JOURNAL OF RURAL RESEARCH
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 (7)|Papers Count:7

Introduction Tourism is one of the most important issues of contemporary evolutions that with changes in land aspect, political situation, economic and cultural dimension creates different human life styles. Besides this is the most important factor in order to cultural exchange and familiarity with other nations from several dimensions (such as culture, nature, etc. …). Despite 20th century has finished, developing of some regions has faced with manifold problems and challenges. Because that previous strategies for developing of regions were not successful and could not solve many problems such as poverty, employment, hygiene, food security and environment sustainability.These guidelines also were not succeed in distribution of revenue that derived from growth and development and caused to manifold problems for different regions, especially the rural areas. One of the guidelines that recently has been considered in almost all of the countries in the world is developing the tourism industry in less developed regions and capable for developing tourism industry. Rural tourism is a kind of tourism industry that nowadays have prominent situation in tourism researches. The purpose of this research was investigation of the viewpoint (s) of related specialists, informed villagers and the community of tourists for codifying an applicable model for obstacles and problems of tourism industry in Charmahal -&- Bakhtiari (CH & B) province.

Introduction A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event which has negative effects on human lives. This negative effect is called a natural disaster.Natural Hazards (and the resulting disasters) are the out comes of naturally occurring processes that have operated throughout the history of Earth. The assessment of vulnerability at the community level is currently strongly evolving. Also participatory methods are seen as the way forward to act successfully at the local/community level. In order to carry out effective measures for risk reduction, information has to be available about the certain hazards that threaten a certain area, the elements at risk (population, buildings, infrastructure, economic activities) that are exposed to these hazards, the vulnerability of these elements at risk and an estimation on the expected losses. The concept of vulnerability has not been finally defined yet and the indicators and agreements on how to measure the "measurelss"es are still on its way. Natural hazards have always been among the most important problems in rural community and planning opposition and prevention from these disasters and their obnoxious effects had been among the long term goals of these communities. Risk Assessment involves not only the assessment of hazards from a scientific point of view, but also the socio-economic impacts of a hazardous event. Risk is a statement of probability that an event will cause x amount of damage, or a statement of the economic impact in monetary terms that an event will cause. Risk assessment involves: 1- hazard assessment, 2- location of buildings and other infrastructure in the areas subject to hazards, 3-potential exposure to the physical effects of a hazardous situation, 4- the vulnerability of the community when subjected to the physical effects of the event. Therefore Risk assessment helps the decision -makers and scientists to compare and evaluate potential hazards, set priorities on what kinds of mitigation are possible, and set priorities on where to focus resources and further study.

Introduction Youth, as constructors of the future community, play an important role in rural economy and agriculture of developing countries. Rural youth accounts for around 55% of the world youth population. It was estimated that by the year 2050, 700 million youth are in rural areas. They develop the skills, knowledge and attitudes that enable them to take an active role in society. But as is appropriate, programmers of rural and agricultural development do not pay attention to them. For this reason, the agricultural or rural) development projects at the appropriate level, have not been succeeded. This vast majority, is accounted as the potential capital of the villages development from the traditional status to active and economic sector. In youth age development in field of physical, cognitive and personality is remarkable.Thus, youth’s participation is important and necessary in social life. Notably, the participation of rural people, especially the young ones in planning agricultural development in our country haven’t much record. Family and social construction as an example pyramid of power, vertical social relations, low age of the youth village, and less confidence to this group prevents their effective participation in agricultural development. Without economic growth and food security, no development effort could be sustainable, and agricultural development is a critical catalyst for economic growth and poverty reduction. Experiences of different countries reflect the fact that broad participation of different age groups, especially youth, has acted an effective role in the development of rural agricultural community. So considering the age structure of population in our country and the importance of participation in agricultural development, necessity to recognize and examine the characteristics of these groups to participate in the development is specified.

Introduction A large number of development projects in developing countries focus on rural areas. Emerging global evidences suggest that while the sustainability is a crucial and independent dimension of development, it has most often been neglected when planning these projects in many developing countries, including Iran. These have been faced with numerous challenges such as a growing sense of rural households’ dissatisfaction, negative attitudes, and conflicts with the project, as well as unsustainability, and in many instances complete failure. In recent years, rural development projects in Iran and many developing countries have been criticized for their detrimental effects on various aspects, and unsustainability at large. Then, the impacts of these projects and their long-term future have emerged as major rural policy issues in recent year. In this regard, in line with the triple bottom line approach from sustainable development, the IRCs are of particular importance in considering the sustainability of rural development. The IRCs establish a range of rural development projects to alleviate poverty, unemployment, and an insufficient food supply. Although these projects were assumed to be beneficial for rural people, they often had unintended negative impacts on the environment and local communities. Therefore, the aims of this paper were twofold. First, to find out the performance of IRCs towards sustainable rural development; second, to determine factors that are most likely the key determinants of performances of the IRCs in Semirom county, Esfahan province, Iran.

Introduction Extended Tourism is one of the most important alternatives for developing societies. In addition to the economic benefits of tourism, the local communities achieve sustainable development through social and cultural benefit. Experiences of different regions in tourism development indicate that local communities should be the centres of planning and activities related to tourism. Today, rural areas are none developed and developing countries encounter several economic problems including poverty and unemployment. All development activities in these areas should lead to solve or reduce the mentioned problems. In recent years, there have been several tourism programs with entrepreneurial approaches, which have been designed and implemented. Tourism and entrepreneurship are placed among youth issues in scientific world. Undoubtedly, the appropriate integration of tourism and entrepreneurship can meet the needs of villagers in addition to ensure safety and optimal excursion for tourists. For applying entrepreneurial activity in a community, essential backgrounds and infrastructures should to be provided. Nowadays, this concept is called "entrepreneurial climate”. Entrepreneurial environment that includes all elements for an entrepreneurial business in a community is needed too.

Introduction The agricultural sector has always been the focal point of attentions in rural development. If we are convinced that agriculture plays a pivotal role in rural development, human resources are therefore the key elements to reach the goal of development. Among the valuable resources in agricultural discipline, are the graduated students of factures of agriculture across the country. While these graduates were in constant search for employment, the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (MAJ) proposed a semi-privatized extension approach using young agricultural graduates. They were supposed to be stationed in Rural Service Centers (RSC) and work under the supervision of government based extension agents as agricultural engineering and consulting firms (AECF). They were given extended pre-service training in addition to what they have already earned in college. Currently, there are 112 firms working as private extension agents with 1129 young engineers across Kermanshah Province.Moreover, in Islam-Abad–e-Gharb Township, there are approximately 10 AECFs with nearly 100 young engineers providing farmers with agricultural advice. Since their establishment in rural areas, their performance has been studied by different researchers. However, what is missing in the literature is what is expected of AECFs as perceived by farmers.

Introduction Despite the suitability of climatic conditions in this region, comparing the other ones, the rural population in Kurdistan hardly reaches to 350 persons. It seems that development of the villages in this province is directly related to natural constraints. Although many factors cause instability of the natural environment, this study discusses only about the factors that contribute to wide-spread instability in the area of environmental studies. Among the major objectives of the modern geographical approach understands the impacting rules of space based on the cause and effect principles. In perceptional environment, human being as the main element of the geographical space grants validity to all of the natural and cultural phenomena. Therefore, the geography of environmental perception has been established in order to explain the spatial relationships among phenomena. In a geographical structure, all phenomena are carefully interacting. The rate of interaction is not the same for all regions. Therefore, sometimes a geographic factor (or a collection of factors) implies more impacts in comparison to the other ones; and this leads to the environmental instability.