Journal of Sustainable City
Year:2020 | Volume:2 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

Public spaces as basic elements of cities, play an important role in citizen’ s health and their quality of life. An essential component of public spaces is pathways that also include walkways. Vitality and dynamism are important elements in the qualitative evaluation of public spaces. The vitality itself reflects the activities that take place in space and the walkability of cities is a way that can improve urban vitality. So, implementation of walkway projects in cities can promote the activities that help cities to be more viable. The purpose of this evaluated-analytical research is to evaluate vitality of shrine’ s walkway located in Shar-e Rey, district No. 20 of Tehran municipality. Data are collected from a sample of 375 pedestrians by using a questionnaire. 38 indicators representing vitality in 38 questions and 5 ranges, were evaluated by the sample people and in order to analyze, Friedman test and descriptive statistics methods were used via SPSS software. Finally, results indicate that vitality is in a moderate condition in the study area, generally. So that show 58. 47% of the appropriate conditions of vitality. The most influential vitality indicators in the walkway are more related to social-economic dimension than physical. "Diversity of people", "cultural events" and the variety of "activities" and "retail centers" have been the most influential indicators. At the same time, low vitality of space was more affected by physical indicators such as “ car parking", "the capacity of space", "entering motorcycles", lack of "green space" and low level of “ cleanliness" that should be taken into consideration.

In recent years, the lands of Iranian cities, especially the outskirts lands of cities, have been transformed into built-up lands due to the urbanization process and citizens' need for housing. As many other Iranian cities, Lahijan has been significant changes and transformations in terms of land uses due to increase of construction. The purpose of this study is to model and predict land-use changes by using of land change modeler (LCM) and CA-Markov. The research methodology in terms of purpose is applied and from the aspect of nature and method is Descriptive-analytical research. In this regard, Landsat satellite images for the four time periods of 1989, 2000, 2010 and 2018 have been used. The Images were classified by the maximum probability method after preprocessing operations. Then, LCM and CA-MARKOV models in order to identify and predict land-use changes in Lahijan was used. The results indicate that the area of land-built from 1989 to 2018 has increased approximately 1250 hectares, also Forest lands and gardens declined about 2000 hectares during this period. Therefore, according to comparing the classifications and results of the LCM model, it was found that the most changes in this period are related to forests and gardens. Finally, land-use changes are predicted for 2030 with the Markov chain model. So, based on the results of the prediction of changes, it is probably that in 2030, forest land and gardens will be reduced about 760/5 hectares. On the other hand, 51/91, 693/09 and 13/5 hectares will be added to the built-up lands, paddy fields and waterfront zones, respectively. Thus, as a result, the studies show that the growth of areas in the study area has not been proportional and this has caused a widespread phenomenon in Lahijan.

New approaches have been developed in urban planning and urban planning to examine the child's perception of the city and its needs in the city. The main goal of these efforts is to create child-friendly cities that will create a safe space for living, and an innovative environment for nurturing children's creativity. Therefore, the city needs children to represent their rights, a city that can foster children's educational excellence and excellence and make children better tomorrow and socially healthy. The purpose of the present study was to classify and rank Yazd neighborhoods according to the criteria of a child-friendly city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study includes Yazd neighborhoods. Librarian-field method was used for data collection. In the present study, using the Delphi sampling method, a sample size of 20 experts and urban experts is considered; in fact, the Delphi method is a systematic one that relies on the votes of a panel of independent experts and a sample of Does not follow a certain formula. In order to rank and rank Yazd city neighborhoods, 10 indices have been evaluated. The spatial domain of this study is Yazd city and in terms of time domain data can be related to 2016. For the first analysis, the child-friendly city indexes were evaluated for importance using ANP model and then, using Vikor model, the neighborhoods of Yazd city were ranked. The results show that Yazd city is completely different in terms of child-friendly city indicators, with some neighborhoods at high levels and others at very low levels. According to the findings of the research, the Safaieh neighborhood is the most favored neighborhood and the Fahadan, Mehdi Abad, Sajjadieh, Amir Abad neighborhoods, the least slaughtered neighborhood, are ranked 7th.

Highland hiking trails have attracted a lot of attention as a popular recreational activity that enables visitors to interact with nature. The natural location of Ilam city and its proximity to the mountains and the beautiful valleys around it have led to make the hiking in highland paths of Ismail Khan Castle and Arghavan Gorge. Since health goal has been considered as one of the most important functions in walking paths, the present study has been explaining the function of health factor in expanding mountain walkability as a recreational approach. This study in terms of its purpose is applied research and based on its nature and method is descriptive-analytical research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 77 general and specialized questions. The validity of the research instrument was estimated by experts and its reliability was calculated by using of Cronbach's alpha coefficient at the rate of 0. 846 has been approved. SPSS and AMOS software were used to do descriptive and statistical analysis, such as T single sample and structural equation modeling respectively. Required maps were also prepared by using of ARCGIS software. The results of structural equation modeling indicate that the main reason for the presence of people in mountainous trails was consideration of physical and mental health. A meaningful level of less than 0. 05 in all cases examined confirms this. physical health with 0/33 factor load had a greater role than mental health with 0/20 on the desire of tourists to be further present. There was a significant correlation between the two dimensions with 0/44 regression weight at 95% confidence level. Naturally, this emphasizes on the necessity and responsibility of urban planners to create places that are more walkable.

Introduction: Urban river-valleys focus attention on city's spaces that have potential, capability and sensitivity and these particular areas in the current settlement system should not become to places that stimulate poverty and the counter-development flow. Tehran river-valleys, as sensitive zones with ecological, environmental, tourism, and urban landscapes, must be protected on the one hand, and on the other hand, the capacity of urban streams should be protected along the path of Tehran city development considered as the driving force behind developmental trends. In order to improve and rebuild these zones, interventions have been carried out in different stages. Quality of life in the valleys has been declined over time however there are various plans for it in Tehran. Urban river-valleys have been plagued by high human interference and physical, biological and human heterogeneity so that sustainable regeneration due to its multidimensional content and appropriate attention to decision making and management aspects is more appropriate and can provide better solutions to improve natural conditions with a spatial structure in mind. Sub-themes such as livelihood, spatial identity, attention to poverty and economic condition, urban governance, and citizen participation were a set of factors that improve the quality of Tehran's urban highways (sample studies of the river) and thus enhance the quality of life in Tehran and in order to establish a link between the concept of urban sustainable regeneration and river knowledge, the final model was measured. Therefore, in order to link environmental values with city and river protection, the present study seeks to answer the question of how is the model of development and integrated comprehensive protection of Tehran’ s urban river-valleys with emphasis on theoretical framework of sustainable regeneration? The goal of sustainable regeneration of urban river-valleys with integrated approach and protection is to link environmental values with urban development, improve quality of urban life, regulate human-nature relationship, preserve and revitalize river-valleys to create sustainable living, diversify resorts and prevent natural crises such as floods. Therefore, the overall objective of the research is to create a conceptual model of urban sustainable regeneration of Tehran’ s urban river-valleys with a focus on Drakeh River-valley and then determine the effect of each of the components and indicators on the mentioned model. Methodology: The research method is to propose a sustainable regeneration initial model of Darakeh river-valley based on the theoretical framework with an integrated comprehensive development and protection approach then SEM and the second root estimation of the approximate error variance were used in order to analyze the quantitative data, evaluate the components and indicators and select the best model, respectively. The main purpose of applying SEM technique in this research is to use methods and parameters that can test, validate or refute the conceptual model of theoretical framework of the research. The main application of this technique is in multivariate themes, which considering each independent variable with multiple dependent ones. Researchers tend to use SEM because of the following reasons: a) estimation of multiple relationships, b) ability to measure latent variables (concepts not seen), c) calculation of measurement error D) ability to investigate the effect of co-linearity; e) Test of false and unrealistic relationships. Results and discussion: The findings of the study are: 1) Proposing a sustainable regeneration model of Darakeh river-valley with a comprehensive development and protection approach 2) Quantitative evaluation of model components and indicators 3) Determining the interaction between hidden variables and explicit ones of model 4) Relationship between explicit component variables Together 5) Verify the basic conceptual model. The result of this study is that besides innovating the proposed sustainable regeneration of urban river-valleys of Tehran (SRURVT) model with emphasis on Darakeh river-valley, quantitative evaluation of components and indicators have been done in proposed model. Components and their importance were quantified, and the importance of the indicators were determined for each component, while the interaction of the components metrics with the quantities was shown in the conceptual model presented in Initially, weights of environmental, economic, socio-cultural, physical and managerial components and related indicators were considered equal. Via SEM, the relationship between hidden and explicit variables in the initial conceptual model was modified and finally the modified model quantified the value and weight of the components (independent latent variables). So that in terms of sustainable regeneration in the river-valley, the importance of components was determined as following, environmental indicators with factor 1, socio-cultural with 0/85, physical with coefficient of 0/81, economic factor with 0/79 and finally management factor with 0/71, respectively. Conclusion: These quantities indicate the priority of actions and weight of each component which ultimately provides a model for Darakeh river-valley that can provide a basis for starting applied research on sustainable regeneration of other river-valleys of Tehran.

Today, analyzing and promoting the resilience of communities to environmental hazards has become one of the most important areas of human and social sciences studies, including urban planning. As we are currently discussing the simultaneous movement of sustainable development and disaster management towards resilience promotion, research on resilience of historic and urban fabric is a way to avoid the damage caused by natural disasters because of the time needed to tackle problems and shortages. Gives to urban planners. The concept of risk reduction programs seeks to strengthen resilience communities and has been the word for disaster management since 2005 and the Hugo Conference. Today, the concept of resilience has entered the planning domain with a variety of social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations. . . . and much of its arena is dedicated to managing environmental hazards such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and global warming. . . One of the problems that always threatens human societies is the occurrence of natural disasters, which results in a lot of damage if there is no awareness. For this reason, there is always an emphasis on increasing resilience. In this applied research, descriptive-analytical method has been used to identify the indices and factors affecting the resilience component and finally to evaluate the resilience of historical and worn-out texture of Semnan. For this purpose, the fuzzy DEMATEL method is used to identify the criteria relationship and the fuzzy ANP method is used to prioritize the weaknesses in the historical context of Semnan city in the field of resilience and then to evaluate the resilience dimensions in seven criteria and sub-criteria by experts. The results showed that the economic criterion with weight (0. 213) was ranked first. Demographic and physical criteria also came in second and third with weights (0. 209) and (0. 172), respectively. Therefore, according to these results, the priorities of urban planners in the historical and worn-out context of Semnan city to be more resilient should be addressed in terms of economic and demographic aspects in order to raise income levels and reduce population density and, in the physical sector, to strengthen The risks are natural. Also attention should be given to educating and educating residents about natural disasters and increasing social capital. At the end, suggestions have been made to increase the resilience of the worn-out historic fabric of Semnan. The wide range of urban issues and phenomena on the one hand and the increasing need of citizens for different issues as well as their varied tastes on the other hand necessitate the consideration of all aspects of the city that urban managers and planners must always keep in mind. This may seem sensible in normal circumstances without disasters and natural disasters, but when cities are exposed to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and so forth. They see the name of ensuring the safety and security of the citizens, who must achieve this with special measures. This means upgrading the city's capacity, flexibility, or urban resilience, which is crucial to the resilience of cities given the current events in the city and the future trend. Semnan city with a long historical history has many traces of the past, most of which are worn out. In case of one of the natural disasters, besides losing its historical identity it also causes a lot of damage to the worn texture. Planning and identifying shortcomings can greatly prevent the damages caused by these accidents and help enhance urban resilience in the worn-out context. 2-Determining the weight and importance of each of the effective criteria in collecting historical and used textures of Semnan city and suggesting ways to reduce the effects of natural disasters in this part of Semnan city. Therefore, to achieve these goals, planners are proposing to improve resilience:-Tissue restoration with the aim of empowering its residents to maintain sustainable residential units-develop and update infrastructure networks of tissue sites (water, sewage, electricity, gas, telecommunications, etc. )-Expanding green space and open to historical and used textiles for use in times of crisis-Increasing the welfare and service facilities to the satisfaction of the residents of the area-Creating traditional jobs to attract tourism and capital-Preserving ancient and valuable monuments in the tissue and preventing its destruction-Assess existing risks and prevent and reduce risks in historical context-Given the social capital and NGOs-Municipalities can use land for unmanageable and unmanageable land in accordance with their legal requirements.-Using land use and non-compliance with municipal legal requirements in times of crisis-Improving the structure of passages and crossings for better access in times of crisi.

Introduction: Urban public spaces are places that belong to all citizens and not just limited to the physical aspect, in fact they have been identified by the presence of people and their activities. The urban public spaces usage rate and its psychological and sociological effects on social health as one of the urban sustainable development variables has great importance among citizens. Therefore, production, distribution, accessibility and use of urban public spaces and their effects have been become an important issue in urban sociology. According to that social interactions are one of the basic needs of human beings in collective life and their civic nature, it can be confirmed that public spaces provide the basis for social interactions in the city. Also, urban public space is an essential element of urban construction, which is related to the center of social strategies and shapes people's behavior and social life. On the other hand, social and sociological factors affect the physical and appearance and design of city. Tehran city is one of the metropolises that has experienced inequality in the use of urban public spaces in recent years. A metropolis such as Tehran has various and different areas and regions in terms of physical, therefore, increasing the social and economic distance and unequal distribution of facilities and services has made it a heterogeneous city in the social environment, so it seems that analysis of public spaces in terms of the impact of social factors on the physical as an issue that needs to be raised, must be explained. Based on the subject importance, the study seeks to examine the tendency and use of public spaces in Tehran, the physical factors affecting the manner and public spaces usage rate among residents of different regions and sociological factors among them. Methodology: The present study is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. The method of data collection in the theoretical framework is library and documentary and in the information analysis section is to use the attitudes and opinions of citizens in the form of a questionnaire and base on the fieldwork. The statistical population of the present study is people over the age of 18 of 22 districts of Tehran in 2016 and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 385 people. In order to explain the statistics and inferential tests and also answer the research question, the T-test was used to measure the desirability of the indicators. In view point of the study aim that is to investigate the effect of variables on each other, Pearson test and linear regression tables were also used. Results and discussion: In order to show the desirability of physical and sociological indicators of public spaces in Tehran, the T-Test was used. The results of the test indicated that the physical condition of public spaces is at moderate level of desirability and the sociological status of spaces is at low one. The Pearson test was also used to investigate the relationship between physical and sociological indicators. According to the test result, the p-value rate between the studied indicators is less than 0. 05 and the sociological variables intensity of dependence to physical ones is less than the physical indicators dependence intensity to sociology ones that indicates the sociological factors susceptibility of physical factors is relatively at low level. In regression analysis, the physical and sociological factors are the independent and dependent variables, respectively. The results of this test showed that the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination is 0. 421 that indicates the low ability of the independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent variable. That is to say, the independent variable explains 42% of the dependent changes, and the rest of these changes, known as the error quantification, are influenced by variables outside the model. Also, the value of the Watson camera is 1. 23 that illustrated the remnants are independent of each other. The model regression value is 25. 29 and the remnant value is 19. 79, and due to the amount of remnant square roots are smaller than the sum of the regression square roots, it indicates that the model high explanatory power of the dependent variable changes explanation. The beta value in the model is 0. 489. And the large value of beta indicates relative importance and its role in predicting the dependent variable. Therefore, the regression model is statistically significant and the research question, which is the effect of physical factors on sociological factors, is evaluated to some extent positively. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that physical factors affect a total of nearly 48% of the sociological factors changes and 62% of the effective factors in the strengthening of sociological factors in urban public spaces depend on variables outside the research. Therefore, it can be said that physical infrastructures improvement and their development in public spaces of Tehran as one of the effective factors in the production of public spaces and also accessibility and usage of these spaces and the sociological condition enhancement of public spaces do not play a decisive role. In addition to physical and sociological factors, there are other elements that need to be considered. Thus, according to different areas resident’ s opinion of Tehran, physical factors have a very small effect on sociological factors in public spaces and sociological factors reinforcement in public spaces of Tehran is not only affected by physical factors and other components have more impressions. These factors may be psychological, economic, environmental, cultural, political ones and so on.

Introduction: Consideration of fundamental and logical criteria in urban physical development is one of the principles of urban sustainable development. Urban sustainable development is a kind of development that considers the real needs of humans and the environment; in other words, decisions are deemed wise when they take economic, social, and environmental aspects into consideration. Sustainable income is one of the factors affecting the physical development of cities, which determines the type and extent of urban development based on existing plans. Therefore, a major urban sustainability factor is achieving a sustainable model for financial resources to cover the current and construction expenses of a city and lay the foundations for investment in urban development infrastructures. It merits mention that not only do the incomes need to be reliable and steady, but they also should not pose any threat to urban sustainable development. Considering the lack of sufficient funding for urban projects in most cities around the world, these cities are in need of investments, partnership with the private sector, and facilities from banks and institutions in order to develop their infrastructures. According to reports by Shiraz Deputy Mayor’ s Office for Finance and Economy (2019) and Fars Planning and Budget Organisation (2019) in Iran, currently there are 31 private companies active in urban development, 2, 618 private companies active in contracting, and 153 private companies active in different urban projects. On the basis of 2018 and 2019 reports, 102 contracts have been signed with the private sector and are being undertaken for projects concerning cemeteries, waste management, public squares, and the green space. According to Figure 1, different districts of Shiraz Municipality signed 255 contracts overall with the private sector in 2019; this number was 690 in 2018, and 1791 in 2016-2017. Therefore, it can be concluded that the number of contracts, i. e. the extent of the private sector partnership, has followed a downward trend. This study examined major barriers to the partnership of the private sector in urban development and construction in Shiraz. The main research question is: What factors inhibit the partnership of the private sector in urban development of Shiraz, and to what extent? Methodology: This was an applied survey paper, where a measurement tool was prepared to examine the quantitative variables and study the main objective (question) of the research. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was adopted in order to explain the role of factors inhibiting the private sector partnership in Shiraz development. The data were collected using a closed-ended questionnaire on the basis of the five-point Likert scale; the research sample included the directors and officers working at the municipality. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity and convergent validity were confirmed by experts and university professors. Composite reliability coefficients (greater than 0. 7) and Cronbach’ s alpha (greater than 0. 7) were used to assess the reliability; if the coefficients converge, the research tool will be considered reliable. Results: Structural Equation Modelling (SEM): As seen in Table 3, according to the results from Fornell and Larcker Matrix, average variance extracted (AVE) of the latent variables, located on the main diagonal of the matrix, is greater than the correlation between them, located below the main diagonal. It can, therefore, be asserted that the latent variables in the current model are more associated with their observable variables than other constituents; in other words, the discriminant validity of the model is confirmed. Table 3. Discriminant validity of study variables Source: research findings, 2019 Structural Part of the Model As seen in Table 4, the value of t coefficient for all the relationships studied is greater than 1. 96, indicating the significance of those relationships at the confidence level of 95%. Based on the results of Table 4, the relationship between partnership barriers and policymaking and regulations is 0. 4, which is significant considering the value of t coefficient (5. 33). In a similar vein, the relationships between partnership barriers and other variables are also significant: studying, preparing, and assigning the projects is 0. 263, and the value of t coefficient is 3. 45; funding and financial support is 0. 364, and the value of t coefficient is 2. 68; and lastly, capacity building is 0. 145, and the value of t coefficient is 2. 14. According to these results, the strongest relationship is between partnership barriers and policymaking and regulations (0. 4), and the weakest relationship is between studying, preparing, and assigning the projects and partnership barriers of the private sector in Shiraz development (0. 145). Figure 3. Structural Model together with standardised coefficient of factor loadings and overall effects of main structures Goodness-of-Fit of the Structural Model According to the results, the average of shared values and coefficients of determination were 0. 868 and 0. 16 respectively. Additionally, the value of the goodness-of-fit was 0. 372, confirming the model’ s goodness-of-fit, as it was greater than 0. 36. Conclusion: In the structural model of the present paper, policymaking and regulations; studying, preparing, and assigning the projects; funding and financial support; and capacity building in the public and private sectors were identified as the influential factors in the partnership of the private sector in development projects in the Iranian city of Shiraz. It should be noted that the variable of policymaking and regulations proved stronger than other variables (0. 4), showing that lack of long-term plans, insufficient incentives and exemptions, and lack of upstream legal frameworks have inhibited the partnership of the private sector in Shiraz development plans and projects. Another influential factor confirmed by the structural model is funding and financial support; a number of major inhibiting factors in this regard include not using the capacity of the capital market to finance partnership contracts, insufficient financial resources to offer facilities, and lack of sustainable financial resources to provide backing.