History of Islam and Iran
Year:2019 | Volume:29 | Issue:41 (131)|Papers Count:8

Salamiyah as a part of Syria was coquered in the era of Omar ibn Khattab. This city has been one of Homs's subsidiaries. The inhabitants of this city by the Abbasid period have always been Christians. Therefore, it can be said that the beginning of the history of Salamiyah as an Islamic city refers to the Abbasids era. In this regard, there are various reports in historical and Geographical sources about this city, which is often short and without details. Meanwhile, the reports of the Istitar Al-Imam as an Ismaili historiographical source and Mu'jam al-Buldan, in the history of the emergence of Salamiyah are important. In this paper, we attempt to rewrite the history of the emergence of Salamiyah as an Islamic city by comparing the reports of these two books. This research, using a genealogical approach, shows that Salamiyah as an Islamic city was established by Abdullah b. Saleh ibn Ali in 150 AH (coincided with the period of the Abbasid caliph, Al-Mansour).

Student movements, including the impact circumstances of historical developments in contemporary Iranian society were in interior and out of the country. With the formation Tudeh party and formed the national movement this movement was increasingly affected by left movement and the oil nationalization movement. In the beginning of fourthies, Iranian students formed in Western Europe and America a confederation of different trends, Tudeh party, the National Front, and currents of the Islamic organize for plans protest against government. Italy was among the countries faced with the expansion of cultural relations with Iran and the dispatch of a large number of Iranian students. The influence of Marxist party, Communists and socialist in Italy, Iranian students residing in Italy is strongly influenced by it. The present study in a descriptive – analytical manner, is about to notice the activities of students abroad, their formation and how to organize associations and political organizations, student activists in Italy examined and to explain the activities of the pro-Iranian students of the leftist movement and other national and Islamic movements in Italy. research findings show that despite the willingness of Nationalist and Islamist tendencies among Iranian students in Italy due to the support of the communist parties of the country and the influence of the Tudeh party many students with left trends attracted confederation and numerous activities and programs carried out with formation of students’ organizations and associations against the Pahlavi regime in Italy.

A lot has been said about ‘ Ashura. That's the question what equipment and weapons were used in that event. It seems like these weapons was not common in Medina and Mecca. This article using historical method is trying to show how these weapons were. The name of the equipment, such as the beam, the sword, the spear, is abundant in the Hussein’ s camp. Based on historical sources this article has noticed different aspects of this problem and is about to show that Hussain ibn Ali and his companions from Medina, only had weapons such as swords, common in traveling at that time. Other weapons were brought to the battle by those who joined them later.

The policy of resettlement of nomadic tribes was a structural and infrastructural plan that Reza Shah made in order to renovate the social life and to have a centralized government in the administration of the society. He prepared this plan with the help of the nationalist political elites and applied it by the army. Now the question is that due to the incompatibility between the policy of centralization and the traditional structure of the nomadic life, what kind of mechanisms the government used to apply the plan of the resettlement of nomadic tribes. This research proposes that the government used specific programs to execute the plan of the resettlement of the nomadic tribes. These programs included getting commitments from the heads of the nomadic tribes to exert their influence on the nomadic tribes and preparing dwellings and jobs for them to illustrate the way of their new life. This descriptiveanalytic approach using historical documents, achieved these results: ignoring their tribes, the use of force is to implement the program, establishment of the tribes in undesirable places, the lack of implementation of proper enforcement agents after the accommodation, lack of supervision, and economic losses due to the loss of animals found limited success.

The Prophet's (pbuh) battles have been the subject of many researches. This research, by its own part, seeks to study Ghazawat and compare it with the first Jihad of the Prophet Muhammad, the jihad for the development and extension of Islam, to present a realistic picture of the Prophet's diplomacy against his enemies and their engagement with non-Muslims. Some of the Historians and their followers, some of the jurists, introduced many of the Prophet's wars for the purpose of developing Islam, and therefore allowed preemptive military actions in their diplomacy. They consider the main jihad in Islam as the primary jihad and believe that the means of war can be used to force non-Muslims into Islam. In this research, it has been attempted to analyze the factors and motivators of the Prophet (pbuh) from entering military actions and the role of jihad in the development of Islam, along with a historical review of the documentation of the jurists on elemental jihad. It seems that the historical evidencees cited by the jurists in the form of primary jihad could be ruled out and the Prophet's approach to Jihad was merely a defensive approach, and he has introduced manners, such as peacefulness, justice, peaceful engagement with other nations, and promotion of the content of Islam as the ways of passing Islam.

However, in the sources of the regine of Shah Abbas II Safavid, such as Abbas Nameh and Ghesas Al-Khaqani is spoken of the rule of favorable social conditions, as a result of justice, during the Safavid king's regine. But the investigation of the circumstances and social conditions of this era are characterized, Using survival bias theory, that the measures taken by the Safavid king, especially the broad program of the conversion of Mamalek States to the government's Khalesjat, had not succeeded in securing public interest and social welfare, especially in the masses of the people, in the various provinces who were subject to this change and developments, had suffered a lot. In fact, the disruption of the economic and social structure of the realm, which were the fields of disadvantages and anomalies for the Safavid citizens, caused the elites and scholars of this period, especially those who relied on some principles of secularism, such as secondary laws, to cooperate with the Safavid regime, with the aim of solving; and The chapters of the problems that had arisen had come up with some solutions, among them the Rozatol al-Anwar Abbasi was written by Mohaghegh Sabzevari, in the form of a recipe, The work of the government and the statement has been the culmination of these strategies, and the author has tried to legitimize the position of Shiite thought in the Safavid rule as the rule of the Imam's Absence. The author, with the desire to realize an ideal state, has been trying to warn the Safavid king by referring to this book, to regulate his governing behaviors based on the principles and principles of the pathological and philosophical approach. This article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, has studied the Rozatol al-Anwar Abbasi, with the aim of explaining Sabzevari’ s thoughts.

Perhaps the most obvious distinction between new school and old school was letting girls to enter them. Girls' education in the traditional system was at home and limited to certain families. In this way, literate and enlightened women were only home-grown. With the creation and expansion of new schools, there was no limit to this, and at least theoretically, the way of learning was opened to them. Before the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty, the development and extension of modern schools in Kurdistan and Kermanshah was quantitatively and qualitatively lower than the national average. After the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty and the growing trend in the development of schools in these areas, despite the initial opposition and resistance, the gradual adoption of the school was gradually taking place. Despite the fact that the training of women in these areas was a long and difficult path, the results of the research show that the girls' entry to schools in these areas has always been ascending. This study is to investigate the changes in Kurdish girls' education and explain the contribution of social, economic, cultural and political considerations through a descriptive-analytical method.

There are various narrations and reports about certain companions of Imam Sajjad (a) in Imamiyyah hadith and biographical evaluations (Rijal sources). On the basis of these narrations, some scholars grant this group of companions a special position and status in the history of Imamiyyah hadith. The question is to what extent are these reports in accordance with historical facts? And can these distinctive characteristics which gives them a distinguished status be proved, if we assess these narrations in comparison to other beliefs and narrations? According to existent reports, the authenticity of these reports could not be accepted, because historical data do not support their content. By examining various Shiite and Sunni sources, this article studies the interactions and relationships of this group of companions with Imam al-Sajjad (a) and also their position in the Imamiyya hadith collections. It is showed that aforementioned narrations could not solely provide a proof for a companion's reliability and unique status in the history of Imamiyya school of thought.