JOURNAL OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC PERIOD HISTORY (JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES) (TABRIZ)
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:20|Papers Count:6

The history and genealogy of clans and tribes is one of the most important historical and social issues of Iran. There is a deep disagreement about the genealogy and historical past of Gharagozlous, a tribe that inhabited in Hamadan in the past. There is not enough information to the question when and how and from which tribe of Torks they were branched. There are huge disagreements in the studies done on their origin and genealogy. This research, based on an explanatory and interpretive method, seeks to find a documented and reasoned response to their history and genealogy by examining and critiquing different views on the origins of the Gharagozlous. The results showed that during the Seljuk period the Gharagozlou tribes branched out into tribes independent of the Bigdeli tribe. This tribe as Aghoz Torks entered Iran plateau from Turkestan.

The arrival of modernity in Iran is the beginning of a debate on the nature of government and its impact on Iran's backwardness. Iran's defeat of Russia during the two wars deepened this idea. The emergence of reformist and intellectual figures during this period was a reaction to this. However, depending on how these people came to know and interact with Western modernity, their understanding of the nature of modern government and the shortcomings of government in Iran varied. Based on a descriptive-analytical method and using Michel Foucault's theory of governance, the present paper examined Majd al-Molk's understanding of the nature of modern government in his work entitled Kashf al-Gharaeb. This work is one of the first critical works in the Qajar era. The findings of this study showed that Majd al-Molk has criticized the nature of traditional government in Iran in the form of criticism of the monarchy, the inefficiency of agents, and the inefficiency of government institutions. But his approach is mostly negative and does not provide an alternative paradigm for the monarchy. His understanding is more about the rule of law, separating the legislature from the executive, and trying to emphasize the concept of nation versus slavery. Little reference is made to democracy.

The main issue of this article is to explain the effects of agricultural commercialization on the social and economic structure of Western Iran during the first Pahlavi period. The article seeks to illustrate the implications of commercial agricultural development in Western Iran. The research method is qualitative. Data was collected from archives of library documents and sources based on a purposive sampling. Grounded Theory is used to analyze the data. Based on the Grounded Theory, the researcher breaks down the defaults and creates new orders from the raw data. The findings showed that increasing international market demand for the commercial products and significant profit margins for commercial crops (such as opium and beet) compared to wheat and barley planting were the major factors in changing the pattern of crop planting and the development and evolution of commercial agriculture in Western Iran. The commercialization of agriculture was a major factor in shifting macro-government policies from "distribution" to "production. " This process resulted in the collapse of the tribal system, the collapse of the rural master system, and the development of urbanization. Also, agricultural polarization and the development of capitalist agriculture along with the specialized knowledge of land use, increasing the value of individual labor and agricultural machinery had been other implications of agricultural commercialization in Western Iran.

The first Iranian social-democratic organizations and groups entered the political arena in the late thirteenth century. One of the important factors in the formation and establishment of these organizations was the growth of socialist tendencies and its spread among Iranians. It was influenced by the immigration to Russia and the Caucasus. In this regard, the Democratic Party of Iran, as one of the parties, influencing by the ideas of Russian social democracy and the ideas of Karl Kautsky, formulated its own statute and officially began its activity in the second National Assembly. Therefore, it is important to examine the political stylistics of this party. The present study attempts to answer these questions by using descriptive-analytical methods. To what extent has the Iranian Democratic Party succeeded in democratizing Iranian society? Or what factors caused the party to fail to achieve its goals and plans in the community? The results of this study showed that there were internal and external causes. The inconsistency in the statute of the Democratic Party with the economic, social, political and cultural conditions of Iran as the internal causes, and the interference of some countries like Russia and Britain as the external causes had prevented the Party from achieving its main goals. However, so far no research has addressed the political stylistics of the Democratic Party of Iran from this perspective.

The inscriptions in the Islamic buildings were chosen according to the need of the time and the use of the building. The social developments played an important role in selecting the text for the inscriptions in the Islamic period. The ninth century (AH)/ / 15th Century (AD) is very important from the perspective of the social changes that have taken place in Iran. The emergence of the Qara Qoyunlus Turkmens in the ninth century (AH) led to the rise of Shiite tendencies in the Iranian society and ultimately paved the way for the Shiite officialization in Iran. Although the majority of scholars have considered the Qara Qoyunlus to be Shiites, the Qara Qoyunlus' attitude to the issue of religion and their performance has caused controversy and has always been a subject of discussion among the scholars. Despite these tendencies, the Qara Qoyunlus had a Sunni capital. Tabriz (the capital of the Qara Qoyunlus) and the region of Azerbaijan in general, were the major centers of gathering of some of the Sufis sects and the main center for Horofieh's activity in this century. The discovery and decoding of the two inscriptions answers the doubts about the sect of Qara Qoyunlus, and scrutinizes their Shiite tendencies on the base of newly found and previous documents. The research showed that they had no deep Shi'ite tendencies and had been tolerant in religious affairs. Probably it was due to the religious and social developments of their origin-Anatolia. This indicates the depth of Sufi activity in Azerbaijan. According to one of these inscriptions, it should be acknowledged that Jahan Shah was seeking to build a mosque and a complex such as the Samarkand (Rigestan) and Bukhara complexes, which were later imitated by Agh Qoyunlus in Saheb Abad Square. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected using documents and field study.

World War II led Iran to engage in global events unwittingly and was occupied by the three powers; however, with the end of the war and the non-evacuation of the Soviet forces from Iran, the Cold War first sparkles were struck between the two ideological poles, the Soviet Union and the United States. By pressing Iran, the Soviets demanded an oil concession from the Northern provinces of Iran. In contrast, the US with the policy of preserving Iran in the Western countries orbit, stood in front of the Soviet Union. Although many research have cited the US ultimatum to the Soviet Union for evacuating Iran as the main cause of Soviet withdrawal from Iran, the reviews showed that such an ultimatum had no historical validity; The question then is, what tools and tactics did the US use to accomplish its goal of expelling the Soviet Union from Iran and keeping Iran in the orbit of liberalism. We have attempted to answer this question by using a historical method that is based on description and analysis. We examined the US State Department documents. The findings showed that US by using two types of international instruments, such as the Security Council and the alliance with the UK, and domestic instruments such as cooperation with the Shah and the National Parliament, tried to restrict the Soviet Union.