JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Year:2015 | Volume:15 | Issue:37|Papers Count:16

Agricultural sector has an important role in development of countries. One of the obstacles to development in this sector, especially in Iran issignificant fragmentation of agricultural lands. The aim of this study is toassess the farmers’ willingness to participate in land consolidation projectusing structural equation modeling. The population of this study consistsof all farmers of Meymeh County and its surrounding cities and villagesand Niloofar-Abi cooperative of Vazvan city. Data were collected on asample of 156 farmers through face-to-face interviews based on acomprehensive structured questionnaire. Before the survey, the reliabilityand validity of questionnaire was initially evaluated on a pre-test studyrespectively by using Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient, expert’ s judgmentand Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) criteria. The results of this study showthat the most important factors on farmers' willingness to participationare crop acreage and number of plots which respectively has the greatestpositive and negative effect. The awareness of the farmers about benefitof consolidation project is another factor which has significant andpositive impact on farmers' willingness. Furthermore, level of farmersschooling has no significant effect.

Climate control centers in each area are diverse and understanding howthey relate to the atmospheric components of the Earth's surface contributesto prediction of climate fluctuations. In this study, by using Pearson'scorrelation and multivariate regression in a thirty-year period (1961-2010), the relationship between widespread rainfall anomalies in entire of Iran westwith temperature and pressure of atmospheric centers in East and West ofMediterranean Sea in 5 atmospheric levels (SLP, 850, 500 and 300 Hpa)were analyzed and modeled. Based on the results, the correlation ofatmospheric control centers in the East and West Mediterranean Sea withanomalies of rainfall in West of Iran is inverse and meaningful in 95% level. In this study, statistical indicators such as temperature differences andstandardized pressure between West and East Mediterranean sea wereidentified as the most important indicators in relation to changes of rainfallin the study area. Based on the designed indicators, whenever indicators DTand DH is positive, this means higher temperature and higher atmosphericstandardized pressure in the Western parts of Mediterranean sea in comparewith its East and therefore the wet spells (Monthly) occur in the study area, and If the above mentioned index is negative, means that the occurrence ofdrought in West Iran. As for the indicators introduced for lower levels of theatmosphere, especially in the case of temperature, meaningful strong anddirect correlation is seen with rainfall abnormalities in entire West of Iran. Modeling provided some indicator for Mediterranean region usingmultivariate regression that they showed a relatively strong correlation inthis regard of the selected components that include the pressure difference insea level, the temperature difference in 925 and 850 hPa levels in the West(Compared to its East) Mediterranean Sea. Also check the regression modelusing real data confirm the accuracy of the relative performance of themodel.

Arasbaran is one of most important regions in terms of agriculture, economics and tourism in northwest of Iran that it usually receives themost yearly spring precipitation. To recognize the synoptic patterns ofthe 500 hpa, geopotential height data were driven for coordinates 00-70 ˚ E and 15-65˚ N in rainy springs (1972-1976-1979-1981-1986). Toselect the most important component using principal componentsanalysis, a matrix S mode with dimensions 386×610 was used. Theresults showed that more than 92% of the total variance can beexplained by 13 components. After clustering procedure on the 13components, six circulation patterns were obtained. In 5 cases of theextracted patterns, there's a really high center of east Mediterraneanand south east Europe, the most important component was detectedduring the wet spring. Other major factors will be referred to the shortwaveatmospheric middle level that at this time of year is usuallyactive between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea and cause wetperiods in spring in this area. The systems accompanying low activecenters of located in Central Asia and their short waves bringinstability and precipitation in the spring to this area.

The subject of the study is to analysis nrtttap of Mahabad Riverchannel. This area is located on the south of Uromia Lake. Rapidchanging of its channels nrtttap is an important characteristic whichthe evaluation of these characteristics is necessary to anyimplementation of development projects. For this purpose, themorphological changes of river channel were recognized by the arealphotographices and satellite imageduring different times periods. Therelationship between effective variables on the channel pattern suchas, discharge, slope, stream power, stream bank clay content andwidth of bed, and observed pattern changes were analyses. The resultsshowed that formation of braising channels could be the result ofaccumulation of bank coarse materials and increasing of width todepth ratio. The nrtttap of the river changed to sinuosity at thedownside of braiding channel. The increased discharge and more riverbank resistance due to high clay content caused to river patternchanged from breading to sinocity. In the distance between Mahabaddam at the upstream and diversion dam at the downstream, the rivernrtttap was changed to Anabaranching. Assessment and comparisonof Arial photographs before and after of Mahabad dam constructionrevealed that these types of channels were developed recently. Reduction of peak flows and sediment deposition in the channel as theresult of dam construction, prepared the essenssial conditions to formAjjjjfjjnabrancing

Geographical space is the result of combination of Physical and contentstructure elements which becomes apparent in the form of humanstructures. Outside the elements of the physical space and intellectualfunctioning, with the mindset and aspirations of people in space, isrelatively straightforward. The external and Function of elementsphysical space and thoughts have Connected with Beliefs and ideals theinhabitants of the space. Selected space issues related to the allocationand layout of the elements of Physical Space so that space residents try toconnect these elements with the divine and supernatural In order to beprovided for their physical and spiritual needs. Traditionally build anddevelop such a space has Directed to actions and manners of people. Selected space has a manifestation in ancient Iranians myths and ideaswhere khonires is located in the center of the seven continents and Iranvijis its center. Centrality of the universe and the AhuraMazdas creatures aretwo characteristics of Iranvij. This space is a small picture of a universethat has divine and eternal attributes. The required data are gathered bylibrary method and research method and methodology of texts arenarrative and chronologically. The result showed that most of thethinking ways of this period is from the principle of Aš a or Arta belief asa cosmic order. This case about Iranian Artashahr represents monotheismlogic at least from a practical perspective. In ancient Persia ideas andmyths, noble and valuable of selected territory and space is long lastingIn connection with the supernatural and divine.

Attention to housing and planning in line with sustainable developmentin the framework for planning national and regional is to our use of theknowledge and techniques of programming, existing situation and issuesrelated to it is made clear that. To the main goal this research study andthe analysis of the most tiresome effective in planning housingclassification level and province of the country based on. This is adescriptive method of research-analysis. Collecting data with the use ofthe results of the census and public housing in 1390 and resources libraryand documents and evidence have been done. The index of the study, 27indicators inclusive of housing is a little bit you returned home Modelsbased on regional planning (Multi-criteria decision analysis Vikor) hasbeen analyzed. Using a factor analysis technique, these four factors weretotal 91/18 % of the variance explained Calculation of productivity. Theprovinces have indices using vikor. Based on this classification level, Esfahan(Zero coefficient), Golestan(Zero), Tehran(zero), East Azerbaijan(0/079 coefficient) in first to fourth levels are very Brkhordar AndSemnan provinces(0/87), Ardabil(0/88), Sistan and Baluchistan(0/90), Bushehr(0/90), Lorestan(0/91), Hormozgan(0/91), Mahal Bakhtiari(0/92), Kohkiluyeh &Bourahmd(0/94), Qom(0/94), North Khorasan(0/96)and Elam(1), Respectively, and thelastlevelsvery brkhordar havetheleast.

Variation of snow cover area (SCA) in small to large scale catchment can bestudied using MODIS snow products on daily to monthly time step since theyear 2000. However, one of the major problems in applying the MODIS snowproducts is cloud obscuration which limits the utilization of these products. Inthe current study, variation of SCA was investigated in Karoun basin, westernpart of Iran, using MODIS 8-day snow cover product (MOD10A2). More overin order to overcome the cloud barrier in application of snow cover products, asimultaneous employment of the images from both MODIS optical sensor andAMSR-E microwave sensor was recommended. Meeting our target, thecombination of MODIS and AMSR-E daily images was exercised to accomplishsnow cover area in daily interval and afterwards, a comparison was madebetween the result and those which had been obtained by the sole utilization ofeither of them while the weather had been either cloudy and not been overcast. Validation of snow cover gained by combined images was additionallycompared with the discharge of one of the catchments existing in Karoun basin. The results demonstrate that regardless of the fact that microwave data, featuringa coarse spatial resolution, can penetrate the cloud cover, on average, AMSR-Eimages approximately show 16% more snow cover in comparison to MODISimages. The results also illustrate that the correlation existing between snowcover rate of AMSR-E and MODIS images during cloudless days, the differenceof average snow cover area decreases from 16% to 5%. Moreover, the upshot ofvalidation by the exercise of daily discharge data indicates that by possessing acorrelation coefficient of 0. 66, the correlation of snow cover and discharge incombined images features a higher accuracy in comparison to MODIS imageswith a correlation coefficient of 0. 55.

Sustainable development is an environmental concept appropriate to ourera that nowadays in all of economic, social, environmental and physicalspatialaspects is considered and focused by everyone. In these times, globalorganizations that are working around the issues of sustainable development, emphasis on rural sustainable development, which seeks to improve ruralliving standards and welfare of the inhabitants of the villages, because atpresent time, the procedure of socio– economic variations accompanied byincreasing migration of human groups is led to evacuation of villages. Withattention to the importance of the subject and the increasing instability of thevillages, present study was done for determining the effective factors onrural instability and measuring the intensity of this instability in Kaki Districtof Dashti Township. The research method is descriptive-analytical in whichwhole inhabited villages of Kaki District of Dashti Township were surveyed. In this regard, according to the number of households living in villages andusing the Cochran formula, 255 questionnaires were calculated forquestioning and these questionnaires have been completed in the villages inproportion to the population of each village. In these questionnaires, 34indicators related to the four dimensions of sustainable development(environmental, social, economic and physical-spatial) are considered. Inorder to determining instability intensity of the villages and their spatialanalysis, is used AHP method in Expert Choice and ArcGIS software. AlsoSPSS software is used for statistical analysis. The results show that at thepresent time, all villages have various degrees of instability. In this regard, 65. 8 percent of these villages have severe or very severe instability.

Precipitation is one of the most intractable elements. Therefore, understanding its oscillatory behavior is the requirements of environmentalplanning (awareness of overt and covert behavior), this is the key variable. Spectrum and trend analysis techniques are the suitable methods tounderstand the visible and invisible behavior for the extraction and analysisof climate oscillations with different wave lengths. The size range of thedistribution variance across all wave lengths may provide time series. In thisstudy, data from 37 stations Heleh and Mond watershed (both rain andsynoptic) from its inception until 2011, who had over 30 years of data, toanalyze the cycle of annual rainfall, interest has been taken. Accordingly, inthe first step the polynomial modeling was evaluated to identify trends inannual precipitation (linear or quadratic pattern) in the study area. Then, using by spectral analysis on this basis, the annual precipitation priodogramsin 95 percent for each of stations were estimated and meaningful cycles ofthe time series were extracted. According to the results of this study, it wasfound that the annual rainfall in all stations in the basin, has decreased are, and among 11 stations according to the statistical significance, follow of thelinear and quadratic pattern, which implies a reduction in annual rainfall ofstations. It also was cleared that the significant 2-3, 3-10 and 10 years cycleswere more common in the study area. So that the cycles of 2-3 years wasmost repeated in the annual rainfall time series.

The aim of this study is synoptic analysis of heavy precipitations in KurdistanProvince during 1/1/1961 to 31/12/2010(18263days). By using two thresholds ofextensively and intensity of precipitation, 107 days have been recognized. Intemporal view, the selected days occurrences in wet seasons of year that startfrom October to June. By applying the principle component analysis on the sealevel pressure during the 107 days, the results showed that 12 componentsexplain about 93 percent of sea level pressure variation. The results of theapplying cluster analysis on the component score showed that two circulationpatterns result in occurrence of extreme and heavy precipitations in Kurdistanprovince. In order to recognize heavy precipitation in dry season (June toOctober), the area mean precipitation for the province have been calculated. According to the 99 percentile threshold and extensively of precipitation theheavy phenomena recognized. By two thresholds 32 days selected and same asto the wet season precipitation the sea level pressure data from NOAA extracted. The data analyzed by Principle Component Analysis and 11 componentsextracted that explain the 93 percent of variation sea level pressure in the framestudy. By doing cluster analysis on the 11 components, one pattern recognizedfor the sea level pressure. The results showed that in lower atmospheric levels(1000, 925 and 850 hpa) occurred highest convergence on the study regionduring wet season. The source of humidity in the lower levels is Arabian, Red, Oman, Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Seas. In the high level atmosphere, thevalue of convergence is low. The sources of humidity in high levels atmosphereare Red and Mediterranean Seas. In the mid-level atmosphere (500 hpa) thepresence of trough results in nutrition of the instability on the study region. Alsoduring dry season, the highest moisture flux convergence occurred in the lowlevels but the resource of the moisture is Caspian Sea. In the upper levels (from700 hpa to up) in addation to Caspian Sea, Mediterranean and Red sea are theresource of heavy precipitations.

Housing enjoys a multilateral functioning in the rural system. One of theaspects highlighted by planning system is the renewal and rehabilitation ofhousing. In our country, Iran, development of rural housing has experienceda growing trend, especially in the physical and structural aspects. However, alarge part of the rural population in different areas of the country is living innon-resistant and less durable housing. This article attempts to analyze thespatial distribution and quality of rural housing in the country. In this articleit is tried to address and analyze the spatial distribution of quality andconstruction of rural housing in various provinces in the country. The datawas derived from document studies. The quality of rural housing in 9 indiceshas been measured for each province of the country. Data has been analyzedusing VIKOR method for the multi-criteria decision analysis. Finally, theclassification of provinces based on the construction and quality of ruralhousing was conducted using K cluster analysis in SPSS and output wasdrawn in GIS as a map. The results showed that there is a significantdifference and distinction in the types of materials used in the ruralsettlements. Such that a significant percentage of the houses are made out ofbricks, iron and stone that somehow confirms the durability and normalquality. In terms of spatial and local distribution it can also be said that thequality of rural housing in most of the provinces (i. e. 24 provinces) are inlow-quality, medium and/or appropriate levels. Meanwhile, only threeprovinces of Mazandaran, Azerbaijan Sharghi and Kerman enjoy theexcellent quality in rural housing construction.

Trees can record long-term effects of climate variables. Usingdendroclimatology knowledge, we can reconstruct such variablesespecially for areas which have short-term climatic data. For thispurpose, we reconstructed the temperature degree of the warm months(May-September) through annual rings width of Quercus persica andregression analysis of data obtained from stations on Dena region. With this goal in mind, three growth heights were selected in DenaForests and 52 growth samples from 26 bases were extracted and theirgrowth rings width were measured with LINTAB5 with an accuracyof 0. 01 mm. After cross dating stage, to eliminate non-climate effects, May to September temperature average and tree rings time series werestandardized. The Residual Chronology (RES) calculated byARSTAN was calibrated with temperature degree of the period 1882-2011 and its positive and significant correlation with the width ofgrowth rings was confirmed. Based on the relations between thecalculated chronology and joint statistical temperature degree data, thereconstruction of temperature degree of the warm seasons for over acentury was performed and it was found that in the last three decades, region's average temperature of May to September had an increase incomparison to the average of the previous century.