JOURNAL OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC PERIOD HISTORY (JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES) (TABRIZ)
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:24|Papers Count:9

East India merchants in the early 17th century succeeded in turning India into their trading base and soon after took control of the land. In this regard, India became an important base for the British East India Company to take over the trade of the region. The Persian Gulf was one of the best markets for East India Company goods. Therefore, the company made every effort to gain the market share in this area; finally, at the beginning of the Zandieh period, it succeeded in stabilizing its position in the region. The British East India Company chose the port of Bushehr as its commercial base in the region and until about two centuries later, made every effort to maintain the base. This study examines the reasons for choosing Bushehr as the center of activity of the British East India Company. Findings indicate that the appropriate depth of the northern coasts in comparison with the southern coasts, the existence of centralized governments and peace and security of the northern coasts, the existence of facilities and resources such as fresh water, support of Iranian domestic governments, valuable Iranian market for British mahout, the possibility of establishing a port and the anchoring of ships off the north coast led to the selection of a company base on the north coast of the Persian Gulf. In addition to all the above mentioned advantages in Bushehr, the existence of administrative, economic and political structures in this city led to the final selection and continuation of Bushehr port as a representative base of the British East India Company.

The adoption of the new marriage law in Iran in 1310 (AH) was a turning point in the evolution and modernization of marriage in Iran. This study seeks to examine the historical course of the adoption of this law and its impact on the lives of the Iranian girls, women and families. It is hypothesized that what has happened in the year 1310 (AH) by force and with the intervention of the government, was based on the change of public mentality from the Qajar period onwards. In fact, the two important and fundamental concepts of childhood and marriage were changed and the style of lives of Iranian children and women were considered to be effective on the fate of the homeland. Although this law did not change the legal basis of marriage, it did bring about fundamental changes in the daily life of the Iranian family. Increasing the period of childhood for girls which provided more opportunities for their education, maintaining the health of Iranian children and mothers, and the subsequent increase in population along with the possibility of active participation of the women in the society and the economy, were among the tangible consequences of this law. However, the strict application of the new law made marriage a scene of unequal conflict between the judiciary representing the Iranian government and the Iranian families.

The Arab immigrants of the Abbasid period to Iran were mostly Alawites, Sadats and Shiites. The main issue of the present study is to identify and introduce the Alawite immigrants of Khorasan in the Abbasid period until the rise of the Buyids government and the effect of their presence on accepting Islam by the Iranians. The question of this research is, "whether the migration of Alawites to Khorasan in the mentioned period could affect the flow of accepting Islam by the Iranians? " Based on the information available in the historical sources, it is hypothesized that the migration of the Alawites, which continued during the Abbasid period, affected various aspects of life in the areas accepting the migrants. One of these effects studied in the present study is their impact on accepting Islam by the Iranians in different regions. According to various sources, the immigrants were settled in different parts of Iran including Khorasan during the five important historical periods. Out of five groups of immigrants to Iran, only four groups, i. e. Hosseini, Atrafi, Hassani and Abbasi entered this area. The reports on the fifth group, the Hanafis (Mohammadians = children of Muhammad Hanafiyya) is not available. With the presence and establishment of various Alawite groups in cities, villages and remote areas of this land and as a result of their various political, social and cultural activities and interaction with the natives, the ground was gradually prepared for the influence of Islam and its spread among the elite and public classes. Identifying and classifying different Alawite groups in Khorasan in the form of five groups and proposing that migration had become bedrock for sustainable cultural change and transformation are among the objectives of the present study. The time span considered in this research is the period of the beginning of the Abbasid rule until the coming to power of the Buyids in the early fourth century (AH). The research method is descriptiveanalytical using the library documents and various sources. In this work, an attempt has been made to display the qualitative results obtained from the sources in a quantitative manner using some graphs.

During the reign of Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh, as the central government weakened, neighbors from the East and West invaded the borders and cities of the Safavid Empire. Shah Abbas also had to endure the presence of the Uzbeks and the Ottomans in parts of his country until the foundations of his rule were established. After that, he fought many battles to drive out the occupiers and confront their aggression; however, these wars were tragic for the lives of the inhabitants of the disputed areas. The question in the present study is, "what strategies did Shah Abbas I take to manage the crises caused by the wars? " This is a historical study implementing a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the study indicate that on the eve of the wars, Shah Abbas usually relocated the people in danger to safe areas, protected them by the military units, and carried out the scorched earth tactic. After the outbreak of war, he was trying to manage the situation through tax exemptions in the same year and the following year. Compensation from the Supreme Court, and the appointment of a ruler to stabilize the administrative situation and care for war-torn areas were among his other actions. He was also trying to provide emotional and social support for the orphans and the widows.

Legitimacy is one of the fundamental components in the relationship between the government and the people. Rulers throughout history have sought to justify power in ways that are acceptable to the people. The Buyid government has also used various means to gain legitimacy to advance its power. Following the death of Adud al-Dawla, the second half of the Buyids' rule became the scene of the internal power struggles and family disputes. Nevertheless, the rulers of this period sought to gain legitimacy in various ways in order to strengthen the foundations of their power. Using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the library studies, this study seeks to analyze the efforts for legitimizing the Buyids rulers in the period after the death of Adud al-Dawla until the fall of this government. The present study tries to answer the question that "what methods did the emirs of the Buyids use to gain legitimacy between the years 372-447 (AH)? " Findings indicate that regardless of the domestic ambitions that have overshadowed the history of the Buyids in this era, Adud al-Dawla's successors considered some criteria to gain legitimacy, such as gaining political privileges from the caliphate, paying attention to the ancient heritage, efficiency and securing public interests.

The land of Azerbaijan, with its unique geography and history, has been the cultural center of Iran for many years. Before Islam, there was a mysterious intellectual background in this land; the effects and remnants of which appeared in the Islamic period in the form of mysticism and Sufism and continued until the Ilkhanid period and even increased. This study deems worthwhile due to the political and social conditions of Azerbaijan from the fifth to the seventh centuries (AH), in which the tendency towards Sufism was more prominent. As the findings revealed, the short period of the government, the political turmoil, lack of organizing the affairs by the court officials and the oppression of the Mongol rulers in this period resulted in the formation of popular movements and Sufism, characterized by fotowat (generosity), to confront with the political and social crises. They were organized in Akhian and Baba groups. In the second half of the seventh century (AH), the main body of Sufism in Azerbaijan was sharia-based and antioppression Sufism, which propagated Suhrawardiyya and Kabruyeh within itself and this feature was not seen in the Sufism of any other regions of Iran. The present article implemented a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the examples of the Fotowat movement in Azerbaijan until the end of the seventh century (AH).

Cultural history is an interdisciplinary approach that seeks to interact with the two main fields of the humanities, i. e. history and culture. Cultural history is a thriving branch that has expanded since the 1970s. In fact, it can be said that cultural history is formed in the context of a set of discourse developments in the field of history, social theory and the concept of culture. Research in the field of cultural history of Iran is more difficult than the other fields of study due to the dispersion of the sources and scarcity of the information. The approach of folk literature is a way to recreate the events of cultural history because of its connection with the people's lives and the breadth of its territory and the richness of its social themes. Folk poetry, as one of the important pillars of popular literature, reflects various manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the individuals in society, and therefore has a special place in the study of cultural history. Given this position, the present article, by analyzing the themes and contents of some folk poems of the Qajar era, examines the contribution of these poems in reflecting the levels of thought, ideas and various aspects of social life of the people of that time. The findings of this study indicate the capacity of folk poetry in the Qajar period to recreate events, narrate the neglected aspects of cultural and social life as well as the lifestyle of the people. They also represent the traditional and religious ideas and critical protest actions in the Qajar society.

One of the oldest beliefs throughout history is the belief in the existence of a supernatural power in cosmic bodies, including the planets and stars. Our ancestors believed that what happens in the heaven has a direct effect on the events on earth. For this reason, in determining the time of sitting, marriage, campaigning, migration, travel and cultivation, the time of building cities, employing people in important political affairs and so on, they explored the universe to manage the earthly affairs. This study intends to analyze the effects of the cosmic beliefs on the historical events of Iran in the second to seventh centuries (AH), using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of this study show that the belief in the decisive effect of the supernatural on the terrestrial events has had practical and important effects on the history of Iran. The positive aspects were the growth and development of astronomy and its related sciences including mathematics and geometry, the construction of the observatories, the writing of valuable books in the field of astronomy and the compilation of the most accurate astronomical calendars. Belief in destiny, belief in the futility of deliberation and pragmatism, procrastination of the important affairs and the change in the natural course of the events could be mentioned as its negative consequences.