JOURNAL OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC PERIOD HISTORY (JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES) (TABRIZ)
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:22|Papers Count:6

Although Gilan had economic and production potentials in other economic products, due to the importance of silk in the economy of Gilan and Iran, especially the export of this product to the foreign countries, the central governments of Iran and other countries paid attention to Gilan silk. The peak period of the silk trade in Iran and Gilan was the Safavid era. However, in the Qajar period, silk was still a major part of the Iran's goods exports. The most important factor that caused the Europeans to pay more attention to Gilan silk during this period was the prevalence of silkworm disease in Europe and the shortages of this product there. But due to the dominance of Russia over silk-producing areas of northern Iran, the monopoly of trade in this commodity was practically in the hands of the Russians. The British also tried to obtain this valuable commodity through intermediaries. Hence, other European countries were not able to trade in Iranian silk during this period. The monopoly of the silk trade by the Russians and the British caused the livelihood of the silk merchants and producers of Qajar Iran to become somewhat dependent on the trading houses and the policies of these two governments. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of Gilan silk industry and its impact on British-Russian relations with Iran in the Qajar era relying on documentary and historical studies. Findings show that, due to the importance of silk, some of the political conflicts between the Russian and British governments in Iran have been to control the economy and trade of this product. This monopoly trade made it impossible for the other countries to compete with these two world powers in the field of silk trade. Finally, the policies of the two countries provided the grounds for the weaknesses of Gilan silk.

The requirement of any government after its formation and consolidation is the establishment of a judicial organization. The Mongols were nomadic tribes before the formation of a centralized and extensive government, and what they learned was influenced by the civilizations around them. They were in Central Asia and in the vicinity of the civilized tribes, including the Uyghurs and the Khitais. This closeness and neighborhood created the threads of communication between them in different forms. In addition to these tribes, the Mongols were in the neighborhood of the great Chinese civilization and with their presence in Iran brought with them to Iran some elements of the Chinese civilization. Among these, one could name the method of the common Ministry in the Ilkhanid government structure. Although the common Ministry in Iran has indigenous historical roots, this coordination in the ministry was more closely linked to the Chinese culture. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to describe the roots of the common Ministry in China and the channels of Iranian-Chinese civilization, including the Khitai, Uyghur and Silk Roads, which contributed to the transfer of the common Ministry from China to Iran.

The Soviet Red Army occupied northern Iran in September 1941 to gain access to the Allied supply line under the pretext of the presence of German advisers in Iran. During the presence of this army in the northern and northwestern regions of Iran, nationalist movements emerged in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, which caused a crisis in the central government for some time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Soviet Union in the centrifugal movements in Kurdistan, Iran in the years 1941-1946. This study uses a descriptiveanalytical method and relies on primary sources such as press, unpublished documents and library resources to examine the issue. The findings of the study indicate that the purpose of the Soviet Union in inciting ethnic tendencies in the Kurdish regions of Iran was to provide its political and economic interests and to make a base for its influence in Iran in the post World War II period. The policies of the First Pahlavi, which called for the destruction of the Kurdish language, history and culture in the context of the fusion of ethnic identities in the national identity, and Soviet support for the Kurds caused their divergence from the central government. The Kurds currents considered the Soviet army not an occupying force, but a liberating force.

The fall of the Sasanian Empire, in addition to the political results, had extensive social, economic and cultural consequences that influenced Zoroastrian society in the first Islamic centuries. The reflection of many of these changes and developments could be examined in the post-Sasanian texts. From the pathological point of view and in order to maintain the internal cohesion and unity, they instructed various teachings to the mentioned society. Many of these teachings considered in the post-Sasanian texts were influenced by the apocalyptic themes. Assuming that apocalyptic Zoroastrian contents had different teachings in religious, political, social, cultural and economic fields in the first Islamic centuries, this paper studies them in the post-Sasanian texts and examines the apocalyptic attitudes of Zoroastrian religion in different fields using a descriptive-analytical method.

Animal hunting in the Safavid era, due to the extreme interest of the kings of this dynasty, became very important. The hunting customs, organizations and rituals, positions and tools as well as the hunting days were reflected in the taste and works of art and also in the jurisprudential and religious rulings. This created a kind of culture, ethics and hunting etiquette. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical historical method to study the first-hand historical sources, travelogues and manuscripts. With reference to the theories in the field of environmental ethics and hunting, this study examines the hunting biological and human consequences in the course of the Safavid history. It addresses the questions of what was the motivation and process of hunting in the Safavid era and to what extent it endangered the environment and animal species of Iran. The findings of this study show that the Safavid kings considered hunting as a source of food, learning martial arts, recreation, entertainment and feasting, recognizing and legitimizing and convincing a sense of pride and ambition. But with an ethical human-centered approach in hunting and the environment, and by taking the example of the Safavid rulers and neglecting moderation in hunting and the continuation and transfer of this heritage to the later periods, they created devastating consequences that resulted in the human casualties and the environmental damages to some animal species.

One of the salient features of the Timur's rule is the strong presence of the Chagatais in government organizations. Timur used these figures to establish and stabilize his government and to expand his territory. The main aim of this research is to study the role of the Chagatais in the formation and establishment of the Timurid government and to assess the why and the how of the political, administrative and military influences of the Chagatais in this government. Implementing a descriptive-analytical method, this study has used library resources to examine Timur's thoughts and policy regarding Chagatais and their use in military and property affairs. The results of the research show the strong presence of the Chagatais in the military and governmental affairs of Timur. This, in addition to the inevitability of Timur's tendency to use the Chagatais to deepen political legitimacy, is influenced by the dependence of the Timurid rule on the Chagatais' troops to expand and maintain the territory as well as to stabilize the government.