ADVANCED APPLIED GEOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

1-Introduction One of the essential requirements in the all stages of an exploration operation for deposits is the precise locating the exploration works or design of the exploration grid. In general, the arrangement of exploration works is called the exploration grid. The exploration grid has the variety of types that the type, shape and dimensions of the grid depend on the geological conditions and characteristics of the deposit (Ahmadi, 2005). Today, issues related to mineral exploration and design of exploration grids require the extensive use of all sciences, especially new sciences, fast, accurate and intelligent techniques (Smirnoff et al., 2008). In the present research, designing exploration grid has been carried out for Khomein-Robat Pb-Zn deposit as a worthwhile small-scale metallic deposit. The Robat Pb-Zn deposit is located in 32 km west of Khomein city, 10 km northwest of Ghourchi Bashi town and 2 km south of Robat-e-Paeen village. The studied region comprises three mineralized areas called Arregijeh, Takhte-Hossein and Baraftab where Takhte-Hossein and Baraftab are adjacent to each other. From structurally view point, the study area is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone and consists of Cretaceous carbonate-clastic cover over the old metamorphic complex. This region, in terms of mineralization, especially the presence of Pb-Zn minerals, is a part of the Malayer-Isfahan mineralization strip (Pichab kansar, 2009). According to the geological conditions of the deposit, the type and amount of available exploratory information (assay data of trenches, test pits, outcrops, semi-deep and deep boreholes) statistical and geostatistical methods have been used to design systematic exploration grid for Arregijeh region...

1-Introduction Soil is one of the essential building materials, and the primary support of structures has long been a human interest. However, due to weakness in shear strength and lack of resistance to tensile forces, researchers have consistently sought to increase its bearing capacity, strength, and improve its properties and various methods including mechanical modification such as compaction, chemical modification such as treatment with lime or cement (Al Aghbari, 2005; Tang et al., 2007). One of the most important issues that should be considered in soil projects is the problematic soils. The most important problematic soils are collapsible soils. If these soils are not identified, if structures, roads, or railroads are built on them, water infiltration into the soil can cause significant problems. Loess deposits are common examples from collapsible soils that, based on their considerable distribution in Iran, research has been done on different aspects. Loess soil combined with fibers and lime has good integrity, and consistency and causes form a composite material. Threads of fibers are distributed throughout the soil volume, and in different directions, it will create a homogeneous soil (Maher and Gray, 1990). In this study, to improve geotechnical properties of silty loose soil, lime, glass fiber, and combined lime and glass fiber as a stabilizer be used...

1-Introduction In this study, the performance of different spectral processing techniques on ASTER and Landsat-8 OLI sensors data of the Shahrak mining area are compared. Shahrak is located 60 km north of Bijar city in Kurdistan province. It is located in the coordinates of 47° , 30ˊ , 30˝ to 47° , 40ˊ , 34˝ east longitude and 36° , 20ˊ , 20˝ to 36° , 30ˊ , 25˝ north latitude. It belongs to Takab structural zone. There are ten ore bodies in the Shahrak mining area, mainly composed of magnetite. The host rocks of mineralization are carbonate and volcanic rocks that have undergone argillic, epidote, and chlorite alteration. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ASTER and OLI images and PCA, ICA, and MNF processing methods in detecting iron ore mineralization and related alteration assemblages in the Shahrak mining area. Given the limited references available for remote sensing of skarn ores (Jeong et al., 2016), especially iron skarns, performing and comparing different algorithms in known skarn ores can help study unknown ore deposits. At pre-processing stage, FLAASH atmospheric correction was applied to both images to reduce noise. The processing techniques used in this study are band ratio (BR), band combination, principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA) and minimum noise fraction (MNF). The results validated by field observations and microscopic studies...

1-Introduction The pollution of soils with the potentially toxic element is a worldwide problem. Potentially toxic elements presented in the soils can enter to other compartments of the ecosystems and thereby, lead to health problems in organisms (Rocco et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2018). Some potentially toxic elements, e. g. Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Sb, present naturally in the environment, however, when their concentration increases, they can be harmful for the environment (Cai et al., 2019; Muhammad et al., 2019). In recent decades, anthropogenic sources including agricultural and industrial activities as well as urban development lead to the increase of the concentration of toxic elements in the environment (Karimi et al., 2017; Cai et al., 2019). The application of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides during the agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of potentially toxic elements in the environment; therefore, in the agricultural fields the concentration of these pollutants in the soil can be higher than the natural background values (Nash et al., 2003; Atafar et al., 2010; Karimi et al., 2017; Hasan et al., 2018). Thus, in agricultural soils there is a serious health risk imposed by toxic elements because of the accumulation of these pollutants in the food chain (Walter et al, 2002; Rocco et al., 2016). Aleshtar plain is an important agricultural field in Lorestan Province. The aim of the present study is to investigate the concentration of the potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils, to determine the source of the pollutants, and to assess the health risk imposed by toxic elements...

1-Introduction Aghajari Fault has been located in the Dezful embayment, and it is one of the critical faults in the Khuzestan Province. Hence the study of geomorphic indices for determination of amounts of neo-tectonic activity is vital. In this research, with the application of remote sensing and GIS methods, the geomorphic indices along the Aghajari Fault have been studied. Morphotectonic is the study of geological features for determining the amounts of tectonic activity in each area (Burbank and Anderson, 2012; Grohmann, 2004). Determination, the amounts of geomorphic indices, can help to fast estimate from a different tectonic manner of faults in different parts. Several geomorphic indices can help the geologist for determining the different tectonic activity or neotectonic manner of faults. In this context, several geomorphic indices have been studied for the fault for the determination of neo-tectonic behaviors of Aghajari fault...

1-Introduction Based on the sedimentary sequence, magmatism, metamorphism, tectonic setting, and intensity of deformation, the Iranian Plateau has been subdivided into eight continental fragments, including Zagros, Sanandaj-Sirjan, Urumieh-Dokhtar, Central Iran, Alborz, Kopeh-Dagh, Lut, and Makran (Heydari et al., 2003). The sedimentary sequence of the Late Devonian to the Late Triassic of the Alborz is deposited in the passive southern margin of the Paleo-Tethys ocean floor (GhasemiNejad, 2002; Rahimi, 2002). The outcrops of the Ruteh Formation extend in the Alborz Mountains, but due to changes in the deposits, erosion, and operation of the faults, these deposits are different in various regions with different ages and thicknesses. This paper reports a sedimentological study, a description of microfacies, and the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the carbonate of the Ruteh Formation south of Amol. This formation south of the Amol surface section covers the sandstone of the Lower Permian Dorud Formation with unconformable contact. It is overlain by the Upper Permian Nesen Formation conformably. On the basis of the distribution of foraminifera, the Ruteh Formation is considered to be Late Morgabian-Late Julfian in age...

1-Introduction The southernmost part of the Dezful Embayment comprises the high API gravity oil and gas reservoirs trapped within a series of anticlines associated with a paleo-high structure, namely Kharg-Mish paleo-high. The oil and gas are trapped in four different intervals including the Surmeh (Upper Jurassic), Fahliyan (Neocomian), Gadvan (Barremian) and Dariyan (Aptian) formations. The reservoirs are separated by intermediate cap rocks, such as the Hith anhydrite or Gadvan marls. The thick shaly Kazhdumi Formation finally sealed the migrated hydrocarbons and isolated these oils from overlaying Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary oils (Asmari-Sarvak reservoirs). Due to a complicated sequence of folding and faulting, the nature of petroleum generation, migration and entrapment processes are still anonymous in this area. Petroleum geochemistry provides crucial information on the nature of existing petroleum systems and their evolution. This work displays how detailed geochemical information can help to define lithology, organic matter type, and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. Also, exercising statistical techniques can considerably facilitate the establishment of the genetic oil families within the study area. In this study, we investigated the possible genetic relationships between the two oil families belonging to Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous and the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary reservoirs. These findings can significantly reduce the exploration risk and improve future filed development plans...

1-Introduction The Qom Formation have been studied in Central Iran, Sanandaj-Sirjan and Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc by many researchers. This section is located in the southwest of the Zanjan Province. To access the Goylar stratigraphic section, after 70 km route through Zanjan-Mianeh asphalt road, turn southwards to Gharabutta and Goy Tapeh villages and then by dirt road to Goylar village, the section was obtained...

1-Introduction Darbe Behesht Iron-copper deposit is located in the Dehaj-Sardoiye subzone of Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) in the Kerman region. The UDMA zone is often composed of calc-alkaline intrusive and volcanic rocks and associated pyroclastic materials (Alimohammadi et al., 2015). Many authors discussed the tectonic features of this volcano-plutonic belt (eg., Shahabpour, 2005, 2007). Most of the copper deposits are located in the southern part of the arc, known as the Dehaj-Sarduiyeh arc or the Kerman copper belt (Mirzababaei et al., 2011, 2016; Shafiei et al., 2009). This study investigates the geochemistry, tectonic position of volcanic rocks containing Eocene Fe-Cu mineralization, paragenesis, and alteration. So we focus on the field observations, lithology, and ore characterization of Darbe Behesht as a prominent example of the IOCG deposits in the southern part of the Dehaj-Sardoiye belt in Iran...

1-Introduction Nowadays, the issue of freshwater supply is the primary concern of researchers in the arid and semi-arid countries like Iran. Available water resources are necessary to be protected against pollution due to arid climate and frequent droughts and lack of water resources. One of the ways to protect groundwater against pollutants is to identify the areas with a high potential of pollution (Mohammadi et al., 2009). Several studies were carried out in different parts of the world to assess the pollution and vulnerability of groundwater. One of the most common frameworks for assessing vulnerability is DRASTIC. The DRASTIC framework was developed by the National Groundwater Association (NGWA) in collaboration with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Various frameworks have been used to optimize the DRASTIC. Some researchers were used statistical methods (Panagopoulos et al., 2006), and in some studies, additional parameters such as land use, type, and intensity of irrigation were considered as an additional parameter (Secunda et al., 1998). Recently, artificial intelligence models are widely utilized in a different branch of science (Nadiri et al., 2013b; Tayfur et al., 2014; Chitsazan et al., 2015; Nadiri et al., 2018b; Nadiri et al., 2018c). Many studies optimized the rates and weights of the DRASTIC framework using a variety of artificial intelligence models such as Sugeno Fuzzy (SFL), Mamdani (MFL) and Larsen (LFL) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neuron-Fuzzy (NF), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) (Fijani et al., 2013; Nadiri et al., 2017a; Nadiri et al., 2017b). Previous studies only focused on the DRASTIC framework, and other frameworks such as SINTACS and GODS have not been evaluated. Also, the comparison of different combined methods has not been carried out in previous studies. Therefore, this study assesses the unsupervised and supervised combined frameworks and their results in determining the vulnerability of Ahar sub-basin not been evaluated. Also, the comparison of different combined methods has not been carried out in previous studies. Therefore, this study assesses the unsupervised and supervised combined frameworks and their results in determining the vulnerability of Ahar sub-basin...

1-Introduction The Akhtachi iron ore deposit is located west of the Hamadan, in the northwest part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone. This zone was a main continental arc during the Mesozoic subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean beneath the Iranian plateau, and some vital iron mineralization was formed in the NW part of this zone during the subduction phase (Ghalamghash et al., 2009, Mohajjel and Fergusson, 2014). Generally, primary iron mineralization in the northwest part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone is divided into four classes including the Triassic-Lower Jurassic deposits in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and Central Iranian microcontinent, Cretaceous skarn and hydrothermal type deposits in the Hamedan region, Cretaceous Fe-Mn volcano-sedimentary deposits with low Mn grade (38 wt%) and intermediary Fe grade (2050 wt%) and Fe-Mn ores related to Cretaceous ophiolitic melange related to the Cretaceous ophiolitic melange at the southern edge of the Central Iranian microcontinent (Nabatian et al., 2015). The proposed evolution model of iron mineralization in the Hamedan region indicates the formation of iron ore minerals in the Jurassic rift basin, folding and metamorphism, the intrusion of Eocene volcanism causing contact metamorphism and skarn-type mineralization in adjacent carbonate rocks and finally development of shear zones and concentration of iron within this shear zone (Nabatian et al., 2015). So, structural features as the shear zones and related fractures and fault structures have the leading role in the concentration of iron in the Hamedan region. However, some researchers believe that there is no relationship between the skarn-type mineralization and tectonics in the Hamedan region. This study investigates the relationship between the mineralization and tectonics in the Akhtachi deposit using the interpretation of satellite images with high spatial resolution, field observations, and magnetometric methods...

1-Introduction Dimeh spring emerges from the Zarab Anticline, Zagros Mountains (Iran), and the mean annual discharge is ~2. 5 m3/s. The region has a semi-arid climate. A rainy season starts in October and usually ends in May, with snowfall common on the higher ground between December and February. The mean annual precipitation of the study area is about 1357 mm (Karimi Vardanjani et al., 2017). However, preliminary evaluations suggest that the spring recharge is from the Zarab Anticline, but in several previous dyes tracing tests, the dye was injected in the Zarab anticline was not seen in the Dimeh Spring (Janparvar, 2001; Pourab Co, 2012). Then, in order to find the catchment area of this spring, the present study has focused on tectonic aspects...