Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2020 | Volume:24 | Issue:93|Papers Count:9

Iran is a cradle of a thousand years old civilization, and one of the most important means of preserving the identity of this civilization is its art and culture, especially handmade carpets. One of the most critical issues of the carpet industry is the demand forecast. Identifying the factors affecting the sale of handmade carpets, such as understanding the current and future needs of the customer, the characteristics of consumers, income of customers, the price of handmade carpets, advertising and marketing, e-commerce and setting up exhibitions is one of the most critical approaches to the market aspect of this art, which has been neglected. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the market factors of Iranian handmade carpets, which is why the market for this product has been studied in Isfahan. At first, the effective components of the sale of handmade carpets were identified. Then, due to the internal relations between these components, using the fuzzy network analysis method, these factors were ranked based on the degree of influence on the number of handmade carpet sales. The importance of the primary and secondary criteria has been quantitatively analyzed, and the effectiveness of these factors has been identified on the supply and demand of this commodity. The results indicate that the price of handmade carpet and carpet authenticity has the most significant impact on the sale of handmade carpets.

The development of technology has led to the development of e-commerce by creating new tools for the transfers in financial markets. The most recent tool used in the financial market is the Blockchain and Smart Contracts. The research, with the development of a documentary methodology, seeks to answer the question of whether Smart contracts are legally valid contracts and what usefulness do they have, if considered valid, in financial markets? Smart contracts are contracts that are based on artificial intelligence under the control of the Blockchain, based on digital Cryptocurrencies. These contracts are considered to be in accordance with the general rules of contracts and are deemed valid under the principle of contractual freedom, due to the lack of approval of specific laws in different legal systems. . The study, by studying the United States’ comparative legal system, seeks to highlight the use of smart contracts and the Blockchain Ledger in financial markets, the transfer of various tokens, transparency and security in exchanges in capital markets, The sale of tokenized securities, syndicated loans, cash equities and leveraged loan trading. also, creating these contracts in the blockchain ledger has created transparency in supply chain management exchanges and the prevention of financial mismanagement.

The three-dimensional multiple bin-size bin packing problem (MBSBPP) has many applications in logistic problems. Efficiently modeling and solving this problem can reduce time and transportation costs. In this paper we considered a spare parts company in Iran. We constructed a mathematical model of the problem. The Algorithm is then tested on some instances using GAMS software. Also a heuristic algorithm is developed. The results show that this heuristic is effective in both measures, cost and problem run-time. For obtaining best fleet composition, a simulation is performed. Cost of each scenario is calculated and finally best scenario is suggested for implementation.

According to economic theory, it is expected that by increasing import, competition for domestic enterprises increase and to maintain market share, they carry out innovative and R&D activities. So, in this study, the effect of import competition on R&D in Iran’ s manufacturing industries was investigated. For this purpose, the Data from Iranian manufacturing was used in the form of four-digit ISIC codes for the period of 1994-2013. The results of model estimation based on dynamic panel data by SYSGMM approach showed import increase reduces R&D activities in the industry. Also, despite the fact that profiitebilty of industries has a negative impact on R&D activities, import increase in high-profit industries lead to R&D activities increase. In addition, the results indicate that R&D activates in industries with human capital and large firm is more, and import increase also encourages R&D activities in these industries.

This study is an empirical research that examines the firm-specific factors that affect the export performance of SMEs in Iran. The statistical population includes active exporter manufacturing firms based on the census of the Statistical Center of Iran. Due to missing data, 1169 manufacturing firms were selected as the final sample of this study. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multivariate regression methods were used to analyze the data. The results suggest that smaller, privately owned companies have better export performance. Also, the level of technology and capital intensity do not affect the export performance of small and medium-sized businesses. The findings of the research indicate the effect of staff skills and their degree of education on export performance. Research and development (R&D) and product diversity also have an effect on export performance. The results show that manufacturing companies with a few numbers of products have better performance in export.

Globally, we are moving towards stronger Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have become an integral part of the regulatory system and they are included in investment, regulations and trade policies. It is now important to understand the linkage between them. For a long time, the practical relevance of the IP and investment overlap seemed negligible. Since 2010 however, cases are emerging where international investment protection functions to challenge host state measures that negatively affect IP rights. In the following, this article discusses the main disputes where investors litigate their IP rights in international arbitration proceedings against a foreign state.

Mine is a place where metals and stones with economic values has been accumulated. Any harvesting operation requires a license from the industry, mine and trade Organization. Due to the importance of mines the legislator by the deterrent legislation should seek to prevent the illegal exploitation of mines, unfortunately, this procedure is not coherent and it shows illegal exploitation of mines The illegal exploitation of mines has always been a major challenge for the country, therefore, it is important to resort to pre-emptive ways. According to the teachings of criminology, applying various forms of social and situational prevention can also play an important role in controlling the illegal exploitation of the mines. Education and awareness, promotion of popular and situation culture, including measures of social prevention and control measures applying in its aspects, are among the situational prevention strategies that can be used to reduce the incidence of illegal exploitation of mines.

Customer satisfaction (CS) is known as one of the main elements in quality management and certificates which requires continuous monitoring of CS. Ofogh Kourosh (OK) chain stores corporation was founded in 2010 defining CS as one item in its long-run strategy. This study aims at measurement of CS and identification of its drivers in OK chain stores in Tehran province. Data is gathered through interview with 750 random selected customers. Also, structural equation modeling is adopted for data analysis. After estimation of different model specifications, perceived quality of products and services, perceived value and image were known as main drivers of CS. Main results revealed statistical significance of all path coefficients except perceived quality of services. However, this variable affects indirectly on CS through perceived value and image. These last two variables with estimated coefficients of 0. 43 and 0. 18, have highest effect on CS. Meanwhile, complaints with influence impact at 0. 4 plays important role in shaping customer loyalty. This renders loyalty as a means of advertisement.

Today, the development of countries is measured by the index of economic freedom. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the guarantees of economic freedom in the Iranian public law system through focusing on article 44 of the Constitution, the enforcing general policies of article 44 of the constitution and the laws of the First to Sixth Development Palns. The research results show that the regulations related to economic freedom suffer from numerous shortcomings, such as efficiency and proportionality in the rule of law. In addition, misunderstandings and misconceptions about the concept of privatization have adversely affected the competition policies, as a potential guarantee of the economic freedom, and left them to open interpretation. Also, coupled with the possibility of expropriation in order to maintain the public interests without compensation in the Constitution, ownership, as one of the classical principles of public economic rights and its supportive connection with the guarantees of the economic freedom, is being neglected in Iran's public law system. The present study will provide viable solutions to address the mentioned shortcomings