JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS STUDIES IN IRAN
Year:2019 | Volume:7 | Issue:28|Papers Count:11

The main purpose of this paper is description of determinant factors of exchange rate in Iran. We used Stepwise Lease Square to know possible factors that affect exchange rate in the period of 1357-1396. Then, we used econometric methods to estimate long-run relationships among variables. The results verify in the long-run, the relationship among nominal exchange rate and government expenditure, oil revenues and net export is negative and significant, while interest rate, GDP, difference in domestic and foreign inflation, and budget deficit have positive and significant effect on nominal exchange rate. In addition, the economic sanctions in 1391 have notable effect on nominal exchange.

) ( are the most important tool for regional based RIOTs can be complex, expensive and time consuming. From the mid of 20th Century to present, many types of non-survey methods were introduced for the estimation of Regional Input-Output Coefficients (RIOCs) and (RIOTs) by regional input-output economists. On one side, there are different kinds of location quotient methods which have focused on estimating RIOCs and balancing RIOTs acceptance of 2 types of residuals. The first type is exports of a region to other-------------------------------------------------added. On the other side, there are Commodity Balance (CB) and Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM) which concentrate on estimating RIOTs and the regional sectoral value added plays a key role in balancing RIOTs. In this paper, we show that sectoral value added in regional accounts of Iran is adjusted involuntary due to using LQ methods for estimation of RIOTs. To tackle--------------------RAS method for estimating Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-------------------and calculated the regional and national employment multipliers for 60 economic sectors. The results indicate that there are no similarities between the quantities and ranking of regional employment multipliers and national employment multipliers. This result shows-----------------------------------------------------o the compilation of the misleading development strategies.

The purpose of this study is Threshold Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Value Added of Iran Economy Sectors (1393-1353). For this purpose, were used Generalized pattern Autoregressive conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and self threshold regression (TAR). Also is obtained the predicted and unpredictable shock by the Hodrick-Prescott method. According to the research findings, in the industrial sector, exchange rate changes had a neutral effect in the previous values of the threshold level, and the values above the threshold level had a negative effect on the production of this sector. Predicted and unanticipated exchange rate impacts have a negative and significant effect on the industrial sector and have led to a decrease in the production of this sector. In the service sector, although the fluctuations of the exchange rate in the previous levels of the threshold level had a negative effect on the production of this sector, it was positive in values above the threshold level. Predicted shocks have impacted a positive effect and unpredictable shocks have impacted negative effect on the production of this sector. Based on the results obtained in the agricultural sector, the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the agricultural sector production was neutral. In addition to the predicted shocks, have caused fluctuations more than unforeseen exchange rate shocks in agricultural production. Since the effect of predicted impacts is more than an unpredictable momentum, it is recommended that the government apply more transparency in adopted policies.

Of the most important ways to increase energy efficiency, is reducing distribution costs and avoiding of wasting energy. In this paper combined cooling, heating and power plant at the capacity of 5 MW (target power plant) and 1, 8 and 25 MW (alternative options) are studied. Based on the Principles of clean development mechanism, Assessing before fulfillment and social cost-benefit analysis; techniques such as internal rate of return, payback period, and the present value were used; and the results have been studied in terms of Qualitative test such as utility, Hicks-Caldor efficiency and Pareto optimality. Different Capacity mentioned, Were assessed from an economic perspective by 3 scenarios including the sale of power, the sale of electricity and heat and sale of electricity, heat and environmental revenues; Results confirms the CCHP financial and economic feasibility (except for 1-megawatt power plant in electricity sales scenario). Also in case of unlimited resources, priority of execution of power plants at the first two scenarios, respectively capacities of 25, 8, 5 and 1 MW; By applying environmental revenues, 1-megawatt power plant performance Priors than 5 and 8-megawatt power plants. Based on the results and technical, economic and environmental benefits of cogeneration power plants, expanding the system is recommended as an economic strategy to increase the efficiency of the power industry.

Over the past decades, there has been widespread and significant technological change in countries around the world. Developing countries, including Iran, have been witnessing the spread of technology in various parts of the economy, with several delays, along with technological advances in the world. Despite the benefits of technology advancement to the economy, its effects on unemployment are not obvious. On the one hand, technological advancement leads to the creation of new businesses and, on the other hand, destroys some of the old professions. The invention of new machinery and equipment reduce the need for labor in some parts, because these tools and equipment performed more efficiently and quickly and efficiently. If technological advances are appropriate to the structure of the labor market and are based on the needs of the country's economic activities, it can reduce unemployment in the country. On the other hand, if the expansion of technology does not fit into the needs and economic structure of the country, it can have a negative effect on employment. Accordingly, in this study, the effects of technological progress on unemployment rate in Iran using time series data during 1395-1353 is evaluated. In order to estimate the research model, the ARDL econometric methods have been used. The empirical evidence from the estimation of research models show that technological progress in the Iranian economy led to an increase in unemployment, as the country's economic structures did not fit into technological advancements.

Improving capital efficiency is one of the most effective methods for increasing the rate of economic growth and one of the factors affecting capital productivity is the rate of capital utilization. In this study, using the annual data of Iran's economy during the period of 1979-1959, and using the nonlinear model of soft transfer regression (STR), we investigated the effect of government capital stock on capital productivity in Iran. Initial tests confirming the nonlinear relation between the stock of government capital and the production and acceptance of the state capital stock as the transfer variable, in the first regime, when the stock of government capital is less than the threshold, the effect of this variable on negative production, and in the second regime, the amount of storage The capital of the state is more than the threshold; the accumulation of state capital has a more negative and significant effect on production. These results mean that the accumulation of government capital in Iran during the reviewed period has had a negative effect on the effectiveness of the stock of government capital on production (as an indicator of the productivity of government capital).

This article, using the method of continuous wavelet, examines the contagion between the asset markets including housing, stock, currency, gold, and the banking sector in Iran's economy based on the return on assets in the form of co-movement or correlation and causality. For this purpose, annual return data of mentioned assets and bank deposit interest rates have been used between 1991 and 2016. The results of the co-movement and the wavelet phase difference also indicate that in short run, the causal direction is from the exchange rate toward the housing market and from the housing market to the stock market. Also, on the base of results, an increase in the exchange rate and a decrease in the bank's interest rate in the short run are the causes of the increasing of stock market return and in the long run, an increase in the exchange rate would increase the stock return rate. The results also indicate that on the base of co-movement in short run, the increase in the bank interest rate is the cause of reducing of exchange rate The results of this research and obtained relations can be used in policy-making in the housing sector, especially in the field of prices, as well as the foreign exchange market for the correction and control of the exchange rate and the prosperity of the capital market.

Given the bank centered nature of the financing market in the Iranian economy, the performance of the banking system is very influential in the level of production and cost of goods, and the fluctuation in access to bank credits and increase in the cost of access to it provide a good basis for disruptions economic. One of the problems facing the banking system, especially in recent year, is financial friction, which is evident in indicators such as the ratio of non performing loans, the ratio of fixed assets to total assets and government debt accumulation. In this paper, by the aid build of a structural macroeconometric model in the period of 1967-2015, Has been investigated the effect of the financial frictions on the power of providing credit by the banking system. At the same time, the comparison of the effect of reducing financial frictions with the effect of the expansionary monetary policy on the power of providing credit by the banking system and finally, the comparison of the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy on the reduction of financial friction with the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy has been investigated. The dynamic simulation results of the model show that the power of providing credit by the banking system increases by an average of 16 percent, due to the reduction of financial frictions annually by one standard deviation. Also, the effect of reducing financial frictions, in comparison with the effect of expansionary monetary policy on the Power of Providing Credit by The Banking System is on average 10 percent higher. In addition, the effectiveness of the expansionary monetary policy on the power of providing credit by the System in the event of a reduction in financial frictions as much as one standard on is on average 17 percent higher than when fiscal frictions are not reduced

Experimental evidence related to 2008 financial crisis and its consequences indicated the importance role of the financial sector to transfer the shocks to the real sector of the economy. In the Iranian economy also, banking is one of the major financial sectors that affects and is influences by the overall performance of the national economy through resource mobilization, recruitment of liquidity, provision of payment tools, granting facilities, and creating interaction between investment and savings. The analysis of the banks’ roles as financial accelerators over Iranian commercial eras may provide a better understanding of effectiveness of shocks on the economy. In this paper using a New Keynesian standard dynamic stochastic egarding price-stickiness, and structural parameters of the model and some of the variables are calibrated and the impacts of different shocks on some macroeconomic factors are analyzed in the following two ways. The first mode is a model that includes financial accelerators. The second is a model without a financial accelerator. Then the ability of each model in describing each key feature of data and the effects of momentums on key variables in Iranian economy are analyzed. All the data used in this paper refer to constant prices in 2011 and 1966-2016 period annually. Results of the estimates for the models indicate that the effect of money demand momentum on the investment variable, and also the effect of monetary policy momentum on consumption, investment and production variables in the model, taking into consideration the financial accelerators, are tenser than that of the model without financial accelerator.

The main issue of the present article is the identification of rent producing channels in the banking system of Iran. Institutionalist political economy approach is used as the theoretical framework due to the nature of the rent-seeking and, consequently, to the inclusion and interaction of the economic and political variables. In the theoretical part, ownership and regulation system have been introduced as two major channels of rent producing in the banking system. Subsequently, in the experimental part, using the library method and content analysis, for 2005-2015, the performance of the banking system was examined with regard to the above channels and it is shown that although private ownership is a rent producing channel in the banking system in Iran, but the regulation system is more important than that. In this regard, one of the powerful evidences which provides the conditions for producing and expansion of rents is a violation of the “ interest-free banking operation” law. Investigating variables such as lending facilities, non-performing loans and the quality of the banking system in relation to productive sectors also indicate that the rule of law in Iran, in the formulation of laws and regulations, as well as the implementation and supervision, has a significant role in supporting this issue. Therefore fundamental reform of regulation system, especially in the implementation and supervision phase, and necessity of institutional reform of the country's economic requirements with the goals of protecting private property and increasing social and economic wellbeing can modify even the ownership channel to reduce significantly the rentseeking behavior.