Literary Research
Year:2019 | Volume:16 | Issue:64|Papers Count:6

Allusion is one of the oldest and most used rhetorical figures that enriches the semantic and linguistic beauty of poetry. However, in contemporary literature and poetry, the growth of literary knowledge and the development of literary criticism studies has led to variety and complexity of the use of this literary figure in poetry whose examination and analysis of structural delicacies and their mechanisms require more accurate studies with new approaches. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate structure of Qur’ anic-narrative allusions in poems collection of Shafiee Kadkani in a new approach through descriptive-analytical methods in order to find out based on which form techniques, Shafiee Kadkani has used Qur’ an narrations in his poetic allusions and therefore, what types of allusion can be seen in his poems? According to the results, Shafiee Kadkani is a poet who in his narrative-Qur’ nic allusions has used different parts of famous and well-known Qurchr('39')anic stories innovatively with varied and complicated structural and artistic transgressions which has created different kinds of simile, structural, ironic, multi aspects, combinational, echoic, and Proper naming allusion in his poems.

Meaning-based theory is one of the new approaches to character analysis in narrative. The present article seeks to analyze the character of "Golmohammad" in Kudlarchr('39')s novel based on this theory. And to answer these questions using a descriptive-analytical approach 1. What are the traits and characteristics of Gul Mohammad according to the components of meaning-based theory? 2. In which textual contexts are these traits represented? The result of the study shows that according to the principles of generalizability The repetition, similarity, contrast, and implication of Mohammadchr('39')s flower have contradictory traits and characteristics That these traits and characteristics were represented in contextual contexts such as direct description Exterior appearance of personality, action, speech, temporal analogy.

The subject of this research was focused on the Critical Discourse Analysis of two satirical works of “ Book of poems of Lari Rooster ” by Abolghasem Halat and “ The collection of works by Mohammad Ali Afrashteh” , compiled by Nosratollah Noohian, based on Van Leeuwenchr('39')s model(1996). This research aimed to examine the influence of ruling powers and the ideological processes of the second Pahlavi era on the explicitness (frankness) and obscurity (inexplicitness) of the word in the two works mentioned. In this article, the actors involved and participating in these satirical lyrics were evaluated based on Van Leeuwenchr('39')s model components such as exclusion, impersonalization, determination, indetermination, nomination, categorization, association, differentiation, genericization and specification. We chose these works since the views of their satirist authors in the Pahlavi II era emanated from common social and political origins, while at the same time, they had different ideologies and tendencies. Therefore, such various commonalities and differences provide a basis to make comparisons between them. The study results suggested that although both satires are more eager to speak and write in obscurity and vague and classification and depersonalization are highly frequent in their poems, but unlike Abolghasem Halat, Mohammad Ali Afrashteh has enhanced the explicitness and frankness of his words by stating the names of the actors who were in power as well as criticizing the main pillars of power such as the king, royal court, clerics, and the security forces. Due to socialist tendencies, Mohammad Ali Afrashteh has also further used the referential type component to represent masses and people. Abolghasem Halat, with more use of the depersonalization component, namely, pronouns and obscure attributes, has made his word more obscure.

In discussing the emergence of Nimai poetry, there are generally causes and factors such as the efforts of Shams Kasmayee, Jachr('39')far Khamenei, Abolghasem Lahouti and Taqi Rafat in changing the poem formatsand the acquaintance of Nima with French and his impressionability from western literature. With more accurate research at this area we find out that although these factors remain strong, the role of the classic approach to classical poetry, such as the tendency toward multiple poems and innovations within this format, is undeniable. This descriptive-analytical paper shows that some of the most important features of Nimai poetry have been used before in some constitutional era. These features include changing the length of the lines and changing the rhyme position. Multiple poems also been a pioneer in mixing narrative and dramatic poetry and addressing political and social themes with regard to Nimai poetry.

This article aims at analyzing the views of Rumichr('39')s Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi on the course of existence, first to clarify the status of the ontological issues in the thought and works of this mystic in order to provide a better understanding of the mystical insight of this mystic. Secondly, it is important to distinguish the type of Rumichr('39')s view of ontological issues from the ontological perspectives of philosophers and theologians. The author concludes with an analytic-descriptive approach that due to the low frequency of ontological issues in Rumichr('39')s works compared to topics related to anthropology and theology, Rumichr('39')s mystical insight relies on two anthropological and theological aspects. As a mystic, as opposed to philosophers and theologians, Rumi avoids going into the details of the ontological issues and may sometimes accompany these issues with epistemological issues as well.