JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Year:2019 | Volume:19 | Issue:54|Papers Count:14

In this research, due to the abundance of tectonic and karstic structures in the Prav Bisotun region, the relation between fault building and karstic springs was evaluated. To do this, we first prepare information layers including the location of the springs, the location of the closed holes, faults, the slope and the elevation floor layer, and then the graph of the grains of the faults is drawn and weighted by the weight of the evidence Was investigated. Investigation of the relationship between springs and faults in the Prav Bistuon region using the weighted method showed that there is a close relationship between tectonic elements and the frequency of springs, so that at low distances of the faults, the number of springs more and with The distance from the fault, the number and frequency of springs, is reduced. Also, the results of diagrams showed that faults have a direct effect on the origin and orientation of the springs. In the study of the relationship between the slope and abundance of springs, it was found that most of the springs were located on a gradient of 0 to 5 percent and elevations of 1200 to 1400 meters. The above altitudes cover the mountain slopes.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors improvement of sustainable livelihoods from the perspective of local people of Ardabil County. First, factors affecting effectiveness improvement of sustainable livelihoods in the study area were identified from the perspective of local elites using semi-structured interviews. To achieve this goal, 35 residents of studied region were interviewed individually with college education and at least a bachelor's degree. In the second step of study, in order to understand and analyze rural communities' perspective of and their theoretical agreement degree with the results of the first step, 39 identified causes were the questionnaire design basis by Likert method. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all villagers living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2016 (N= 85053), among which 383 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis model was used and the results of this model showed the most important factor improvement of sustainable livelihoods from the perspective of local people in studied region includes four components (entrepreneurship and fortification of economical infrastructures, support of demand-side and governmental interventional action, fortification of social capital and social empowerment and environmental management and fortification of physical infrastructures) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the five factors 60. 66. And finally, practical suggestions have been presented according to the results of the study.

In this study in order to monitor snow cover, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) optical images were used, while for detection of snow covered areas, the snow index-NDSI, was applied. The results showed-according to the climatic conditions of the region-during the following months: December, January, February and March, most of the area is covered by snow and the maximum extent of snow cover occurred in January. In West Azerbaijan province there is found a negative trend of snow cover with a drastically reduction in January, as well as the provinces East Azerbaijan and Ardebil showed the decreasing of snow cover in this month. The results of this study show that, changes in snow cover imply a rise in temperature in this region leading to the reduction of snow cover in January. This trend represents global warming and climate change impacts on snow cover in the study area. Investigation of extreme indices confirms the assumption that by taking temperature increase into consideration, regional winter precipitation pattern has been changed from snow to rain, causing the reduction of snow storage in the catchment of study area. In addition, the extreme temperature index study in the period of 2011-2040 and the baseline by considering climate change approach in North West of Iran by using outputs of general circulation models under A2 scenario and downscaling models LARS-WG indicates the number of frost days or the number of icy days decreased compared to the baseline which is not unexpected according to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as several studies confirmed global warming. Moreover, indices such as growth period increased, while diurnal temperature variation decreased compared to the baseline confirming snow cover reduction in the region as a threat of snow storage in the region.

This paper aims to explain the inequality and imbalance in the developmental levels of 6 selected cities in North Khorasan. The paper seeks to answer these two questions as to whether the spatial and non-spatial indices in regional disparities have an effect on equality? And can we achieve a functional model based on the evaluation of indicators? In order to achieve the goal and the answer to the question, indicators have been selected based on the importance and effects of the factors in both natural and human aspects. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical in nature and in terms of access to the facts of the descriptive-survey type and in terms of The purpose is to apply. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and multi-criteria and cellular analysis using the coefficient of variation formula. Thus, the coefficient (from one to another) was determined in each case, the influential elements and the prestigious countries of inequality. The results show that the city of Bojnourd with a coefficient of 90 channels in North Khorasan has been used for structural changes by providing data matrices and presenting maps (with the help of GIS), and the most change coefficient is related to the percentages of urban population percentages. Other results of the study indicate that according to the coefficient of variation and determination of z in the cities of North Khorasan province, Bojnourd city has the first rank in 6 indexes of 10 selected indexes and its z value is 8. 57 and the clear distance with Shirvan is The title of the second city is with a z =-3. 54. The final finding of this research is modeling in the structural-functional changes and changes in North Khorasan which was proposed at the end of the paper.

This article was written with the aim of the pedestrian impact on increasing social interactions in urban spaces of Bojnourd, with emphasis on social dimensions of social interaction. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic, which first of all has been designed to identify theoretical perspectives, general criteria of environmental quality and then collect field data and interviews with residents. Data analysis was performed using SWOT method. Case study is Taleghani street of Bojnourd. The results showed that the effect of physical properties on the quality of urban environments is in the first priority. Then, perception of the environment in the second priority and functional characteristics are in the top priority. According to the results, the most important independent variables in these three categories (physical, cultural and environmental) (security priorities, accessibility, passages, economic functions, urban environment, quality of social environment, social interactions Cultural activities, urban amenities, and recreational and lighting functions have the least impact.

Today, due to the transformation of the form of life and the proliferation of quantitative, gradually the qualitative and semantic concepts of the spirit of neighborhood in the minds of residents are dimmed. Factors such as immigration, Changes in the social composition of the population, Continuity of residence and persistence in neighborhoods have diminished. With the lack of infrastructure refinement, due to the lack of local community in the process of identifying problems and accurately measuring their needs, has led to a sharp divide between the efficiency of the neighborhoods and the needs of the inhabitants of the establishment and the neighborhoods have led to inefficiencies. While some modern neighborhoods are planned in a short time. On the contrary, the process is moving traditional neighborhoods. The main question is that the standards of a lasting Iranian neighborhood are up to date, from the point of view of the main inhabitants? The purpose of this paper is to answer the question that, What are the criterias of Up-to-date of persistent Iranian neighborhood, from the perspective of the main inhabitants? This analytical-qualitative study uses the Grounded theory method, Purposeful sampling of 5 neighborhoods with the statistical population is 86 people (until theoretical saturation) from the main residents. By means of position analysis, the final criteria were fixed. The parameters of security, sense of place, social status, spirituality and modern technology are one of the most important criteria for the survival of residents. The results show that the neighborhood, from the point of view of the inhabitants, goes beyond the broad concepts of elitist rigidity, more often than not, in simple mental and intriguing indicators, which require the recognition of the social reality of the people and the real needs of their daily lives with the collaborative interactive planning approach The dialectical relationship is between the opinion of experts and the views of residents in order to refine and update the neighborhood. The manifestation of the concept of Persistent Iranian Neighborhood is updated on the basis of principles: efficiency, persistence, dynamism and continuity in the form of conceptual model.

The urban land management is an l part of the urban management. In some countries such as Iran, there is no integrated urban land management and providing municipal services is assigned to nationwide organisations. This means urban management is offered by the municipality or subsidiaries of the aforementioned organisations such dispersion has occurred during serval decades. It is considered as the roots of organizatinal inefficiencies ( offocial and financial corruption is regarded as basic reasin for many crimes) and the origin or many conflicts between people and organizations(judicial) To do so, it follows an applied analytical descriptive approach. To analyse the data, mathematical and statistical methods were applied using Excel and SPSS. Moreover, the GIS was used for visualisation and adaptive analysis. The study concluded that lack of clear visions and consequently uncoordinated organisations and their policies, isolated and vertical decision-making, and unmanaged intervention without the required organisational capacities are the critical reasons for inefficient urban land management.

Abstract in the late 20th century, it has been a tremendous change in all spheres of business, such as globalization of enhancing competitiveness of information technology development competition attention to the quality of customer and such as these are the administration in the public sector with these serious challenges one of the most important approaches to address these challenges is to address the entrepreneurial debate in society as well as women play an important role in promoting employement and improving the economic situation of the community and it is an important factor in shaping social affairs. First, the analysis of sustainable rural development and sustainable development of women identified by using alpha cronbachs alpha test and sustainable development of rural sustainable development have been used to prioritize the relationship between women's entrepreneurial development and sustainable development of rural sustainable development. Women's activities led to poverty reduction and sustainable rural development.

The Qajar government in Iran was based on the geopolitical conditions of the expansionism of the European states, including Russia, Britain and France in the Middle East. On the other hand, the geopolitical position of Iran in the issues and interests of the regional powers of the great powers, brought about the importance and attention to the court of Iran, and this geopolitical attention and importance was the basis of Iranchr('39')s foreign relations with superpowers of time. On this basis, the Iranian government established a network of ministries to handle foreign affairs. Thus, the analysis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairschr('39') performance in Iranchr('39')s political relations with foreign governments between the years (1200-1226), which reflects the geopolitical conditions of Iran during that period in the region and the international environment, can for the date Institutes and geopolitics can be solved. In this regard, this research is explained in a descriptive-analytical manner and its data and information are based on documents, manuscripts and library resources. The results of the research indicate that the foreign minister, as a manifestation of the State Department, in this historical period, while acknowledging the fact that Iranchr('39')s geopolitical position in the region and international order has entered into its superficial duties, is due to the influence of other elements of power In the large-scale foreign decision-making, the role of the ceremonial role with its limited powers is diminished. But although the State Department was not able to decide independently of the other pillars of power, it was the ambassadors of this period who, by understanding the geopolitical position of Iran and the global conditions that could conceal the weak diplomacy of the Qajar apparatus and fill the vacuum of Iranchr('39')s foreign policy apparatus.

Early heat waves are extreme events that cause heavy losses in plant and animal life and cause many social and economic problems for communities. The purpose of this study was to identify synoptic patterns and statistical analysis of preterm heat waves in northwestern Iran. To do this, the maximum daily temperature data of March 14th was used for fourteen synoptic stations in the northwest of the country during the statistical period (1333-1393) Hijri Shamsi. Then, on the basis of the threshold, the Baldy index was selected for 61 days of heat wave. All statistical characteristics of the data were processed in SPSS software. They were The elevation data of the middle atmosphere of the atmosphere was extracted from a NCEP / NCAR database on a network with an arc 2/5 × 2/5 degree on the 0 to 70 degree eastern longitude and 0 to 60 degrees north latitude. The matrix was made up of 864 columns in 40 rows, with rows of days with thermal waves and elevation data on the columns on the middle of the atmosphere. The analysis of the basic components was performed on the algebraic data matrix matrix And 12 components that account for about 93 of the variations in pressure levels above 500 hp, were identified. To identify the coherent patterns, cluster analysis was performed on the scores of the components by the WARD integration method. Five types of pre-heat generation waveform patterns were identified. The results of this study showed that the premature heat waves in the northwest of Iran are due to high altitude formation in southern Arabia, the Aden valley and the center of Sudan at a level of 500 hpa and the formation of Sudan's low pressure in the sea level and the discharge of its tabs to the north and northeast of the region The case study (Northwest of Iran) also includes events occurring.

Proper climate and adequate knowledge tourism and can be as an attractive or unpleasant factor for tourists. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the tourism climate of Yazd province as one of the most important provinces in the arid regions of the country. For determining the tourism presence comfort in the Yazd province, Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used. In order to investigate tourism climate index data from 17 meteorological stations was used. Then by calculation sub-indexes and TCI, zoning of TCI and sub-indexes for Yazd province was done with ArcGIS environment. The results showed that October, May, November and April are the best months for tourism activities in Yazd province, and January, July, February and December have the lowest average of TCI index respectively. The most changes in TCI occurs in July and the lowest changes is in October. According to Scott & McBoyle classification, the TCI annual classification shows that Yazd province is placed in two classes: Bi-modal shoulder peak and Dry season peak. Generally, the mountainous area with an altitude of more than 2, 700 to 3, 000 meters and their surrounding areas when rainfall and lower temperatures is not a limiting factor have the best tourism conditions in the dry season. Other areas with less height of 2700 to 3000 meters have the best climatic conditions for tourism in the spring and autumn.

The aim of this research is to identify and prioritize impact factors of service quality in Tourism Industry. Today, Tourism knows as the most important factors for incoming of countries and Iran is one of the 10th best countries about site seeing. Hence, based on rules, the dependency of Iran’ s budget on oil have to decrease. The trip is one of the most important things for each Iranian's family. Therefore, the quality of services in the tourism industry can effect on the quantity of trips. So, these factors must be identified and then the rare resources of travel agencies are allocated to them. One of the evaluation models of service quality is Servqual that has 5 criteria such as reliability; responsiveness; assurance; empathy and tangibles which each of these criteria has sub-criteria. Travel agencies can implement this model and evaluate the service quality of them. But after identification of these factors, allocation of these rare resources such as HR, budget, time for implementing improvement programs is the most important factors for each agency. Hence, for allocating rare resources of travel agencies, Rembrandt method is used. Statistics society of this research is all passengers who travel in other in the internal or external city of Iran during Esfand month. This research is done by survey and sampling did by random. The result shows that among five criteria, sympathy criterion has high priority and among sub-criteria, creating trust in customer has high priority.

While women account for about half the population of rural areas, they have always been considered as vulnerable populations of the community. Considering empowerment and its effective factors can increase their participation in livelihoods and increase their ability to help increase their family income. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors and drivers that affect the empowerment of rural women. The present research is a descriptive-analytical one. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interviewed with rural women in Zanjan. The statistical population includes rural women in Zanjan city (N = 43559). Using Cochran's formula and quotient sampling, 381 women over 20 years old were selected as samples. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and binary logistic regression tests. The results showed that among the 29 variables in the study, 14 variables significantly had a significant relationship with the empowerment of rural women in Zanjan. Accordingly, economic factors (0. 1171), psychological (0. 197) and personal factors (109. 10) had the most effects on empowerment of rural women (dependent variable). The results of this study can be used to identify the factors affecting the empowerment of rural women and removing the barriers related to it in the villages of the region and in general in the villages of the country.

The emergence of decentralization approach and transfer some political authority to non-state actors has provided new actions for the management of geographical space under the name of spatial governance. The roots of the emergence of the concept of spatial governance return to the economic-political changing in the 1980s. The emergence of a decentralization approach and the transfer powers from government to nongovernmental institutions has provided a new concept in the name of "spatial governance". Therefore, governance is beyond the government and includes the private sector and civil society with the approach of market economy and participatory democracy. So, in this paper major question is “ who spatial governance functioned in the post-positivism methodology? ” In this regard, in the first step has been made to define the concept of governance and its dimensions and sub-sets in relation to geographical space. Then, by matching the spatial governance conceptual relationship with post-positivism approach, a new perspective on the causes of the greater impact of this school is presented in understanding this concept. According to the governance framework, the management and production of space is not only an objective or objective action, but also it is a constructive, unfinished, contingent, and conditional, conditional and social condition. therefore, the space policy was created in a cultural-historical territory must be consistent with the cultural and historical values of a particular of human beings group and the conditions for the development and optimization of space by these policies should fit into the pattern of their social life. in governance approach, some of the concepts such as truth, rationality, justice, goodness, and especially development, are not independent from its the social processes that shape it. On this basis, spatial governance cannot have universal dimensions. Because social action is faced with a process that can create a single position at any given time, pro-active methodology cannot predict and predict it.