Journal of Comparative Literature
Year:2020 | Volume:10 | Issue:3 (39)|Papers Count:8

The impact of region, geography, and the environment on the behavior, manners, and thoughts of human beings is undeniable. The manifestation of this effect has stood out in the literature of a wide variety of peoples and ethnicities. Lifestyle creates the poetic and literary style and the style of Arabic and Bakhtiari poetry is influenced by their surrounding lives in terms of content and language. A quick glance at the poetry of Arab people, especially that of pre-Islamic period, would point to the fact that Arabic poetry is a total reflection of the nomadic life of that region. In the poetry of pre-Islamic era, what stands out the most is the quality of nomadic life, migration, and its requirements. In Iran a great deal of Luri poetry, particularly that of Bakhtiari dialect, have a lot in common with the Arabic poetry of pre-Islamic period. Migration and its concomitant state of being homesick, stopping by the beloved’ s halting-place, crying over it, and the remembrance of the sweet memories of being in the company of the beloved in Bakhtiari songs find parallels in the Pre-Islamic poetry of the premises of the Suspended Odes. The important point is that Bakhtiari poetry, unlike Persian poetry, despite the thematic similarities, has not imitated the Arabic poetry, and this similarity in themes is the result of tribal lifestyles. The current research aims to comparatively examine instances of realizations of such similarity in Bakhtiari and Suspended Odes of Arabic poetry.

Taqiyyah was used in the Shiite religion amongst the Shiite Imams (AS), scholars, and the poets of the early Islamic centuries in the Middle Ages in order to achieve the transcendental goals or to preserve their lives in the face of an adverse ruler or hostile public opinion against Shi’ ism. Strangulation, poverty, and anti-Shi’ ism can also be regarded as some influential factors in practicing Taqiyyah in relationships between people and their government and, since both poets, Sanai Ghaznavi and Seyyed Sharif Razi, regardless of their spatial limitations, lived at a specific period of time, they used Taqiyyah, considering their social, political, and family circumstances. By using descriptive-analytical method, in a comparative study, this paper is an attempt to analyze the concept of Taqiyyah in the poetry of Sanai Ghaznavi, as a Persian Shi’ ite poet, and that of Seyyed Razi, as an Arab Shi’ ite poet. The two poets were contemporaries; however, they have used Taqiyyah as a means to defend Shi'a ideals and to achieve their goals in their works, in a different way: Seyyed Razi was an Alawite political poet, and, therefore, he used Taqiyyah in his poetry as a tool to achieve the highest political and religious power in Shi’ ism, which is the establishment of an Alawite government by himself. Sanai Ghaznavi, on the other hand, taking into consideration the social common sense, the government, and the strangulation of the Shi’ ites as a result of Shi’ a-phobia, used Taqiyyah in order to explain the Imamat of the Imams (AS).

The sociology of literature, on the one hand, is related to sociology and, on the other hand, to literature. Artistic and literary works are the means for expressing the social issues because they are created in the context of social events. War is one of the events that changed the social, economic and cultural structure of both Iran and Palestine. In this regard, the authors have been able to create the remarkable works in the field of war literature. Regarding to this fact that this sociology in war novels has been less targeted by researchers, in this research, a descriptiveanalytical approach is based on the American comparative school, the situation of the two lands of Iran and Palestine, in the two novels, Mehtab Guest by Farhad Hassanzadeh and Azras Ameneh by Ibrahim Nasrolah, have been subject to the sociological analysis in order to depict the resilience of the people and their perseverance to defend their ideals. In the end, we concluded that the two authors, based on their global and social origins, have been able to reflect the social situation of the two societies in a desirable manner. Their difference is that the two authors have a different perspective on the war. Farhad Hassanzadeh has more and more to do with the negative effects of war and the most horrific scenes of warfare, while Ibrahim Nasrolah brings together bitter and sweet happenings, thus it is clarified that he has the intermediate view to war.

“ Migration Literature” is the product of the years after the first and second world wars, it refers to the works that have been devoted to the experience of living in the different places of their culture and the social identity problems that caused by this life. A migrant, with confusion in the new culture, suffers from a disorder of identity and as if he is not distracted from his culture and he does not belong to the culture of the host nation; therefore, in order to find his true identity, he is constantly struggling and wandering. The present study is a comparative study of the novel Dahl by Mahmoud Golabdarrei and A Sparrow from the East by Tawfiq al-Hakim; among the works in migration literature, in which the eastern characters conflict with Western culture. By explaining the fundamental concepts of immigration literature, the study seek to point out the identity based on the theories of Baba that includes threshold of being and the link of being. By using a content analysis method and a comparative approach, this research deals with the comparison of these two works and concluded that the attachment of identity has occurred in some cases such as the religious identity, hijab, language, race, family and pleasure and entertainment in migration literature.

A comparative study of the status of woman from the point of view of two authors from two different geographical, linguistic, and national domains, both of whom have written letters to women of interest, undoubtedly falls within the realm of comparative literature; A study for which all the benefits of a comparative study can be imagined, which is to provide a platform for mutual understanding and dialogue and interaction of cultures. In this study, “ The Love Letters of a Prophet” , written by Gibran Khalil Gibran with “ Forty Short Letters to My Wife” by Nader Ebrahimi are comparatively examined from the perspective of the status of woman; In order for these writers to look at women from different perspectives, especially women's independence and their quality and method of influencing men, family and society, the works are carefully analyzed. What is noteworthy in this regard is that the view of both authors is a positive view, but Nader Ebrahimi's view, especially when it comes to family and community, can be considered more realistic and accurate; This difference may be traced back to the lives of these writers and the type of relationship they had with the women for whom the letters were originally written.

Resistance literature depicts the pains and sufferings of a nation at a time in history that is caused by factors such as colonialism and encroachment on national and cultural values. Writers in this field defend religion, culture, identity, land, as well as values and heritage with the weapon of language. In the contemporary period, due to the invasion of the Muslim community by the Zionists and the colonial governments, many writers have created the literary works in this field. In Palestine, Mohammed al-Qaisi is one of the outstanding poets in the field of Palestinian resistance literature who has artistically reflected the foundations of the stability of the Palestinian Revolution and the Intifada in his poems. In Iran, too, Seyyed Hassan Hosseini is one of the most famous poets in the field of war and sacred defense, who preserves the national and patriotic values. The present study intends to examine the manifestations of resistance in the poetry of Mohammad Al-Qaisi and Seyyed Hassan Hosseini based on the frameworks of comparative literature due to the American school of comparative literature and descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that the poetic themes of the two poets in the field of resistance literature are common and both in this field are reflected in the components such as defense of the land, oppression, courage, expression of pain and suffering of the nation, the place of martyr and hope have led to the victory and defeat of the enemies, and in this way, they lead them to defend their homeland and national and cultural values.

This study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary studies in achieving the goals of comparative literature based on the American literary school and the archetype of death and rebirth. It also uses analytical descriptive and inductive methods to test the theoretical capacities of Jung's collective unconscious and the archetypes to analyze the why and the how of literary similarities between Iran and Arabi literature, and especially in Khayyam and Bayati's poetry, the study explores and reveals the deep and common layers of archeology of these two texts, while emphasizing the relationship between literature and psychology which confirms the use of archetypes in the creation of the best literary works of different nations of the world and, most importantly, it shows the role of archetypes in justifying the literary similarities between Iran and Arab literature. The results indicate that both texts have deep and common foundations of the archetype of death and rebirth, which have led to widespread literary similarities and the closeness of the aforementioned texts. In the meantime, their minor differences in the manifestation of these archetypes can be seen in the manifestation of archetype, fore example, in Bayati's poetry, the archetype of death and rebirth are mostly expressed in the form of the Sumerian myth of Ishtar and Tammuz, the Egyptian myth of Isis and Osiris, and in the symbol made by Bayati, named: Aisha; but in Khayyam's poetry, it is mainly reflected in the transformation of man into dust and its transformation into greenery and plants and vegetables.