EGHTESAD-E ISLAMI
Year:2019 | Volume:19 | Issue:74|Papers Count:9

There is no issue in Islam which has received significant attention more than the notion of “ justice” and since the primary goal of constituting Islamic regime is the establishment of justice, paying attention to the issue of economic justice and tracing the path of justice in the direction of the ideal just status is necessary. The goal of this article, which is authored in accordance with descriptive-analytic method and in the sphere of Islamic thought and economic knowledge, is the formulation and constitution of a combined index for economic justice with an Islamic approach. The findings of this research indicates that: fair distribution of resources, opportunities and facilities based on merits, with consideration to the right of production resources and agents, and to the right of future generations, allotment of production agents based on their merits and amount of distribution, re-distribution of income and wealth, and consideration to the improvement of society’ s welfare are among the most important factors of combined index of economic justice with an Islamic approach. In the same way, there is a positive relation, on the one hand, between Physical quality-of-life index, the amount of profiting from welfare facilities, the amount of efficiency of the whole production agents, Amartya Sen’ s index of welfare and appraisal of the investment rate in infrastructural establishments and equipment sector to yielding from underground resources, and a negative relation, on the other hand, between Atkinson’ s index and Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke’ s index and the process of economic justice.

This article seeks to answer the question of how the human-economic template can be drawn based on Islamic teachings. What is the definition of this template? What is the most important element or elements of this definition? The hypothesis that the article seeks to prove is that the most important principle of behavior in the economic man's model from the point of view of Islam is "to optimize the material, spiritual, and the Hereafter's best interests". The three dimensions of existential (material, spiritual and afterlife) and (absoluteism and pleasure as two natural things) are the basis of the holy Qur'an that play an important role in the formation of this pattern. It has also been shown how this pattern is effective in analyzing economic behaviors in three areas of consumption, production, and distribution. An attempt has been made to use a comparative study approach and to examine classical economics. In terms of interpretation, the analytical-rational method has been adopted. The economic man's model is a new idea that has been less addressed in previous economics studies.

In the system of capitalism, firms based on e utilitarianism ethics maximize the profits. But in the Islamic economic system and based on its own ontological and ethical foundations, need is considered as the most important ethics criterion for productive activity. The discussion of the category of need as a criterion of value is important in two main directions: one in terms of the ethics responsibility of the producer towards himself and the family who earns income to eliminate the personal and family needs of living conditions. Secondly, it is responsible for the social ethics that the producer has towards his fellow humans and society as consumers and demanders of the products. Accordingly, the structure of the paper is organized in two directions. In this article, the most important features of the value of the need in the Islamic economic system are the emphasis on the real need and emphasis on addressing the macroeconomic needs of society such as security, justice and economic development, which the producer must ethically choose in the direction of the production of goods and services and must be committed to them.

One of the challenging issues in the design of banking contracts, especially cooperative agreements, is the issue of contractual terms. These implicit terms are in a way that contrasts with the truth and the concept of cooperative contracts to the point where it derives the original from its original function. The main question of the article is, what are the criteria for determining the contractual terms of an agreement, and whether in the formulation of bank contracts, there is a lack of opposition to the implicit terms with the truth of the contract? Using the descriptive method and content analysis, using Imamie jurisprudence sources, the paper examines the following hypothesis: "The most important criterion in distinguishing between the conditions of opposition to the obligation to enter into opposition is the serious intention that the context of the principle of adherence to the contract also emphasizes intention. In accordance with this criterion, the central bank participates in JHA contracts. There are a number of conditions that indicate that there is no serious intention for the contractors. Moreover, by eliminating the concept and the actual concept of the contract, these conditions also violate the customary nature of it, in a way that does not share the custom of participation in this contract. The results of the research indicate that Article 11 of the Central Bank Civic Engagement, Article 8 of the Mudaraba Agreement and the set of terms contained in the Participation Agreements are contractual terms.

According to economic theory, if there is a compensatory equilibrium in the economy, there will be a competitive equilibrium on condition of positive income for all households. The condition of positive income also will be established when households have resource links with each other. According to a theory of Islamic economics, this relationship of resources (In the economic literature must have certain conditions) can be derived from sources such as Zakat. The present study intends to use a vector error correction model to answer the question that how much the actual amount of Zakat payment will be effective on income inequality in comparison with the amount of potential Zakat. Results after estimating three different models and applying control variables show that using the policy potentials available in Islamic economics, assuming other conditions are fixed, a simultaneous competitive and compensatory equilibrium in the Iranian economy can be established implicitly. In other words, if a policymaker can minimize the gap between actual and potential Zakat by applying some policies, Positive income establishment for all households will be possible.

One of the most important issues in the banking system, which can disrupt the functioning of this system, is risk discourse. Since the volume of credible capital resources reduces bank bankruptcy risk, one of the important indicators for assessing the performance and health of banks is the ratio of capital adequacy. In this research, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of capital adequacy ratio in conventional banking and explaining the nature of riba free banking (parallel contract model) and the principles governing it, in the first step, by analytical-descriptive method, we have explained the risks of such banking. We examine the role of capital adequacy ratio in its risk management. In the next step, the theoretical findings of the survey are evaluated and validated by experts. The result of the research suggests that the riskiness of a non-risky banking system is typically lower than that of conventional banking, which implies a reduction in the importance of capital adequacy ratio for risk management in such banking compared to conventional banking.

One of the most important concerns of businesses is to reach the financing paths that are becoming more serious about newly established firms and startups. Venture Capital (VC) is an idea to fund these types of businesses that are being used in global economies today. Considering that the conventional method of this category of investments is not in accordance with the Shari'a standards, Islamic countries have been considering using the Islamic risk investment model in the form of various legal contracts, including cooperative contracts. This research, using a library study method and a mathematical approach, while explaining the risky Islamic model of investment, attempts to explain the strategy of exit to investors in the form of a diminishing partnership. The results of this study indicate that in the exit strategy, the time it takes for the entrepreneur to fully utilize the economic project depends on the three factors of the investor's capital, the entrepreneur's capital and the expected profit in each period. The explanation of the direction of these dependencies in two fixed and variable returns in economic projects is another result of this study.

Salam Oil Securities are very similar to Asset-backed Securities and the process of issuing Salam oil securities is similar to securitization in its special meaning. Nevertheless, this matter that Salam Oil Securities are a kind of Asset-backed Securities and the process of their issuing is a kind of securitization, is a question that have to be studied to reach a correct answer. In this study we are trying to compare Salam oil Securities with Asset backed Securities in some aspects such as their history, their process of issuing, their Risk management and their benefits Using "Mokhtar" research method. In this paper we have studied the question. The results show that Salam Oil Securities are exactly a kind of Asset Backed Securities and the process of issuing Salam Oil Securities is a kind of Securitization. All benefits of Securitization is imaginable for issuing Salam Oil Securities. we can call Salam Oil Securities as "Islamic Asset Backed Securities" and the process of issuing as "Islamic Securitization".

In Islam the family has a very high rank. On the one hand, Islamic religion emphasizes the role of women in marital, motherhood and home affairs responsibilities, and Women's employment is highly respected within the framework of Islamic values. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of flexible women’ s hours of work on their family responsibilities with an Islamic approach. In this research, 260 married women employees of higher education centers located in Tabriz were selected using a probabilistic sampling method sorted from universities and higher education institutions and questionnaires were randomly distributed among them. data were collected in the Winter 1396 and the Spring of 1397. Results analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regressions showed that the flexibility of women’ s hours of work would improve their family responsibilities. Also, the results of the Friedman test showed that in the event of shorter working hours due to the use of flexible working hours, women would spend their free time to better off their family responsibilities.