NAMEH-YE-MOFID
Year:2000 | Volume:6 | Issue:3 (23)|Papers Count:9

On this article, one of the most significant disturbances of social theory, namely the relation between individual values and collective choice in the process of structural adjustment has been examined. At first, the philosophical basis of the structural adjustment, which is just individualism, has been scrutinized and in the framework of methodology, the great and basic inaudibilities of assumptions scope and claims of classic and neo-classic viewpoint have been manifested. Then, on the experimental fields it has been shown that non-market factors which pay no attention to "Individual" and "Personal Interest" have a decisive role on the fate of developed countries.It has also been shown that apart from the experiment of industrial countries, with all points existed in the various areas of this experiment, guides of neo-classic and monetarism that have been organized in the structural adjustment program of these countries, due to "change of conditions", enjoy weak possibility for undeveloped countries.

The present article, in eight chapters, deals with one of the newest discourses on methodology of economics. After giving thanks to his colleagues in economics, the writer examines the rhetoric of economics as a disciplined conversation. Then, the official methodology of economics has been deliberated in this article. On next chapters, the paper suggests that modernism and unofficial rhetoric of economics are obsolete. That the rhetoric of economics is a literary and a metaphorical matter, and that the alternative to modernism is not irrationalism, and finally the good of rhetoric are the last discourses of it.

Public welfare, has been one of the societies most important economic projects, and only through distributive and economic growth policies we could gain public welfare. But is there any disagreement between economic growth and reduction of poverty.This subject is one of vast subjects in the literature of development. Done studies have found no meaningful link between economic growth and an incredible increase of poverty. So this question is jurisprudentially investigable: Can we act in a specific manner in economic growth but with results of increasing amount of poverty?Lots of scholars which have written paper in Islamic economy have recognized justice as an axiom (basic principle) and expect economic growth only when be in agreement with justice and reduction of poverty.In this essay there’s a great effort to study God’s ordinance on policies leading to an increase in poverty. I have presented the article using religious sources and following jurisprudential customary method.

One of principal steps of science researchers, especially in Islamic sciences is to clarify its theories and changeable factors because this clarification will result in an exact judgment of the authenticity of its theories and changeable factors. In most cases, if we don’t measure the effect of one changeable factor upon another by doing a test, we can neither have a scientific definition of a theory nor can we have a correct prediction of its future.Thus in this essay I have tried to study one of the Islamic economics changeable factor namely families religious expenses and by assessing its function we can identify the effective factors upon it and to identify the importance coefficient of its changeable factors.

To begin with, this article takes a brief look at the western concept of economy and how it developed then, it examines the debates and disputes among the economists on the distinction between positive as well as normative economics since its development and in this regard it gives a special emphasis to the role of values and value principles.After that the concept of economy in Islamic texts has been dealt with and it has been concluded that concepts such as scarcity, choice, and scarce resources management which underlie the current definitions of economics can be inferred from them.With regard to Shahid Sadr’s view that there is a distinction between the economics and an economic school of thought and that Islam has an economic school of thought rather than economics, it reflects the same futile distinction between normative and positive. Acknowledging the difference between a school of thought and a science, the article concludes that the economic school of Islam can and should orient the economics and Muslem economists and provide them with the necessary guidelines.

Islam, being a comprehensive religion, provides numerous, obligatory and voluntary distributive measures and strategies such as Zakat, Zakat-al-fitr, inheritance, obligatory maintenance to poor relatives, Manihe, etc., in order to prevent the concentration of wealth in few hands and to guarantee the fulfillment of basic needs and minimum level of life for all of citizens. The paper discusses these measures thoroughly and examines the efficiency of Islamic system of distribution and redistribution of income, wealth and other resources in eliminating poverty and reducing the gaps between the rich and the poor.

This analytical article studies Islamic punishment Philosophy in three sexual crimes:adultery, lesbianism, pederasty. Probing into mothers like, criminalization basis, ruling system on legal evidence and a survey on punishment abolition will clarify that although Islam has put a great emphasis on intrinsic indecency of these crimes and moral responsibility for its criminals, there has been also a great persistence on prevention and keeping them as a secret.The main emphasis goes on rehabilitation of criminal and his/her repentance. However, purposes like public or private deterrence, justice, victim restoration has not.

Reality of time is one of the most beautiful and meanwhile the most complicated subjects on Philosophy. In order to scrutinize this matter, the philosopher, since a Long time ago, would resort to natural sciences and at present, it would be impossible to discuss it seriously without help of physics findings. This article has a glimpse at selected viewpoints posed during the compiled history of philosophy about reality of time and with regard to conclusions drawn from the new physics theories, tries to make the degree of our insight towards the nature of time clear to some extents.

Martin Heidegger is one of the few philosophers who had philosophical meditations of technology and had stepped beyond appearances and tried to discover "the spirit of the new technology" and its existential foundations in his lessen - monologue - entitled "an inquiry about technology" Technology as a human instrument, "to attain the nature of technology is not technological at all," he wants to separate the nature of technology from its appearances.In this lesson, "monologue" he explains the relation of technology and reality and considers it a kind of exploration of reality.An aggressive exploration which whole changes the human’s view of the whole world and every thing appears to him as a deposit resource which is ready to be possessed and reserved as he says:Now the air is invaded in order to expose its Nitrogen. The earth is invaded in order to expose its minerals and mineral are invaded as a resource of Uranium and Uranium as a source of energy. For Heidegger the emergence of technology is a kind revelation of reality for the modern man which changes his view to everything in the world.