JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:1 (45)|Papers Count:9

Introduction: Metallization is the ability of an individual to interpreting the mental states in themselves and others. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Metallization Questionnaire in Iranian society. Method: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. A sample of 272 students selected by a cluster sampling method was selected. Data were collected by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Attachment styles questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Reflective Functioning Questionnairewere and analyzed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate correlation. Results: Structure of the questionnaire included two factors of certainty and uncertainty. Cronbach's alpha for two factors respectively was 0. 88 and 0. 66. Certainty component was significantly correlated with anxiety-depression, ambivalent style, and secure attachment, indicating convergent validity of the subscale. Uncertainty also showed a significant relationship with anxiety-depression and mindfulness, avoidant and ambivalent attachment style indicating convergent validity. Significant negative correlation found between two components as well. Conclusion: the Persian version of Metallization Questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties in the Iranian student community and could be a useful questionnaire in evaluating metallization ability.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of Complex Interpersonal Problems and Contrast Avoidance of Worry in the correlation between neuroticism and the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Method: A descriptive-correlation design with structural equation modeling administered, and statistical population consisting 415 individuals with GAD symptoms were selected through available sampling method. Questionnaires of Neuroticism, Interpersonal Problems, Contrast Avoidance of Worry and Generalized Anxiety were applied for data collecttion. Data were then analyzed using AMOS and SPSS software through Pearson’ s correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: results showed well goodness of fite to the proposed model. Significant effects were found for neuroticism on complex interpersonal problems, interpersonal problems showed a direct and significant effect on contrast avoidance of worry, and contrast avoidance of worry showed a direct and significant effect on generalized anxiety disorder. Contrast avoidance of worry and complex interpersonal problems significantly mediated the association between neuroticism and symptoms of GAD. Conclusion: Neuroticism, complex interpersonal problems, and contrast avoidance of worry showed a direct and significant effect on symptoms of GAD. Moreover, Contrast avoidance of worry and complex interpersonal problems played the mediating role between neuroticism and symptoms of GAD.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy on type D personality and adherence to treatment in coronary heart disease patients. Method: A single-subject design with multiple baseline control and 6-week follow-up was applied. Ten men with heart disease were selected by convenience sampling method among patients of Razavi Hospital in Mashhad. The efficacy of treatment protocol in three stages (baseline, 10-session treatment and 6-weeks follow-up) was examined using Type D Personality Questionnaire and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Data were analyzed using visual charting, Reliable Change Index (RCI), Percentage Recovery Formula and Clinical Significance. Results: In the post-test phase, schema therapy significantly reduced type D personality and increased adherence to treatment for cardiac patients compared to acceptance and commitment therapy (P< 0. 05), but at follow-up, Schema therapy was more effective in reducing type D personality and increasing adherence to treatment. Conclusion: The results showed that schema therapy significantly improved target behaviors. No clinically important difference evident between schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in term of target behaviors.

Introduction: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), serious medical diseases, such as cancer, can be considered as a traumatic event while perceived as unexpected, sudden, and life-threatening. Diagnosis of life-threatening disease like cancer, can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a competitive memory training (COMET) as an intervention on changing interpretation bias among newly diagnosed cancer patients suffering from PTSD. Method: By a semi-experimental design a sample size of 60 newly diagnosed cancer patients suffering from PSTD were selected and randomly divided into the COMET group (N = 30) or the MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) group (N = 30). Pre-assessment included a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) and a series of short clips applied to measure interpretation bias in the subjects. The COMET group received 6 weekly 45 min individual sessions, while the MEST group undergone 7 weekly 45 min individual sessions. All the assessments were re-conducted in the post-treatment and three-months follow-up stages. Data were analysed using mixed ANOVA analysis. Results: The results indicated that COMET intervention significantly reduced the interpretation bias extent in the cancer patients with PTSD symptoms compared to the control MEST group. Conclusion: We concluded that COMET intervention can be used as an effective intervention to alleviate the interpretation bias among cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder patients.

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most common psychological disorders that have a relatively high prevalence in adolescents and young adults. OCD affects people’ s social, educational and occupational functions in different ways. In this study, we aimed to explain obsessive-compulsive symptoms based on attachment and alienation styles with the mediating role of depression. Method: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population include all students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom Branch in the academic year 1397-98. The sample consisted of 344 subjects of the statistical population. The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Collins and Reed Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Bell's Subject Relationship Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used as measurements of different aspects of our study. The descriptive-correlational is done by structural equation analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 and Lisrel version 10. 20 software. Results: The direct and indirect effects of alienation, safe style, ambivalent style and depression on the symptoms of obsession were confirmed. Positive for alienation, negative for safe style, ambivalent for positive, and positive for depression. Also, the obtained fit indices showed an acceptable fit of the data with the model. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, an appropriate early attachment experiences can prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder in adulthood. Further, the likelihood of obsession disease in persons with alignation is high and depression is partly explain the mechanism involved in escalation of obsession.

Introduction: The chronic diseases has long been great challeng in the healthcare system worldwide, with huge financial, psychological and physical costs. Given the persistence of these diseases and increased patients tendency for non-hospital care, the care processes may impact the quality of life and general health of family members, particularly the primary caregiver. The aim of this study then was to compare the effectiveness of Congnitive-behavioral Therapy, Reality Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on quality of life, general health and coping strategies of chronic patient caregivers. Method: This study was designed and conducted as a semi-experimental study (pre-test and post-test with control group). The statistical population of this study included caregivers of people with cancer in Shohada Hospital of Tajrish and caregivers of patients with MS registered in the Tehran MS Association. A total sample of 60 subjects were selected on a voluntary basis and divided into 3 exprimental groups and a control group. All subjects were completed the General Health Questionnaire, the Coping Response Inventory, and the Quality of Life Questionnaire in the pretest and post test occations. Results: The results of this study showed that all three interventions of cognitive behavioral therapy, reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy could significantly impact the means of the study dependent variables compared to the control group. Cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions compared to other methods revealed more robust changes in the general health scores, quality of life, and coping strategies in caregivers. Conclusion: The effectiveness of all three interventions in cognitive-behavioral therapy, reality therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy on caregivers public health, quality of life and coping strategies, are confirmed. The cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention is prefered compared to the other two methods, and reality therapy showed the minimum effect.

Introduction: This research aimed to investigate the predictive role of childhood psychological maltreatment by responsibility and cognitive fusion in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical population. Method: The research design was correlational and statistical population comprised students of Shiraz University in the 2018-2019 academic year. A number of 306 subject (145 males and 161 females) were selected using the randomized multi-stage cluster sampling method. The measures were collectec by Psychological Maltreatment Inventory, the Cognitive Fusion Scale(CFQ), the Responsibility Attitude Scale(RAS) and The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Obtained data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling. Results: Result showed that responsibility and cognitive fusion were relatively mediator in the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment subscale (emotional non-responsiveness, rejection / frightenment, overcoming / inflexibility) with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. There was an direct and significant impact between childhood psychological maltreatment subscale(emotional non-responsiveness, rejection / frightenment, overcoming / inflexibility) with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusion: In order to decrease the obsessive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, therapists need on the one hand, to review and evaluat the unpleasant experiences of childhood and, on the other hand, beside cognitive and retrospective challenging seek to reduce their beliefs of responsibility and cognitive fusion.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the discriminant analysis of individuals with borderline personality syndrome from individuals without borderline personality syndrome based on attachment style, defense mechanisms, and object relations. Method: This study was conducted with a expos-facto design. Statistical society included undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd who were studying in the first semester of the academic year 2018-2019. A sample of 44 subjects with borderline personality syndromes and 44 normal persons were selected based on the inclusion criteria and answered the research questionnaires. Results: The results showed that individuals with borderline personality disorder syndrome can be discriminated from individuals without borderline personality syndrome based on avoidant and ambivalent attachment, underdeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms, social incompetence, introversion, insecurity and alienation. Conclusion: People with borderline personality syndrome have underdeveloped mechanisms, insecure attachment style and impared object relations. The screening and evaluation of individuals to prevent further pathology, as well as, consideration in counseling and psychotherapy sessions is necessary.

Introduction: Considering the importance of happiness and rumination in increasing the level of mood, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of experience-based therapy package with compassion-based therapy on happiness and rumination in depressed patients. Method: The research method was a semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and three groups. The statistical population of the study included depressed patients who had come to Sepahan Counseling Services Center in Esfahan city in the spring and summer of 2018 so that 45 of them were selected using convenient sampling method and randomly assigned into three groups including experimental groups 1 (experience-based therapy package), experimental groups 2 (compassion-based therapy) and the control group. Experimental group 1 received sixteen 45-minute sessions and experimental group 2 received ten 90-minute sessions treatment according to compassion-based therapy and experience-based therapy package. The research tools were Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Response Styles Questionnaire and Self-Compassion Scale-short form. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The findings showed that in the post-test and follow-up after pre-test control, there was a significant difference between experimental groups1, experimental groups 2 and the control group in happiness and rumination but there was no significant difference between experimental groups 1 and experimental groups 2. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of experience-based therapy and compassion-based therapy in increasing happiness and reducing rumination, the use of either approach can be useful and effective. Given the number and length of sessions in each approach, the use of a concise approach depending on the situation can be considered by therapists.