to survive. Optimum structure of plants and animal skeletons in terms of material are examples of optimization in Nature. 5. Order: The placement of everything in its place, including mathematical and physical order. The order of transferring genes from generation to generation is an example of order in Nature. 6. Permeability: Exchange of material, energy, and information with the environment. Animal openings and opening and closing of flowers are examples of permeability in Nature. 7. Strong center: Each part of a system that is determined is a strong center; a focal point that attracts us. Roots in plants and heart and brain in animals are examples of strong center in Nature. Conclusion: The criterion of "Wholeness" was selected as the main criterion and, with an average of 4/9, was ranked as the most important criterion of life. Since the criterion of "Order" forms the basis of all life criteria, was selected as the fundamental criterion and, with an average of 4/7, was ranked as the second important criterion. The criterion of "Evolution" (with an average of 4/4), "Compatibility" (with an average of 4), and "Optimization" (with an average of 4) were selected as the other main criteria of life and ranked as the third and fourth criterion in terms of importance. Since "Permeability" (with an average of 3/7) and "Strong center" (with an average of 3/4), contrary to the main criteria, are not essential to the creation of life, were selected by experts as complementary criteria, and ranked as the fifth and sixth criterion in terms of importance.

Introduction Urbanization in Iran as a developing country from 1962 took new dimensions and rapid development of real city life started. From this time the population of cities increased because of natural development and rural to urban migration. City of Ahvaz like other cities of Iran has had rapid and uncontrolled development and underwent texture and population transitions because of natural development, migration, service development, different civil engineering plans ad etc. the population of this city increased from 120098 in 1957 to 1095389 in the last census. Smart city is a reality which has been emerged because of ICT development in cities and meeting citizens' needs that can solve many problems of third world countries. Therefore, the current research using quantitative techniques identifies smart city criteria in Ahvaz and assesses the smart city criteria in different parts of this city and tries to answer this question that what is the status of different parts in Ahvaz from the perspective of smart city criteria? Methodology This research is practical performed with descriptive-analytical method. In this method through studies and library sources six criteria smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, smart life, smart economic and smart dynamism were identified for v city (table1), the smart economy was removed because lack of access to its representations and the other five criterion were researched. The 44 variations were detected for other five criteria that data of 18 representations were made through questionnaire 16 presentations were gathered through statistical annuals, previous studies (dissertations, papers) and internet databases. Field data were gathered through random sampling method among residents of eight districts in Ahvaz after designing questionnaire and confirming its validity using content method. In the next step data entered SPSS software and validity of measure tool estimated as 0. 805 using alpha Kornbach that indicates high validity. Then weights and importance of each studied criterion was detected through Shanon anthrop method. In the next step using multi-criteria method of PROMETHEE-GIGA, eight districts were prioritized. Finally using cluster method in SPSS software, the studied districts were categorized in three groups of satisfactory, semi satisfactory and dissatisfactory about having smart city criteria. Results and discussion Generally speaking if the is higher, district has higher smart city indexes. Fofure 5 indicates results of net ranking calculations. The results indicated tha district 3 with and district 5 with respectively has the best and worst smart city indexes also the results of GAIA indicates the positions of options to other options and influencing indexes in decision making matrix indicates that district 3 of Ahvaz in relation to the districts of this city is nearer to decision basis in GAIA matrix that this issue indicates better conditions of district 3 of Ahvaz in relation to other districts from the perspectives of smart city indexes. In this research, the studied districts were categorized in three groups of satisfactory, semi satisfactory and dissatisfactory about having smart city criteria using cluster method in SPSS software. According to the clustering results, districts 3, 4, 2 were satisfactory, 4 and2 semi satisfactory, and 1, 5, 7 ere dissatisfactory with respect to smart city indexes. Conclusion These days with respect to organizing urban sustainable development strategies, the notion of smart city has attracted the attention of urban experts and theoreticians for resolving increased problems emaninf from rise of urbanization, increase in volume, number of city travels and bringing about environmental issues as an important tecnique fro organizing and facilitating the trend of urban sustainvle development. Optimal use of urban space, development of public transportation, designing sidewalks and bike lanes, improving gerneral culture for reducing fuel consumption and using public transportation vehicles are among the basic strategies for attaining smart city patterns. In this research smart city creteia in metropolis Ahvaz have ben discussed and measured. The results of the research indicated that the criterion of smart mobility and with weight of 0. 346 Was highly significant and criterion of smart citizen with weight of 0. 0108 had the least importance among smart city criterion (table 5), districts two and three respectively with and have the highest conditions and district five with has the most dissatisfactory condition based on smart city indexes (figure 6). According to the clustering results, districts 3, 4, 2 were satisfactory, 4 and 2 semi satisfactory, and 1, 5, 7 are dissatisfactory with respect to smart city indexes. According to the new concept of smart cityin the scientific spheres of geography, specially in city planning of Iranso far the performed resraeches in Iran about smart city have focused on study of its dimensions and concepts in theoreticla model. For example Kiani (2012) studied smart city as thrid millenium necessity in unanimous electronic interactions of municipality (providing conceptual-adminstrative model based on cities of Iran) and Behzadfar (2004) studied necessities and bottlenecks of biulding smart cities in Iran. Rudolf Giffinger in a project with cooperation of experts from Vienna university, Ljubljana, Van Delft studied smart city (ranking average cities-in Europe context) pointing to middle context cities, ranked 50 European middle context cities using 74 indexes and z-transformation. In this research using prompty method as one of main methods of multi-criteria decision making, Ahvaz districts have been ranked. As development of tecnologies brings about smart city and promotes texture of city, in this research considering proposed method and current situation of Ahvaz have been discussed from viwepoint of smart city criteria and providing communicative and technological infrastructures is the first main principal in stepping toward smart city. Therefore in all districts of Ahvaz infrastructure areas should be provided for developing communicative and technological networks that among this special attention have been paid on smart transportation and green house along with teaching citizens with principles of technology that can contribute to get smart city.

INTRODUCTION With the agreement of political parties in the Kurdistan Region to hold a referendum on independence on September 25, 2017, with strong opposition from the central government of Iraq and a sharp reaction to the military threat of regional powers, as well as the opposition of trans-national powers, the security and stability of the disputed region has once again threatened and hit a crisis. A new geopolitical emerged. Despite the opposition of the countries of the region, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region held a referendum on independence on October 25, 2017. In general, the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan, which has been pursued since decades before by the Kurds, has become a crisis today. Because it has a lot of effects on the developments in the region and will have many consequences. This paper focuses on the Iraqi Kurdistan crisis, based on the model of Michael Burke, to explain the stages and factors behind the crisis. According to Michael Barke's theory, a crisis is based on the identification of four stages: the emergence, expansion, reduction and impact. Describing and presenting findings in this framework looks at how each stage will shape the domain and the next stage. The crisis process begins with the spark of an action, accident or environmental change, and other conditions expose it to a more intense level. The stage of expansion extends to another formulation among actors, and then the stage of decline begins and ends the crisis. Then, while an international crisis has been restrained, its effect remains on hostile parties, which is a sign of the stage of influence. The geopolitical crisis created by the announcement of a referendum on the separation of Iraqi Kurdistan from the central government has many complications. This crisis can be explored and analyzed using various theories. One of the major theories in geopolitics is Burcker's theory. The main issue of this paper is the lack of clarity about the stages and factors behind the geopolitical crisis of Iraqi Kurdistan based on the Burkhart model. The purpose of this article is to identify and explain the stages and factors behind the emergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan crisis based on the model of Michael Brocker. The main question of this article is how are the stages of formation and the factors behind the geopolitical crisis of Iraqi Kurdistan based on the model of Michael Brocker? The stages of the formation of the Iraqi Kurdistan's geopolitical crisis based on Michael Burke's model are: the fall of Saddam, the formation of the federal government in Kurdistan, the ISIL invasion of Syria and Iraq, the strengthening of Kurdish nationalism and independence, the domination of the Peshmerga in areas of Kirkuk, Ninawa and Diyala, The attack of the Iraqi Army and the Hamas al-Sha'abi forces in Kirkuk and the withdrawal of Peshmerga forces from Kirkuk. And the underlying factors in the Kurdistan crisis, the geopolitical prominence of the Kurdistan region, especially the Kirkuk region, the high level of symmetry between Iran and Turkey and the high level of opposition, accompanied by the threat of the two countries with the referendum and lack of support from the United States and the European Union. This research is of a theoretical type and descriptive method has been used. The data of the research have been gathered by special library method and using the documents of the first hand and analyzed by content analysis method. keyword: crisis, geopolitic, kurdistan, iraq, model michaeal brecher. Methodology This research is of a theoretical type and descriptive method has been used. The data of the research have been gathered by special library method and using the documents of the first hand and analyzed by content analysis method. Results And Discussion According to Michael Brother's theory, a geopolitical crisis is formed in four stages: the emergence, expansion, reduction, and the effects of the crisis and the factors that underlie and exacerbate the crisis, geography, conflict, the life of the actor of the crisis, the political system, the level of the international system, polarization And the intervention of regional and sub-regional powers. With a referendum in the Kurdistan region, a new geopolitical crisis was created in the region on the 25th of October 2017. Iraq's security and stability once again threatened and exacerbated the foreign and security policy of the region. Based on Michael Brocker's model, it became clear that independence, long-term territorial struggle and domination between the Kurds and the central government of Iraq over the strategic area of Kirkuk and the failure to implement Article 140 of the Iraqi constitution prepared the ground for the emergence of the crisis. ISIL's invasion of Iraq and the inability of the army to confront ISIL and then capture Kirkuk and parts of the districts of Diyala and Ninawa by Kurdish peshmerga, conducting a referendum in the Kurdistan region and subsequently an Iraqi military offensive against Kirkuk and reclaiming many areas on the expansion This crisis has added. The concern of the Kurdish climate leaders about the deterioration of the situation and their agreement with the central government to initiate talks has reduced the crisis and left significant political, security and economic implications. Conclusion Among the seven factors that underlie and exacerbate the crisis in the Michael Barrett model, geography and geopolitical prominence of the Kurdistan climate zone, and in particular the Kirkuk region, are the main causes and intensification of the current crisis and future crises, and one of the examples is the long-term conflicts that can be terminated Not detected. It was also found that two factors of intervention of regional and sub-national powers and the level of the international system played a key role in the short-term reduction of the Kurdish crisis. The symmetry of Iran-Turkey interests at a high level and the strong opposition, accompanied by the threat of the two countries with a referendum, and the lack of US-EU support for the Kurds, did not allow the Kurdish regional crisis to extend from the regional level to the international level.

Extended Abstract Introduction Procedures and accelerated its growth in recent decades, cities in Iran, has sparked a lot of urban problems. So, the problems of urbanization and the failure all aspects of its influence and sometimes disrupt urban life has made. One of the major problems the older cities more tissue worn in them is the source of many problems in urban areas and the economic-social, body-physical, environmental and security in the wake and the instability in many city has provided. Distressed structures are one of the fourth types of urban distressed structures that because of physical distress, non-appropriate ridden availability, services facility and existence of vulnerable urban infrastructure, has a less locational, environmental and economic value. Facilities and resources limitation of the urban renovation and rehabilitation matter, before every proceed need identification of regions distress rate and priority setting for every action and investment, in related with distressed structure of each city. Basically, the body of the cities affected by natural processes, social and economic change gradually and was exhausted and needed reconstruction and modernization over time they will gradually feel. Today, most people's participation in urban management approach to city governance. So, it does every person in addition to his role in the field of occupational and family activities for community life as a citizen in the town of affairs. It also recognized their role and duties of the acceptance of this role for his creation bound and hold. Methodology Fahadan neighborhood is 54 degrees, 22 minutes and 18 seconds long, and 31 degrees 54 minutes and 32 seconds is located in the northeast of Yazd city. Fahadan neighborhood is one of Yazd's oldest neighborhoods. It is located adjacent to the neighborhoods of Bazarno, Shah Abolqasem and Kushkonu and is bounded northwards to the northern part of Fahadan Street, from the south to the market place and the time of Al-Sahat, from the west to the Shah Abolqasem and Kushknou neighborhoods and from the east to Imam Khomeini Street. The aim of this study is to the role of public participation in neighborhood improvement of old texture Fahadan of Yazd city and was conducted in the general framework of the survey researches. The study sample consisted of one group: The study area residents (equal to 12000 people), A total of 348 persons have been studied to random sampling method. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire used Cronbach's alpha (0. 851), also, validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinion of advisor and supervisors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Used in inferential statistics Spearman correlation test and multiple regression. Results and Discussion The results of prioritizing the items related to the most important field of citizen participation, according to the citizens surveyed, indicate that it is more important than the "wish of your family to participate in the development of neighborhood activities" (average rating: 4. 84 and standard deviation of 0. 45), "Participation in socio-cultural issues of the neighborhood" (average rating: 4. 26 and standard deviation of 0. 714), "Participation in economic affairs and neighborhood financial assistance" (average rating: 4. 56 and standard deviation of 0. 737) and "willingness to transfer property for renovation and improvement of the neighborhood" (average rating: 3. 99 and standard deviation of 1. 14). The results of prioritizing the items related to the most important obstacles to the participation of citizens in restoring and modernizing the worn out tissue from the viewpoint of the citizens surveyed indicate that it is more important than the "lack of credit for the development of worn out tissues" (average Rating: 4. 22 and standard deviation of 1. 14), "high cost of building materials and construction" (average rating: 3. 62 and standard deviation of 1. 17), "lack of proper functioning of social cultural organizations In the neighborhood "(average rating: 2. 87 and standard deviation of 0. 946) and" non-availability of machinery to the neighborhood center "(average rating: 3. 63 and standard deviation of 1. 22). Showed results that variable people's trust in the authorities (Beta = 0. 415) and lack of socio-cultural organization of people in the neighborhood (Beta =-0. 398) than other independent variables have the highest positive and negative effects in predicting the dependent variable (the level of participation and their willingness to organize and renovation of the old Fahadan neighborhood. Conclusion The final results of the study showed that six variables were entered into regression analysis (three variables as effective variables and three variables as barriers that had a negative effect), and the variable of people's trust in authorities and the absence of public cultural associations in the neighborhood Other independent variables have the most positive and negative effects, respectively, in predicting the dependent variable (level of popular participation and their tendency for organizing and modernizing the exhausted texture of the Fahadan neighborhood). Therefore, based on the obtained results, it can be said that trust in authorities is the most important factor affecting popular participation in improving the deteriorated texture of the Fahadan neighborhood of Yazd and the lack of social cultural organizations. The most important barrier is the popular participation in the improvement of the worn-out texture. Therefore, the following suggestions can be made based on the results: It is suggested that, in order to increase the level of people's trust to the authorities, in the first stage, meetings with the people of the area will be held and the objectives of the proposed plan (organizing and modernizing the worn-out texture) will be fully and clearly explained to the public. Be sure to be consulted and used at the planning stage for the local elite.

The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water. The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water. The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water. The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible.

Introduction Elections as a political act reflect a degree of political participation that every society and everyone in the society participates on the basis of their political understanding of the geographic environment to support, reform and change. Citizens' criteria for choosing are effective in the election results. Meanwhile, geographically effective factors in elections, such as place and neighborhood characteristics, are largely overlooked. Some researchers believe that one of the most important predictive factors in the election, especially in tribal cities, is the place and neighborhood characteristics; because these place features, over time, have strengthened segregation and selective behaviors in elections. Thus, urban geography can represent a new interpretation of the social and spatial divisions of the election; for this reason, in this study, the spatial factors that affect the electoral behaviors of citizens are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, because this method can more clearly reflect the nature of spatial inequality of election participation. The city of Khorramabad faces the issue of the impact of tribal relations in the elections, which has brought about a kind of segregation in the city, dominated by "tribal neighborhoods". This spatial separation has influenced many of the political, economic, social and cultural affairs of the city. The effect of electing based on the emotions and traditions of the society, and tribalism in different periods, on urban management, decisions concerning development and future of Khorramabad is a matter of concern. In this research, we have compared two groups of neighborhoods through taking into account factors such as the effect of tribal neighborhoods and segregation, speciality and education level, campaign and eventually political party in Khorramabad. For this reason, two neighborhoods with tribal interests and tangible segregation were selected and compared with two neighborhoods lacking such a characteristic; to investigate whether the problem of ecological segregation (in the form of tribal neighborhoods) has strengthened the tribalism behavior in Khorramabad council elections? Another question is how the ecological segregation can affect the election issue (especially the election of the Khorramabad city council)? Methodology The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect data. Data collection tools include: questionnaire, general population and housing census results, related journals and articles. In this regard, after studying theoretical literature, the spatial and non-spatial indices affecting election behavior were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared for the residents of the above_mentioned neighborhoods; the statistical population of the study included all households in Khorramabad. The sample size via Cochran model was determined 383, and the questionnaires, in order to better compare the results, were distributed in at least four samples. Of these four samples, two samples came with stronger tribalism affiliations while two others had less stronger affiliations. In this research, the sampling unit is family. The sample was selected in a multi-stage cluster method. Meanwhile, division method (relative to population) was used in the sampling method. In order to analyze the data by using SPSS software, methods such as multivariate regression, one way ANOVA and T-test independent samples were used. Results and discussion The results showed that more than 80% of residents of the two neighborhoods of Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm have relatively similar tribal relations. These conditions have identified these neighborhoods as distinct neighborhoods with a degree of segregation. The results of the T-test indicated that the neighborhoods with high segregation (tribal) and non-tribal neighborhoods in most of the studied indicators (party and factional leaning of candidates, the degree of candidate's expertise, ecological segregation (Ethnic-neighborhood affiliation and tribal selection)) were different at 95% confidence level and the pattern of selection of these two groups of neighborhoods' residents was different. Only when it comes to the indicator of the impact of the candidate's campaign in the city, there is no difference between the surveyed neighborhoods. In the sample, the difference in the patterns of elections based on the place of residence is significant in Khorramabad. Conclusion The results of one-way ANOVA for comparing the indices affecting the citizens' electoral behaviors in all four neighborhoods showed that, at an error level of 0. 05, the importance of two party and specialty indices in Motahari and Shirkhagah for residents is more than the two neighborhoods with high segregation level (Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm). Tribal election and segregation with five indices (tribal affiliation, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection, social interactions, and neighborhood benefits) in neighborhoods with tribal interests is more than the two other neighborhoods. According to the step-by-step regression analysis, in neighborhoods with tribal affiliations, tribal campaign, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection and social interaction indicators were able to predict, in four steps, respectively, selection of tribe. So that these four factors could predict 51% of the tribal selectivity. In the meanwhile, only social interactions have not been able to predict tribal selectivity. It can be said that there is a relationship between the spatial dependencies of the place of residence and the voting pattern in the neighborhoods of Khorramabad. According to the results of this research, the effects of neighborhoods turns out to be effective in the model of elections in Khorramabad and they need to be dealt with more deeply, because these factors have created deep and permanent discrepancies in the election patterns of Khorramabad. However, so far, no previous study has analyzed the relationship between spatial and neighborhoods effects in Khorramabad elections. Based on the results of this study, electoral processes in geographical areas of Khorramabad due to social processes are different. However, the factor of place and the effects of neighborhoods in many neighborhoods of Khorramabad (especially neighborhoods with high segregation rates) have been effective on the formation and strengthening of electoral models of sustainability (in the form of tribal selection) and finally urban management through the effectiveness of the tribal electoral votes on city council elections.

Introduction Urban political management is an interdisciplinary field of political sciences, sociology, management and geography. At the view of critical theories, Euclidean approach practices replaced civil actors in their political context, selectively. Outcome of this process is the inability in representation of complex and heterogeneous spaces in a network-relational space of the city and sophisticated problems of it. Euclidean perspective is categorized, disjunctive and separated and it seeks decreasing, and reductionism. But, post-structuralism theory in which combined with the approach of ecology wants to include the city in the set of all combinations and entities until to maintain from the whole human– natural realities, simultaneously. The methodology study of is analytical-descriptive and its hypothesis is that is seems the political construction space of cities is Indispensable for to meet with complexities of urban contemporary heterogeneous environment by using of the different politics approach. The low-income population migrates to a city, inhabits and lives there. The urban designer has to be familiar with this major community, for if not, the city will be designed and developed as an alien city for the majority of the community that live there. The low-income community comes from the rural area and has their own worldview, a Cosmo-centric ontology (the worldview that humans have been ruled by an external superpower), entering the city with recent development in the modern paradigm and modern ontology. This different ontological foundation plays as the root of a wider and wider gap as time goes by and the population grows larger and larger. Methodology The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected through library research. The information was gathered from sources such as books, magazines, online articles, newspapers, etc. Results and discussion Postmodernism is presented as an anti-Modern movement seeking to escape from everything that had so far represented modernity: negativity, contradiction and contrasts. However, there are times when it is difficult to overcome this established solution. Postmodern architecture is understood as the culmination of a social and technological transformation. In this way, the individual moves to a new city, understood by means of expression of the society that had until then inhabited the empty and meaningless buildings of the Modern Movement and the International Style. Over time, the International Style was outpaced with the help of architects who sought freedom from the rigid dictates of this school. Buildings somehow abandoned the slavish adherence limits to modernist geometry, replacing it with new designs (for instance, a return to external decoration). Instead of symbolically encountering the surrounding landscape constructed with rectangular buildings, in the Postmodernity, we observe buildings with protruding corners, a number of different levels and substantially more ornamentation on the outside. The planning of the city, according to the Modern Movement encouraged the spatial segregation of social functions, the death of suburban sidewalks and the city’ s grid system. Instead of that, the new Postmodern urbanists aspired to integrate previously separate elements. They conceived a more relevant urban life for the visitor, guiding neighborhoods to gain easy access to all transport service. The promoters of this style were “ anti-modernists” in their belief – society should return to a more community and environment-friendly model. For instance, some traditional designed elements of houses, such as porches and sidewalks, were remarkably favored in order to allow people to socialize, closing ties with the community. Post-modernism succeed thanks to a willingness to change, with the aim of creating a new expression. This manifestation was not only artistic but also cultural, which, in return, will bring a new and contradictory changing aesthetic experience that seeks to represent contemporary society. The creation of the Postmodern city primarily depends on the association between symbols and signs, and which follow the demand of society itself. Postmodern cities are not intended to accommodate the individual, but instead, aim to distract the society. The succession of different Postmodern, dream-like, unreal spaces distract society, making them believe that individuals are living in a utopia created in their image and likeness. It will be necessary, in turn, associate all these representative symbols of Postmodern ideology – architectural materialization itself– in order to meet the basic objective of these constructions, that is, to create a city that conforms an image of Postmodern culture. During Postmodernism the desire to create larger cities grows, impersonal and empty of architectural content, but which, in turn, can be fully identifiable by individuals through symbols and images. In order to value Postmodern cities and put them in open relation to the society that rules them, it is necessary to understand the symbols, signs and icons that appear in the viewer’ s eyes. Thus, the architects of these cities work from these symbols to construct a new architectural representation for the city. It is, therefore, an urban framework, set by the signs given by the company itself and the new socio-cultural claims. Hence, Post-modernism refers to the problem of container, empty and meaningless buildings, as a problem of the Modern Movement and the International Style, rather than Postmodernism itself. The latter gives character to these flat and soulless buildings, providing them with a new character without resorting to actual architectural elements, but filling them instead with representative signs of our society. Conclusion There is, therefore, a desire to create a city almost as a “ Postmodern carnality” , as it does not seek to solve the problems of the individual who inhabits it. Its aim is not to be functional. Its willing is to create the illusion of a city, a scenario that represents a proper city. Sociologists and architects called it “ city fiction” , falsifying the individual to the most extraordinary level. Time and space are presented as basic issues when developing an urban space. Thus, we might speak of urban space as temporary – corresponding to the memory and previous experiences of the individual. For the same reason, spatial models are built by memory elements.

The events of recent years in most regions of the world indicate that geographical factors and geopolitical components are still important and influential in shaping the quality of relations between countries to achieve national goals and interests. Among these regions, is the geopolitical region of latin America, whose political-security landscape has several factors, some of which have roots in the regions' geographical and geopolitical conditions. Given this importance, the present article seeks to examine the role and function of geographical and geopolitical factors among Latin American political units at the regional level. According to the results of this study, the geopolitical relations in Latin American countries, influenced by the geopolitical and geographical components of the region, especially the peaceful relations governing the relations between Brazil and Argentina as important regional powers, are based on the pattern of interaction. And future view indicates that given the region's geographical and geopolitical privilege, Latin American countries, and especially Brazil as a regional leader, is capable of sustaining interactions and regional strategic management. At the same time, due to the calm Space of this region, the necessary conditions for the creation of a unified regional identity are provided. Under these circumstances, the Latin American region will overcome its current geopolitical margin and will reach a stage of integration and consolidation. And the pattern of its geopolitical relations will be based on continuity relationship, which will increase the geopolitical weight of the region and be more in line with developments in the peripheral and global geopolitical system. Methodology The research method is applied in nature and is of analytical-explanatory The method of data collection has been done through libraries (books, articles), websites and inferential analysis, The research question and hypothesis is also set out as follows: Research Question: What are the geographical and geopolitical components of relationship formation in Latin America? Also what basis is the pattern of Latin American geopolitical relations at the regional level? Results and discussion Latin American countries seek to prevent the domination and interference of different actors in the region through the process of balancing their regional power so as to ensure their path of progress, peace and stability through regional peace and integration. . Because the main context of regional and trans-regional threats, on the eve of the 21 st century, it is more affected by geographical location and geopolitical condition. After decades of tension and suspicion, better relations between Brazil and Argentina have been established. Their trade has increased compared to the past, with Brazil exporting a variety of manufactured products in return for agricultural products. Nearly a quarter of Brazil's exports of goods to Latin America were sent to Argentina in the late 1980s. Relations between Latin American countries are influenced by factors that exist in relations between the political units of the region, especially Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, and are generally explored within the context of co-operation resources and peaceful relations. Elements such as high geopolitical weight, geographical sources of cooperation (proximity-neighborhood), geopolitical resources, geopolitical identities, regional unions and organizations, and their effective performance in creating convergence, geopolitics of globalization, overlapping elements of convergence, high degree of stability, . . . are important geopolitical and geographical factors that have shaped the geopolitical relations between the important powers of this region based on an interactive relationship. Based on this relation, the convergence elements dominate the divergence components. Considering the region's capabilities from a cultural point of view (the common colonial and historical roots of the region's members, the religion and language common to the majority of countries in the region), from a hydropolic perspective (according to statistics and reports published more than one-third of the world's freshwater resources atLatin American countries), economically (abundance of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources and other strategic resources, Venezuela has the world's largest oil resources), strategically and geographically (majority of countries in this region have access to of free water, Favorable climate and climate variability, fertile lands, etc. ). This will allow the region to have a profound impact on its environment and on global issues. On the other hand, these privileges, and how they can best be used, require the stability and continuity of good relations between countries in the region. Conclusion The countries of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico in North America belong to the Latin American region in terms of geographical credibility, historical roots, liberation from colonial domination, political orientation, cultural interactions, economic relations. So There is a geopolitical area in Latin America. Due to the calmness of the region and the limitations of passive disputes and crises and the existence of geographical and cultural linkages and interconnections, the prevailing atmosphere diverges from the tensions and hostile relations of decades ago and provides the basis for regional engagement, has constructed And in the light of regional cooperation and the constructive relations of regional powers, an interactive pattern has emerged between regional political units. The end result that with having geographical, historical, cultural linkages, increased regional self-awareness, the existence of common geopolitical codes, the growth of regional convergence in the form of important and strategic alliances such as the Slack organization, the Unasaur Union, Mercosur, the Alba Union, . . . Countries in the region will step in to stabilize relations and promote regional peace and stability, and their dominant model of geopolitical relations will be a continuum model. As a result: peace, political and economic development of these regions will add to the geopolitical stability of the peripheral and global system. In fact, Latin America is passing through the crisis of geopolitical transition and reaching the stage of geopolitical stabilization and continuity, the important and remarkable role played by this region in various aspects of world system developments.

Introduction In scientific research, the provision of satisfactory explanations for the recognition of phenomena and the application of results obtained from this recognition in problem solving and in meeting human needs are only possible when the scientific research process falls within the framework of a systematic pattern of a proper methodology. In the meantime, the experientialism and positivism approaches which gained considerable successes in scientific discoveries during the Renaissance turned into undisputed approaches in the field of scientific methodology by the early nineteenth century and spread out the naturalistic worldview on all scientific fields, on both natural and human sciences. However, since the beginning of the nineteenth century up to the present, by the emergence of certain problems and failures in epistemological assumptions, as well as the emergence of numerous political and social crises due to the extreme scientism, gradually, the principles and assumptions of experientialism has faced with many questions and raised grave doubts; and ultimately it resulted in a new methodology called “ hermeneutic and interpretive methodology” in the human sciences. In this paper, we are going to examine the nature of positivism and the effect of this school of thought in geography, and to provide an epistemological analysis of this school of thought from the viewpoint of critical rationalism. Methodology The present research is placed among theoretical and fundamental research, due to its philosophical and logical nature. This is a descriptive-analytical (logical) research and the analyses are performed based on logical reasoning. For this reason, the topics and contents discussed in this collection are considered as documentary and library research. Result and Discussion In the 1950s and 1960s, geographers focused on positivist attitudes in scientific explanation of geographic issues. In this regard, positivism tries to acquire knowledge of the geographical space through empirical foundations and mathematical logic besides through validation and using quantitative methods it seeks to establish rules that can explain spatial dispersion and in general, to base geography on certain theories which has mathematical precision and to formulate them according to mathematical models and calculations. Therefore, in this approach, correlation and experiments are used to reduce the complex interactions between components, which include empirical tests, random samples, controlled variables (independent, dependent and moderator), control groups, and so on. In this regard, positivist schools in geography such as environmentalism, spatial science, behavioral geography, and systemic attitudes were discussed. Generally, in the mentioned schools, the features can be characterized as follows: the use of statistical and quantitative methods, mathematics and computer in analyzes, the use of abundant models, the belief in the existence of definitive scientific laws of geography and the use of mechanical language, efforts to build public laws in the form of systematic study, the existence of a single method for natural and social sciences, the existence of experimental ground in geographic research, causal explanations, the belief in technical knowledge, the use of abundant maps, as well as mental maps in place and space, The use of questionnaires and perceptual-cognitive tests, Statistical measurements and Generalization inductive, the application of definitive laws and principles in systematic geography in various subjects on a global scale and dependent on natural social laws, the existence of the certain of law for all natural and human phenomena in the system attitude and in general The emphasis on experimentation and measurement and generalization as "scientific standards", the use of "experience" as the main source of positivity of geographic realities, the look of the earth as a coherent and natural system and one coherent as an ecosystem. Then by representing multiple geographical propositions we showed how this approach makes gross generalization while it mixing “ trends with laws” . In general, positivism in terms of ontology, believes in realism (objectivism) and the separation of the subject and the object; moreover, it is an objectivist theory in terms of epistemology; that means it seeks to discover the absolute knowledge in relation to an objective reality; and in methodology it tries to find causal explanations based on induction and empirical generalizations. Conclusion Positivism is one of the most important philosophical schools that affected the literature of geography and has been influential in schools such as environmentalism, spatial science, behavioral geography, and system attitude. This approach involves knowledge of the geographic space through the empirical foundations and mathematical logic. Accordingly, geography is objective, observational, quantitative and inductive, and contains theory-independent observations and value judgments; therefore, geographers seek to discover the causal relationships that exist among the phenomena and to represent them in the form of “ general and universal laws of Geography” . The objectivity of science in the inductive view of the fact is that both observation and inductive reasoning are objective and the truth of observational propositions can be demonstrated by observing all its senses. As a consequence, the positivist geographers reject metaphysical discussions and turn towards the “ testable experience” , consider the experience and the empirical testing as a criterion for scientific validity, thus they negate the hypotheses, categories, and presuppositions and assert that the science begins with observation and they do not consider the role of problem and hypothesis or the active and creative role of the researcher in the research process; and then, they make generalization in terms of observations that were made on the basis of inductive reasoning in order to lay down laws which causes the mixing of “ trend with law” in the positivist geography; correspondingly, in this paper, several geographic propositions were examined. Therefore, the application of positivism due to the above mentioned problems is faced with serious problems as a scientific approach in the field of geography. Hence, this approach lacks the efficiency and the necessary capabilities in order to be applied in the field of geographic studies as a “ scientific” approach and methodology.

Introduction The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase in the number of major cities in the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and population accumulation on the other, cause problems such as the emergence of heat islands. Urban heat islands are the obvious negative impacts of urbanization that largely depends on land use and land cover type, most aspects of urbanization become apparent when humans interfere with the natural structure of the earth and alter the natural landscape of the earth, causing many environmental problems such as urban heat islands in general, urban heat island is the result of the complex impacts of urban processes on its climate. These processes cause cities to be surrounded by a hot air mass that is about 120 meters in height during the day and more than twice as much at night. In this phenomenon, the city center has the highest temperature in comparison to the surrounding rural areas, and with the departure from the city center this temperature and height of the hot air mass decreases. This is called the urban heat island. In most studies, it is concluded that urban vegetation reduces surface temperature, as opposed to the inconsistency between land surface temperature and land use in land use. The objectives of this study are to determine the distribution of land surface temperature in land use types, as well as to investigate the difference between land surface temperature with land use types and vegetation composition, and finally to analyze the impact of human factors on land surface temperature. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of urban heat islands by analyzing land use types and land cover and social and economic interactions. the results of this study can guide managers in planning to regulate urban socio-economic activities to reduce urban heat islands. Methodology District 6 of Tehran is one of the relatively old districts of Tehran which is located in the central area of Tehran. District 6, as one of the busiest areas in Tehran, has a residential density of 75 percent, with 30 percent allocated to transportation networks. This study uses the Landsat 8 satellite image on August 7, 2016. The images are available free of charge at the US Geological Survey. In order to complete the input parameters for mapping the surface temperature using satellite images, the Modis water vapor product with a spatial resolution of 5000 m was used. For visual interpretation, 1: 10000 maps were used, and the type of files of the target area extracted from 1: 2000 maps for 2015 extracted from the Tehran Information Technology Organization, In this study we consider only the vegetation case with respect to available data. There are 5 types of land uses in this area and the user map has been prepared using Arc GIS software. 1-Old residential area (over 25 years old) 2-New residential area (between 5 and 15 years) 3. Wasteland (landfills vacant) 4-Industrial areas (including various industrial activities such as factory and warehouse space) 5. Organizational Areas (Infrastructure Related to Schools, Colleges, Universities and Research Institutions) Results and discussion Approximately 49% of the total area under study was considered for all types of land uses, including 6. 4% new residential, 21% old residential, 2. 5% waste, 0. 6% industrial and 18. 3% Percentage of organizational usage. Data provided by the municipality's ICT and satellite imagery used to match the time of preparation. In this study, based on the findings, the highest surface temperature is related to industrial and organizational use, and the surface temperature of the wasteland is ranked third after organizational use, The average value of land surface temperature varies with different types of land use, indicating that the factors affecting the land surface temperature vary by land use. Linear correlation analysis showed that the mean land surface temperature significantly depended on both land cover composition and land use. The results show that there is a slight correlation between vegetation indices in each land use type. The land cover composition has a direct relationship with the land cover metrics, but the correlation coefficient of the vegetation cover composition and measures varies among different land use types. The findings show that the composition of the green space in small plots is more sensitive to the surface temperature of the earth. The results also suggest that there is a complex mechanism in urban heat islands, which may be caused not only by the biophysical process but also by human resources. The variations in land surface temperature between different types of land use indicate that energy consumption and human heat emission have important effects on the land surface temperature. In human sources of heat dissipation, such as human metabolism, the presence of buildings and traffic significantly contribute to the increase of urban heat and the creation of urban islands. The intensity of heat varies according to the type of climate, population density and intensity of industrial and commercial activities. Conclusion The findings of this study show that land use has the potential to explain the effects of complex human activities in urban areas compared to land cover. these findings highlight the contradictory effects of land use composition and land cover on urban heat islands, which not only help to better understand the mechanism of urban heat islands but also provide practical solutions for urban planning and management. Surface temperatures can be reduced by optimizing vegetation patterns (based on the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover) for any human-assisted use. to reduce the effect of urban heat islands, increasing vegetation density and scattering, it is also advisable to create green roofs or roof gardens and maintain plants in buildings.