JOURNAL OF IRAN HISTORY (JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES)
Year:2009 | Volume:- | Issue:62/5|Papers Count:7

From the early times, Shiraz was one of the main cities in the south of Iran and had all the three producing manners (cultivation, ranching and crafting) and so had three life styles such as: nomadic life, peasant life around the Karbal, Estakhr, and Dashte Marghab (ancient Pasargad) fertile plains, and urbanism (in Shiraz and Kazerun). Actually, the bazaar of Shiraz was a jetty for raw mineral materials orcorps from neighboring cities, for instance, pearls from the Persian Gulf, wool and fluff from Shabankare and Kerman. The geographical location of Shiraz along the road from the Persian Gulf to Isfahan, Yazd and Rey had a principal role in connecting the Silk Road with the Spices Route. The process of coercive exodus of craftsmen and peasant immigrants, during the Mongol period, to Shiraz as a safer spot and also the ruination of some neighboring cities like Isfahan during the early Mongol invasion juiced up the Bazaar of Shiraz. The flourishing of Sufi orders, such as Murshediyyah and Suhrevardiyyah, strengthened the social cohesion between Guilds in this bazaar. The main question of this essay is this: Which kinds of products were made by the guilds and artificers in the Bazaar of Shiraz During 1314- centuries and how? Hypothesis is that, despite some economic historians’ belief in the majority of raw material exportation during that centurial, there are some traces that indicate there was a noteworthy percent of manufactured merchandise among Iranian exported goods which were made in the bazaar of Shiraz in addition to some raw materials.

The formation of a widespread Safavid Shiite government in Iran made possible serious changes in the relationship between religion and government in Shiism. Clergymen as the main part of religious sect encountered a special and historical situation. The decision on how to interact with Safavids was very fundamental and strategic. Safavids themselves faced a great challenging and complicated situation in establishing a relationship with religious sect, because the principles of Shiism could challenge the government' slegitimacy. The present study, through official records and other documentary materials, tries to reinterpret the complications of the interaction the two sides experienced and to open a new perspective for analyzing this historical phenomenon (event). The base of the analysis of the present study is to take into account a sort of conflict and disagreement in the interaction between clergymen and Safavids.

The causes of Yousuf Khan Mostashar al-Dowleh's intellectual transformation, the nature of the laws he had in mind, the intellectual bases of these laws and his attitude towards the Western constitutional systems are the problem issues connected with the present research, which have been analyzed through the historical method by focusing on the primary sources. Mostashar al-Dowleh was an Iranian intellectual during Nasser al-DinShah's era whose familiarity with the Western constitutional systems led him to find out that the secret behind the progress of European governments was because of their laws and legal systems, and the reason behind Iran's backwardness was the lack of these factors. He considered transforming the political system of Iran as necessary. The form of government he suggested for Iran of that era was a constitutional monarchy whose laws were taken from the Declaration of Human Rights mentioned in the preamble to the French Constitution and was within the framework of Islamic sharia.

The rule of Ghazan-Khan is one of the crucial reigns during the whole of the Ilkhanid era. Hisofficial conversion to Islam which was followed by many Mongols in Iran along with administrative, economic, cultural and social reforms are the main lines of his attempts which have been considered by contemporary historians and also the Ilkhanid researchers. These developments left him as a celebrated and highly capable king who created a relatively peaceful and flourishing period. In spite of this, it seems that in the last year of his rule the situation was different in many aspects. This matter with its details has been neglected in sources and so has remained ambiguous. During this year, Ghazan who was sick seriously lost most of his previous authority, therefore, the Ilkhanid government faced some important challenges and crises. This article is going to illustrate and analyze events in this last stage of Ghazan-Khan's reign and life. To do so, historical records from different sources, including the Ilkhanid and the Mamluk ones, are considered critically and comparatively. Consequently, this study presents a new view over the Ghazan Khans' rule especially in its last year. It also considers Ghazan Khan's death from a different angle.

Iranian Constitutional Movement or Mashruteh was an important, influential and fateful event in the history of Iran. The movement is usually considered a turning point from dictatorship to the rule of law. Thus the historians and analysts were expecting Iran to join the countries which, by establishing constitutional institutions, have established a civic society, however, no such thing happened and the constitutionalism encountered many conflicts. The reasons are numerous. In this essay—based on historical method and through rereading newspapers reports of the time—the conflict between the constitutionalists and their opponents and also the impact of this conflict on the establishment of a dictatorship will be studied.

The Khwarezmids, with an origin of slavery in their process of evolution, absorbed military elements with different origins and they tried to hire them, parallel to each other, by enforcing (power) from top to bottom. Despite limitations in the corps in their local government, even those small conflicts caused several revolts which delayed the Khwarezmids from growing and becoming a great power. But during the period of power, the structural conflicts of this dynasty were speeded up. In this article we are going to analyze and explain the influence of structural conflicts in the corps which was collapsed from inside – by the free use of the analytic conflict theory. The kingship of Mohammad of Khwarezm was challenged by government duality in the court and multiple conflicts in the corps – hierarchical conflicts, population composition, center and province. Moreover, the increasing influence and the totalitarian manner of Ghanghli Turkish, sponsored by the Queen, led the Khwarezmids to downfall and collapse. Inability to design suitable military tactics, failure to resist coherently and stably in front of Mongols and also the escape of Shah before the confrontation with the enemy – despite having several hundred thousands of corps – are the obvious signs of such a structural conflict.

The Christians were the largest religious minorities in the Sasanian period. Considering Sasanians as a government originated from Zoroastrian religious basis, the relationship between Sassanian court and the Christians can be considered a matter of significance. Due to aforementioned historical facts, this article begins with a review of the early days of Christianity and its correlation with Iran during Parthian period and then it is followed by a glance at the spread of Christianity in Sasanian era. Furthermore, the main aim of this article is to review the facts such as formalization of Christianity in Roman Empire, independence of Persian church from Rome, conflicts in Persian church, while studying their influence on the relationship between Sasanian court and the Christians in Iran. This article is based on reports of Syriac and Early Christian chroniclers and is supported by available evidence in Medieval Islamic sources. The method used in this historical survey is to analyze the collected data of written sources with a descriptive-analytical approach.