JOURNAL OF RURAL RESEARCH
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:4 (12)|Papers Count:11

Introduction: There is no need that globalism and localism be mutually exclusive; and at the same time, global and local extensions are important for understanding, when the topic of globalization is the case (Roberts, 2008). Globalization has indubitably caused local, national, and international sections to meet and intertwine in ways that have historically been unimaginable. The discourse of globalization has become widespread around the world with ongoing discussions surrounding its economic, cultural, technological, and political aspects and implications (Marginson, 1999; Singh, 2004). As such, it has been viewed through the assortment lenses of finance and trade; communications and information technologies (it); international movements; formation of global societies; linguistic, cultural, and ideological convergence; and world systems of signs and images (Monkman and Baird, 2002; Marginson, 1999). Globalization is defined here as widening, deepening and speeding up of interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life all over the world (Held and McGrew, 1999, 2). In 1980s, globalization has been recognized as a complex of changes with more intensity and depth and considered from several points of view. Some theoreticians believe that these changes will propel world to the Americanization or equalization (Ritzer, 1993). On the other hand the others believe that it rather entails localization (Watson, 1997), while yet others speak of globalization (Robertson 1995).

Introduction: Since 1938, a couple of decades before Iranian's revelation, attention to villages and rural development as a part of developmental process in national scale and also in order to analyze social, political, and economical changes has been discussed as a vital part and acted a major part in development policies. However, this attention and dedication to the program are results of development literature worldwide evolutions and experiences of other developed countries. In Iran, different plans have been implemented for developing rural areas and they have mainly focused on reducing poverty. Rural development as an important part of governmental policies for utterly changing and modifying pervious procedures has held its significance. For this purpose, the government has made its agenda to amend management and traditional structure of agriculture and to establish new organizations and (revolutionary) institutions. Need for change and modifying rural structure in order to give a logical form to voluntary institutions which were relying on the young force have therefore been of great consideration. A glance at rural development plans reveals that there are kinds of disorganized thoughts i.e. theoretical problems in rural development planning and so on. Moreover, the approaches are varied and with physical and organic positions toward the issue. The main purpose of this research is to explain some theoretical deficits in rural developmental planning in which the ideas of scholars and social experts of the field could be adopted and considered more seriously in these areas.

Introduction: Nowadays because of various economic problems in rural areas it is necessary to pay attention to new economic activities such as tourism, in order to overcome economic challenges as well as achieving sustainable development goals. Estimating tourist's willingness to pay and analyzing the affecting factors on it, along with the economical and social demands of people could demands at people be useful in predicting needs, removing scarcities and expanding rural tourism. Abyaneh village acts as one of the central functions of Natanz city. Abyaneh is located in Esfahan province, and because of its natural and historical attractions, is in the focal point of attention. The aims of this research are as follows: estimating on of the tourist's willingness to pay (WTP) of Abyaneh village for visiting and recreation, using a contingent valuation method (CVM) and analysis of influencing factors.

Introduction: Development of rural areas requires efficient planning and implementing strategies within the appropriate instructions and guidelines. Considering different dimensions of economic development as well as he social-cultural, environmental and institutional frameworks in addition to the capabilities and potentials in rural development are among the key points. One of the program was working, is tourism, which entails the existence of the pattern and the strategy for achieving this goal. A long-term strategic plan for tourism development is essential of course in all aspects to achieve development and its successful management, too. This approach leads decreasing possible threats and preventing possible losses. Therefore, in order to provide all elements of tourism development, communication and interaction among the tourist attractions, activities, facilities, services and tourism markets should be considered. Effective implementation of tourism policies and programs in the area, in order to provide the best strategies and solutions, and position of the tourism landscape have been identified too.

Introduction: Livability is a concept connected with the number of concepts and terms such as sustainability, quality of environment, healthy communities, etc. Although definitions are varied in different communities, defined objectives of planning should be used for creating standard native definition for livability. It is often used for defining the dimensions of community and Common experiences. It is usually focused on human experiences of place within the specified time and place. In addition, livability as a concept could be within (expanded/limited) context in which it is defined. However, the concept of life quality is often under spotlight of this concept and includes a wide range of measurable indicators with proven components such as density, transportation, security and sustainability. Livability, however, is the concept of interconnection of economical, environmental and social forms and always one dimensional and reductive measure to prevent it. There should be a network of relationships between various domains related to livability standards.

Introduction: Spatial studies as the main tools for the detailed study of all tangible and intangible aspects of regions have special ranks among all kinds of planning (Eshkevari, 2006, 20). Nowadays, spatial planning as a way of dealing with land and space or geography, has been common throughout the world (Toffigh, 2005, 19). Such a study is considered an appropriate way in the planning compared with local one, because of its thoroughness and its attention to all of the various components in space ranging, from communication networks, levels of activity and settlement points. In other words, all natural and man-made phenomena which are considered as themes or contents of natural and human environment can be studied in the mentioned context (Shakuey, 2009, 291). The conformity of this organization with physical environment forms the spatial structure of which is usually observed as a distributed and isotropic spatial structure, focus and polar, unbalanced and haphazard, random and balanced, spatially localized, decentralized and hierarchical (Asayesh, 2000, 146).

Introduction: In Iran, rural areas had been always accounted for as tributaries to the government and as integrated by an administrator or a body of managers (called owners, supervisors, deputies, Kadkhoda). Following the revolution in Iran and due to political and socio-economic condition then, a law was passed in the parliament whereby the management of the rural affairs had to be shouldered by Rural Islamic Councils, and the villages were accounted for as government units at the lowest level of political hierarchy. After years since the enforcement of that law, due to the progress in way of management according to empowerment rural community and appearing several executive problems in rural management, in 1997 the parliament approved a new law as "establishment of self sufficient Dehyaries (rural executive managements) in all Iranian villages" whereby all of the executive affairs have shouldered by "Dehyar" (head of Dehyari) who is selected for 4 year period by Rural Islamic Council of the village.

Introduction: Social security policies, and particularly the social insurance strategies, are awing important publicly supportive mechanisms to meet the communities’ social vulnerabilities. Social insurance of rural people in Iran has practically been conducted in recent years through the rural and nomadic social insurance fund. The widespread use of social insurance depends on the extent of its institutionalization among communities, which needs to be assimilated as a behavioral habit. This also requires proper policies, time, finance and other relevant actions to lead to its continuance sustainably. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the institutionalization of social insurance among rural people.

Introduction: The purpose of this descriptive survey design is evaluating the performance of Agricultural Engineering Technical and Advisory Service Firms (AETASF) in Kermanshah and Zanjan Provinces. Advisory Service Firms have been established since 1386 as pilots in these provinces for providing employment in agricultural graduates, developing outreach programs among farmers, degreasing government costs and responsibility, and contrasting economic crisis. Liberalization and privatization started from Western Europe in the late 1960s, North America in the 1970s, South America and Africa over the 1980s.