JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2021 | Volume:20 | Issue:100|Papers Count:14

Background: Although aetiology and psychopathology of depression in adolescents emphesised the core factors for developing depression as experiencing negative life events, interpersonal problems and having deficiencies in skills of coping with challenges and problem solving skills, background of therapy shows instead of equipping them to problem solving skills, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been applied for depression in youth which mainly concentrates on modifying dysfunctional beliefs and negative thoughts. Aims: The aim of the study was to apply creative problem solving therapy (CPST compare with CBT among mild and moderate depressed girl adolescents. Method: Using randomised control trials design, among all comprehensive state secondary girl schools in Tehran two schools were collected randomly based on two-stage sampling and all were tested by Beck’ s Depression Inventory, BDI, 1996 and in the next stage were assessed by Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire (Munoz and Miranda 2000). 96 adolescents were identified as having mild and moderate depression and were randomly assigned in three experimental groups at the same time with the similar conditions. The adolescents within creative problem-solving group underwent a 12 session intervention consisting of creative problem solving techniques adapted from (Osborn 1956, 1979; Stein 1975; Parnes 1979) each session took place for 90 minutes. The second group received cognitive behavioural techniques based on the group manuals (Munoz and Miranda 2000) with the same amount of time. The control group experienced similar time and condition with the same experimenter without receiving any intervention related to depression. All groups were assessed again at session 12 and in two months following the study. The results were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results showed clinically significant improvement of the interaction between treatment and time P = 0. 001 < 0. 05 in overall depression and Mood and Feelings in both groups compared to the control group which showed no change over time in their scores on the two assessments. Significant differences were also found between CPST (M= 7. 37 and CBT M= 10. 78) favouring the former. The results from the two month follow-up indicated that the CPST group showed fewer symptoms of depression M = 8. 50 compared with the CBT group M=12. 22. CPST represents a promising intervention for minor and mild depression in youth. Conclusions: Regarding aetiology of depression in youth, CPST showed reasonable evidence of efficacy in sample. Repetition with a larger sample is required before roll-out to counselling and clinical settings.

Background: Romantic jealousy is a complex construct composed of several dimensions. Given the multidimensional nature of romantic jealousy, it would be useful to have a measurement scale that would take into account its several components. The main issue of the present study is the multidimensional jealousy scale a suitable scale for measuring romantic jealousy in the Iranian sample? Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the multidimensional jealousy scale. Method: The present study, in terms of basic-applied purpose, is a questionnaire in terms of the type of survey data collection and in terms of methodology, is one of the experimental studies that has been done in the form of a correlational research. It had a population consisting of all university students studying at Shiraz University in the academic year of 2019-2020. The present study sample, based on Cochran's formula, consisted of 376 participants, and due to the possibility of invalid questionnaires, 428 students were selected by the snowball sampling method. The participants completed the Pfeiffer and Wong Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (1989). To substantiate the entire questionnaire reliability and the pertaining parameters, Cronbach’ s alpha was computed. Results: The results of the multidimensional jealousy scale along with its three dimensions (cognitive, emotional and behavioral) have a good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 83-0. 94). As well as, for vitality and component of multidimensional jealousy scale. Conclusions: The Persian version of the multidimensional jealousy scale is a good tool for evaluating romantic jealousy in three dimensions (cognitive, emotional and behavioral) in Iranian population.

Background: One of the most important discussion in the field of drug dependence and drug abuse is the occurrence of cognitive-emotional processes in the victims of drug abusers. This is because the chronic use of drugs leads to long-term destruction on the functioning of the brain. In fact, addiction to drugs is considered as a complicated mental processes which involves emotional, cognitive and biological factors. Aims: The present was carried to evaluate different dimension of cognitive-emotional aspects of personality based on Cloninger’ s theory in methamphetamine users and comparing it with normal individuals. Method: current study is an causaul comparative research. Fifty methamphetamine users who referred themselves to drug clinics for treatment, in addition to 50 normal subjects were selected as participants selected in available sampling method. Results: Data analysis involving multiple analysis variance as well as regression analysis for all scales of personality questionnaire. Conclusions: Also, there was ashown that the scores for all scales of personality questionnaire were high except for the scale of persistence and psychological profile of the addicts showed that their psychological health was worse than that of the normal group. Furthermore, within the addict group all psychological profiles were high which requires close attention of research clinicians.

Background: Today, job readiness of pilots is one of the most important concerns of organizations and airlines. This has led psychologists in recent years to conduct specialized research to discover the factors affecting the job readiness of passenger pilots. Aims: The aim of this study was to qualitative investigate the structural factors affecting the job readiness of passenger pilots. Method: This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method based on Brown and Clark model. In this study, all pilots of an airline in Tehran in 1398 were considered as the study population. Sampling was done by purposive method and after selecting the pilots based on the input criteria, semi-structured interviews with the pilots continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, 10 pilots were interviewed and the obtained data after analysis, were classified and coded. Results: During the analysis, a total of 136 initial codes, 17 sub-themes and 3 main themes were obtained. Findings were identified in the form of 3 main themes of contextual factors hindering the job readiness of passenger pilots, the organizational factors promoting the job readiness of passenger pilots and the organizational factors hindering the job readiness of passenger pilots. Conclusions: This study showed that three categories of factors in the country and airlines are effective on the job readiness of passenger pilots that should be considered.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychological disorders. Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies and third generation on the improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder, But the main issue is that if new therapies such as imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy affect women's obsessivecompulsive disorder? Aims: This study was implemented to study the effectiveness of imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy on cognitive abilities, distress tolerance and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in women. Method: The present study is a quasi-experimental. The quasi-experimental design of the present study was pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women aged 20 to 45 years in Kermanshah in 1397. The research sample was 40 women aged 20 to 45 years in Kermanshah who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Structured clinical interview, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1986), Nejati cognitive ability questionnaire (2013) and Simmons et al. (2005) Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) were used to collect data. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90 minutes imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT) based on the approach of O’ Shea and Moran (2019) once a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis with repeated measuring. Results: The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measuring showed that imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT) is effective in reducing cognitive problems and the symptom of obsessivecompulsive disorder and increasing distress tolerance (P≤ 0/001). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study and considering that the pattern of imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy Focuses on images, feeling, disturbing memories, and cognitive reconstruction, it can be considered as an effective intervention along with other therapeutic interventions for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Practically used.

Background: Depression due to divorce in the elderly is a negative psychological response. Diagnosis, classification, and comparison of divorce-related depression levels in older women and men have received less attention. Aims: The aim of this study was to automate data processing to identify, classify and compare levels of depression due to divorce in older men and women. Method: The present study is an applied descriptive-survey research. The study was conducted in the elderly community seeking divorce in Gonbad Kavous. Before divorce, data were collected from the research community using the Geriatric Depression Scale. Fifteen normal and available couples with the necessary conditions were included in the study as a sample. Four months after the divorce, data were collected from sample couples using the Elderly Depression Scale and then randomly divided into training and experimental groups. MATLABR2016b software was used to implement artificial neural network with fuzzy logic approach. The ANFIS system was trained and then tested separately for older men and women. System performance was determined using the ROC curve. The prevailing level of depression after divorce in women was compared to elderly men. Results: Evaluation of ROC curve with TPR ˃ 94/66%, FPR ˃ 94/31% and AUC ˃ 0/84 (P= 0/000) showed high accuracy of the model. In addition, men were more likely to be depressed than women after divorce. Conclusions: During the primary care program, in addition to using the system designed as a screening tool for early detection of psychological disorders in the elderly to increase the accuracy of specialist diagnosis, the possibility of appropriate and timely treatment for depressed men and women will be provided.

Background: Recent studies allude to an increasing trend in teachers to retire early from their profession and pay less attention to maintaining a health-oriented, occupational lifestyle. This highlights the need to develop psychoeducational interventions aimed at strengthening psychological capital in teachers. Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of empowerment training program to increase psychological capital and emotional wellbeing related to the job of a group of female teachers. Method: The present research was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all female teachers of the first and second course of secondary school in the 4th educational region of Tehran in the first semester of the 99-98 academic year. Among them, 60 female teachers in experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups who were selected by convenience sampling method, before and after training answered the psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, & Norman (2007). ) and the the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (Van Katwyk, Fox, Spector & Kelloway (2000). Teachers' psychological empowerment training package (Baum et al. (2018). ) was performed in 10 sessions and 2 hours in each session, in a group method for the experimental group. For data analysis, simple mixed analysis of variance statistical method was used. Results: The results indicated that, in the short and long term teachers' psychological empowerment training package was effective in increasing psychological capital, positive dimension of job-related emotional well-being and in contrast was empirically effective in reducing negative teacher emotions, the negative aspect of job-related emotional well-being (p< 0/001). Conclusions: In summary, the results of the present study showed that the realization of teachers 'psychological empowerment concerns and the provision of essential prerequisites for professional development and growth in them is based on promoting teachers' psychological capital, strengthening coping resources and improving their mental resilience.

Background: Divorce is among the important factors, which can cause the family circle to disintegrate. It has many consequences on the society and can be the origin of numerous social harms. Aims: The purpose of this study was to comparing effectivness of schema therapy and acceptance/commitment therapy on forgiveness among divorced women of Tehran city. Method: This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and two months follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all the divorced women of Tehran city in year 1397. In this study, 45 divorced women were considered as the sample size in two experimental group’ s (each group of 15 women) and control (15 women). The experimental groups underwent schema therapy (12 sessions 90 minutes) and acceptance commitment (12 sessions 90 minutes), but the control group received no training. To collect data Heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) of Thompson and et al (2005). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni). Results: The results showed that both of the schema therapy and acceptance commitment therapy used in this study can significantly improve forgiveness among divorced women. But acceptance/commitment therapy on forgiveness has a greater impact. Results highlight the importance of these interventions for forgiveness among divorced women and providing new perspectives in clinical interventions. Conclusions: So pay attention to the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance commitment therapy in counseling and psychotherapy of forgiveness among divorced women has a special significance.

Background: The issue of lifestyle and the need for families to be familiar with the components of this lifestyle on the one hand and the issue of intergenerational gap between parents and children on the other hand, is one of the most important issues in the field of family pathology today. Despite the importance of developing an educational model based on the Islamic lifestyle in order to reduce the intergenerational gap, this issue has been neglected in studies. Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the educational model of parents based on the Islamic lifestyle in order to reduce the generation gap. Method: This study was based on a mixed exploratory design (qualitative and quantitative approach). In the qualitative part, the descriptive-analytical method is used and in the quantitative part, the survey method is used. The research population included all the theoretical foundations related to the Islamic lifestyle pattern and the intergenerational gap and other reliable sources related to this field, and 15 education specialists and experts in this field were used to validate the model. Purposeful sampling method was used for sampling. Data collection methods were document review, and field model validation. Data collection tools were phishing and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, the inferential analytical method was used and in the quantitative part, the descriptive statistical index was used, which included the frequency and average frequency. Results: The findings of the study led to the development of an educational model for parents based on the Islamic lifestyle, including goals, principles, content, methods and methods of evaluation. The obtained validity was confirmed. Conclusions: The parental education model based on the Islamic lifestyle extracted from the present study can be used to reduce the generation gap between parents and adolescent children.

Background: Although distress tolerance plays a significant role in mental and physical health, developing specific interventions regarding an increase in distress tolerance has rarely been paid attention to. The impacts of the compassion-based intervention on psychological features of individuals with psychosomatic conditions have been rarely examined as well. Aims: The goals of the present study were, first, to introduce the distress tolerance promotion package (DTPP) and, second, to compare its effectiveness with compassion-focused therapy (CFT; Gilbert, 2010) in terms of self-criticism, fear of negative evaluation, and anxiety in women with chronic tension-type headaches. Method: The research was quasi-experimental with the pretest, posttest, and control group design. The statistical population included all women with tension-type headaches referred to headache and neurology clinics in Isfahan in 2019. Forty-eight women with tension-type headaches using purposeful sampling method were selected and randomly assigned to DTPP (n=16), CFT (n=16), and control (n=16) groups. DTPP and CFT groups attended a 90-minute session per week for 8 weeks, whereas the control group received no particular intervention. The participants were assessed using the scales of self-criticism (Gilbert et al., 2004), the fear of negative evaluation (Leary, 1983), and anxiety (Beck et al., 1998) in the pretest and posttest stages. Results: The MANCOVA results revealed that compared to the control group, DTPP and CFT groups lead to significant improvements in each of the scales of self-criticism, the fear of negative evaluation, and anxiety in the women with tension-type headaches. DTPP was also shown to have a greater positive effect on the reduction of self-criticism compared to CFT. Conclusions: Based on the findings, the effectiveness of the newly designed distress tolerance promotion package and compassion-focused therapy were approved on selfcriticism, fear of negative evaluation, and anxiety in women with chronic tension-type headaches.

Background: The statistics of extramarital affairs are increasing due to its negative effects in different societies and it is a matter of concern, especially that in backgrounds related to infidelity, extramarital affairs is associated with a decrease in psychological health; And knowing that your spouse is unfaithful can lead to negative reactions, including physical assault, suicide, or even murder. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy on forgiveness and communication beliefs of couples involved in Marital Infidelity. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental and was a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included couples on the verge of divorce who had referred to the Deputy for Justice and Prevention of Kermanshah in 2019 due to marital infidelity. The research sample consisted of 24 pairs, which were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 pairs each). Participants completed the Forgiveness Questionnaire (Ehteshamzadeh et al., 2010) and Communication Beliefs (Idelson and Epstein, 1982) before and after the treatment intervention. Emotional couple therapy intervention was performed for 8 sessions for the experimental group. During this period, the control group did not receive any therapeutic intervention. To test the hypotheses, multivariate analysis of covariance was used using SPSS-21 software. Results: Findings showed that emotion-oriented couple therapy can significantly increase forgiveness and reduce dysfunctional communication beliefs of couples with marital breakage experience (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Accordingly, emotional couple therapy can be used by therapists as an effective and efficient way to increase forgiveness and reduce the couple's dysfunctional beliefs, and thus help improve marital relationships. Emotional couple therapy that requires the least facilities, equipment, and costs should be considered by couples with experience of breach, and family therapists should use these programs to reduce the problems of couples with breach of experience.