Human Geography Research
Year:2021 | Volume:53 | Issue:2|Papers Count:21

Introduction: Any concern for understanding changes in rapid urbanization, particularly those in a deteriorated urban area, requires the exhaustive investigation of the underlying factors for their evolution and subsequent development. In the recent development process of urban places, their central areas have gradually lost their values because the medium and high-income groups leave those places for the suburbs. Therefore, the centers of the cities faced with physical deterioration, economic and environmental problems and were occupied by the poor immigrants and low-income groups. In consequence of this migration and displacement, quality of life in these areas downgraded to so lowest possible that destructed the fabrics. Urban planners require detailed information about the functional, morphological and socio-economic structure of the built environment that are the first step to classify them in similar categories. Many of planners have emphasized on the importance of typology and classification as the first action and most important process of the intervention of the old fabrics. According to this, the focus of this study is to provide a scientific and systematic method to classify and typology deteriorated fabrics. Type as a concept refers to a kind, class, or category of people or group of objects that have certain characteristics in common, which are distinct from the other groups of objects. Hence it is possible to identify objects, events, and settings with specific characteristics. Typology is a descriptive and analytic tool that helps develop and refine concepts, tease out underlying concepts and create categories for classifying, measuring and sorting case studies so urban researchers often have tried to categorize and organize cities with typology frameworks. What it is interesting in this research is 1074 hectares of the city of Qom is covered with decline which allocated about 6. 8 percent of the city’ s legal limit its own and is occupied by over 220 thousand people. The principal aim of this study was to explore the main factors of urban deterioration, typology and classify old texture of Qom city based on effective homogeneous factors. So the present paper seeks the modeling that categorized homogeneously urban declined area in terms of physical, socio-demographic, economic and environmental characteristics Methodology The present study is applied and is investigated by the library, and documentary studies. Statistical data include 1609 statistical deteriorated blocks in the city of Qom. The process of this study involves several steps. First, the effective indicators of deterioration were investigated; then, the measurement of the deteriorated blocks of the city was studied. These were done by using factor analysis model type R, in which research indicators were loaded into four factors: physical, socio-demographic, economic, and environmental factors. After specifying the main factors and measuring deterioration in each block in the city, the kernel density estimation method was used because of the typology of the old fabric of the city. The data analysis was made using inferential statistical methods using SPSS and ArcGIS10 software. Result and discussion: Due to the complexity of the urban deterioration phenomenon, it is impossible to study urban deterioration in Qom city as a discrete and individual phenomenon so identification of main factors and typology of the deteriorated district of Qom need several steps. The first step is to identify the main factors and measure urban deterioration. Factor analysis as a powerful tool is responsible to develop solutions to reduce and analyze the factors. The results of this research showed that 20 indicators by using factor analysis were reduced to 6 factors which are the most effective indicators to identify old fabrics in the city of Qom. Accumulatively all the extracted factors explained 67. 95 percent of urban decayed fabrics. Economic and social factors were known as the main factors in the deteriorated fabric of the city of Qom. The measurement of the deterioration of the city had the most relationship with economic indicators such as land price, occupational classification, income groups and housing facilities. Then, in association with the priorities of development and intervention in the old fabrics, the district is categorized into five different levels (or priorities) based on their surface deteriorated textures. the results obtained from a kernel density estimation of deteriorated locations showed that the highest concentration of urban deterioration are located mainly in the north and south of the deteriorated district of the city and had the most prone and highest probability of severity and extension of the deterioration, therefore, to intervene and renovate this district, these places have the highest priorities. Conclusion: Urban deterioration and decline are created and aggravated by many factors and variables and are considered as one of the most severe environmental and socio-economic problems of recent times. These areas faced with physical deterioration, economic and environmental problems and were occupied mostly by the poor immigrants and low-income groups. Renovation and intervention in deteriorated areas are a complex and multidimensional process, and a unique phenomenon for each city. Adopting the same approaches and strategies to develop cities despite their heterogeneities and their differences in terms of physical, socio-demographic, economic and environmental conditions of cities result in unbalanced planning and encountering cities with unsustainable cycles of socio-economic and environmental imbalances, and causing unprecedented challenges such as urban poverty, and creation of suburban and informal districts which have contributed to cultural conflicts, decline in quality of life and so on. Urban management has been undergone huge costs by the hasty and unplanned intervention. Therefore, to renovate the city, we need to typology and classify this area to grasp the homogeneous context and main factors. The facilities and resources of the organizations related to urban renewal and rehabilitation require at first identify the worn tissues and prepare a map of the zoning of worn-out tissues. The typology of the urban fabric, taking advantage of a rigorous and versatile cartographic tool. This study has empirically demonstrated that this phenomenon related to many factors. Identifying effective factors helps adopt better urban policies, so these findings can scientific basis for urban policy and planning in order to reduce deterioration and well intervene in urban texture.

Introduction: Nowadays international and local Social, economic and political relationships are bonded and expanded into each other which is known as Globalization process. Researchers consider globalization as a process resulting in intertwining of different relationships across the world, local events are affected by other ones located miles away, and vice versa, local events affecting global ones (Tanzi, 2005: 44). In fact this process is dialectical; i. e. local events could spread in the opposite direction of their far originating events(Gidens, 2004: 77). globalization effects on quality of life are considered as a critical issue. Some countries parallel globalization advancement with increasing quality of life of individuals and consider it as an essential part of today's lifecycle, while others seem to be more skeptical in this regard (Montiel, 2012: 70). Imposing sanction is applied by one or several international countries against other countries to punish them aiming to limit them from certain actions, and persuade them to accept certain norms (Jack and Plano, 2010). It can also be considered as governments' withdrawal or deliberate threat for withdrawal from establishing relationships in different sectors(Ataev CEU, 2013: 5). Since 1990S, sanctions have extended connection of different locations and changed universal globalization rate. It is believed that sanctions are a preferable and less costier alternative to military actions(Lopez and Cortright, 1995: 18). After Islamic Revolution, particularly since 2012, Iran was sanctioned for many different reasons by USA and European countries including Iran's nuclear program to force their activities to comply with International Atomic Energy Agency protocols, which were the heaviest sanctions in the history of mankind targeting all society stratums of Iran. Thus, this study tried to explore nuclear sanctions impact on urban quality of life from globalization retrospect using available theories. In this study quality of life indices were measured in period that Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 was not effective (in sanctioned period) for Amol and the results were compared to quality of life indices of Amol before sanctions were initiated (2012) to evaluate the impact of international policies on the medium sized cities and identify causes of people discontent, life priorities, how political, social and economic factors would impact quality of life of residents of the city. Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytic research and data were collected via a questionnaire. In this study, first 20 important economic, social and political events in Amol city were presented to 30 experts of this town in form of cross-impact matrix through investigating credible resources, and the resulted data were analyzed through the MICMAC software. The empirical data of the study were derived from a survey in Amol, the first part of which was carried out prior to the enactment of comprehensive sanctions in 2012(Khademi, 2012), and the second part was conducted when the comprehensive sanctions came in effect in 2017. Respondents were heads of households in Amol. In this regard, questionnaires were distributed based on random sampling quota among a sample of 350 households in the first phase and then among the same number of households (n=350) in the same neighborhoods in the second phase of the study. At the city scale, the study areas were selected among 9 urban districts using Cochran and random sampling method. To test the reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. In both phases of the study, the coefficient was higher than 0. 8, which indicated the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Results and Discussion: Results of MICMAC revealed that the "Nuclear sanctions" factor can be recognized as the only factor from which the quality of life of Amol residents during this 4-year period (2012-2017) was highly affected, and other factors were influenced by this one. The influence of other factors on each other was highly limited and weak. Another results this study revealed that indicators of quality of life in Amol during sanctions including social factors (mean=2. 8), environmental factors(mean=2. 7) and economic (mean=2. 4) factors were all below average. On the contrary an analysis of the quality of life in the city of Amol in 2012 exhibited that social (mean=3. 3), environmental (mean=3. 2) and economic (mean=3. 1) factors were above average. Generally, it can be argued that mean quality of life in the studied city was 2. 6 in 2017 and 3. 2 in 2017. The results of T-test in SPSS revealed that quality of life in these two periods was significantly different. In this context and based on mean values of quality of life, it can be concluded that the effect of sanctions on economic indicator was greater than the two other indicators, followed by social factors and finally physical and environmental indicators. On one hand, according to the findings of the study, sanctions had a tremendous effect on "gender" factor, leading to heightened gap and inequality between men and women, to the extent that it was found to be the most important individual variable undergoing significant changes during this period. On the other hand, results showed that in 2017, concerns about long-term adverse effects of sanctions had the greatest effect on indicators of quality of life. Conclusion: According to the selection criteria in this study, it can be argued that besides having positive and negative impacts on the quality of life of residents under normal circumstances, globalization and growing interdependence of countries and urban areas, can significantly threaten the interests of the citizens even in medium-sized cities, at critical moments of history. This is especially true for countries and cities that are more susceptible to regional and international troubles due to their specific policies and approaches. Therefore, it seems that regulating relations between cities and countries in the globalization process, is essential to preserve and improve the quality of life of urban resident especially when there is an imbalance in such a relationship and its subsequent benefits. Otherwise, residents of these cities will continue to perceive globalization as a threat.

Introduction: Cities were quickly developed after the industrial revolution. As the population increased, various socio-economic problems also increased in the cities. these problems in return caused dangerous effects not only on environment but also on soul and body of inhabitants. In response to these problems and crisis, new concepts and procedures were suggested for future developments. Some of these concepts are: sustainable development, bio-environmental justice, new urbanism and more recently intelligent growth. Also, in recent years, serious attention to the sustainable development of city officials and urban planners at different levels of social, economic and cultural, tangible aspects of urban life and lower levels (neighborhood) has attracted. So, the attention to the importance of sustainable development neighborhood is very important. Therefore, understanding and analyzing of sustainability of cities and their inside differences including Kuh-Bā nan city, is necessary for sustainable development. After the rapid population growth in the Iranian cities, these cities have experienced great changes. The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades and neglect of the qualitative aspects of human life have had adverse consequences on the individual and social health of cities. The concept of quality of life was provided by Remington Bauer for the concept of quality of life in the late 20th century. Quality of life is generally recognized as satisfying life, happiness and prosperity, well-being and comfort, and reflects the level of expectation of human needs. The purpose of the concept of urban quality of life is to achieve urban development, especially sustainable development, to achieve prosperity and appropriate use of facilities. Quality of life has different meanings for individuals and groups. Some have interpreted it as an area's viability, others have been interpreted as measures for the level of attractiveness, and some as general welfare, social welfare, happiness, satisfaction, etc. Kowastanza et al. (2007) define quality of life as the level of human needs in relation to the perceptions of individuals and groups of mental well-being. Das (2008) defines the quality of life as a well-being or a poor state of the people and their living environment. So, the purpose of this study is analyzing the quality of life indicators of Kohbanan city based on a descriptive-analytical research, which has been studied social, economic, physical and environmental indicators in different districts of the city. Methodology: The present study is a descriptive-analytical case-based documentary-field study. In the main part of the study, a survey method has been used on Kohbanan city. Kohbanan city have three neighborhoods, includes: Ansar, Dameer and Taleghani neighborhoods. The sample size was determined by the Cochran method and equated to 377 households. Hence, using the appropriate allocation of the population (households) of each neighborhood, the questionnaire was distributed among households as well. In this research, we use the ANP and Fuzzy logic and T-test method. Then, based on the theoretical foundations of the research, the concept of quality of life was defined and operationalized in 4 dimensions, 8 components and 29 indicators. ArcGIS, ANP and fuzzy logic have been used to analyze the spatial distribution of quality of life in neighborhoods. Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis of the questionnaires and the output of the models used indicate that the Ansar neighborhood with a total area of 301021 square meters and a normal weight of 0. 426 is more than other areas of Koh-Banan. This suggests that in the Ansar neighborhood quality of life is at a higher level. Consequently, citizens have been satisfied with the quality of life and their efficiency. Also, Taleghani neighborhood with an area of 133029 square meters and a normal weight of 0. 339 is moderate in terms of quality of life indicators, and satisfaction in Dameer neighborhood with a coefficient of 0. 233 is lower than standard, and in fact their residents have lower quality of life Who need more service and welfare. The t-test student method has also been used to analyze the influence the quality of life indicators on the Koh-Banan neighborhoods. Among the indicators used, the index of income in the economic dimension, with an average of 3. 83, has been ranked first. The second is allocated to The social dimension related to the access to health facilities with average 3. 23. the lowest is the satisfaction of the waste disposal system and the waste collection system with an average of 0. 775 which shows the greatest impact on the quality of life. So, by strengthening the index of waste disposal systems and waste collection, we can influence to improve the quality of life in the city Kuh-Banan increase. Conclusion: According to the results of the dissatisfaction of residents in the two urban neighborhoods (Ansar and Dmitry) Kuh-Banan, urban neighborhoods in terms of quality of life and their degree of satisfaction can be seen as a kind of classification and disparity, and this issue is necessary for the proper organization and satisfaction of citizens to redefine the quality of life with a fair approach from the receiving institutions. The results showed that there is Inequality and differences between various areas of Kuh-Banan city. So, reduction of these inequalities (in social, economic, environmental and physical aspects) is necessary for actual sustainability of Boushehr city. Finally, in order to improve the quality of life in the city, it is suggested that the fair distribution of service as well as the development of health and medical facilities be in the center of planning. In this relation, we must prioritize the area and indexes that have lowest level of sustainability. Also, it is necessary to select reliable indexes for specific cities, because the assessment of sustainability is depended on selected indexes seriously.

Studies by the World Bank and the United Nations emphasize the importance of capacity building and institutional capacity, development based on competitiveness requires the existence of efficient institutions, And argue that urban levels lacking efficient and appropriate institutions demonstrate low competitiveness to achieve a reasonable level of development, And in the absence of appropriate institutions, even the most appropriate and reasonable policies of competitiveness would not yield desirable results. Today, in the context of institutional capacity and institutional approach to development in the general notion and urban competitiveness in a particular sense, significant importance has been valued to the institutional capacities existing at these levels. Focusing on capacity building and institutional capacity discussions within an institutional approach can play an important role in cities, especially the central cities of the country, By enhancing their competitiveness, they will eliminate many existing and future issues in metropolises and major cities of the country. And by redistributing pressure on the metropolitan system of the country, it will reduce urban issues. The present study aims to explain the role of institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj in order to determine in the first stage the status of both Zanjan and Sanandaj in terms of institutional capacity in urban competitiveness, and Then to evaluate the effect of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness in the studied cities using the structural equation models Therefore, the purpose of the study raised the following questions: What is the level of institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? Which of the components of institutional capacity has the most impact on the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? How effective is institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? Method: The present research is based on the objective, applied and in terms of method and nature, an analytical descriptive. The data collection method was based on a survey method (questionnaire). Validity and fit of the questionnaire were done using a confirmatory factor analysis in lisrel software. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of authorities and people (referring to municipal offices) in Zanjan and Sanandaj. Using the Cochran formula, the population size of the sample is 760 people (380 questionnaires for each city). Also, the statistical community for the group is 260 people, each with 130 people. Sampling method of the citizens group, random sampling and the authorities was non-random and purposeful. Data analysis was performed in SPSS and Lisrel softwares. In the first stage, to clarify the status of institutional capacity indicators in urban competitiveness, the data was analyzed and the status of each indicator of institutional capacity in different cities of Sanandaj and Zanjan and for both the specified respondents and authorities were determined. In the next step, the most important factor influencing institutional capacity in urban competitiveness was defined. Finally, to investigate the effect of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness, it has been evaluated by the triple and quadruple components of urban competitiveness. Discussion: In the research findings, descriptive findings were first analyzed and factors such as age, gender, education, employment rate and residence were investigated. In the next step, in order to investigate the current status of cities in Zanjan and Sanandaj in terms of institutional capacity, the average was used which indicate mentioned cities were not in desirable condition. It is important to determine which institutional capacity factors could play a very important role in urban competitiveness. and accordingly. it was determined that institutional capacity is the most important factor in this case. To investigate and answer to the third question, the impact of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness was measured in a structural equation model, and the model showed a very favorable fit, so that its significant confirmation of effect was appropriate. Result: The results show that the status of institutional capacity in urban competitiveness in both Sanandaj and Zanjan does not show acceptable status; the Zanjan city with a value of 2. 87 and Sanandaj with a numerical value of 2. 91 are considered to be lower than the average in terms of institutional capacity in the general level. In both cities, the index of "human capital" has the highest numerical value, and subsequently, the intra-institutional relationships (Zanjan) and the collective capacity of institutions (Sanandaj) have the lowest possible mean. In relation to the population questionnaire, the total institutional capacity for Zanjan city was 3. 02 and for Sanandaj 2. 82, and it has not been evaluated at acceptable level. The results of structural equation model showed that institutional capacity indices in each group have a significant but different relationship; As the relationship has a negative impact level and in some other factors, it tends to be negative in the remaining cases, indicating a lack of positive impact on institutional capacity indicators. The results of measuring the impact of institutional capacity components on urban competitiveness showed that in Zanjan only the component of institutional capability (3. 02) and in Sanandaj, the institutional capacity components (3. 08) and appropriate legal arrangements (3. 02) have been above average. Assessing the impact of institutional capacity on the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj in the structural equation model, in addition to the significance of the relationship between institutional capacity and urban competitiveness, The impact of the variable institutional capacity on urban competitiveness is accepted at a high level with a numerical value of 11. 98 and reflects the "very high institutional capacity on urban competitiveness Following the conclusion of the high impact of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness, World Bank Studies, the Asian Development Bank and the UN Program also emphasize the existence of efficient, capable and diverse institutions, especially executive agencies, to advance the competitiveness of cities and development.

Introduction: Political management of space is in sum an optimal organizational approach, both de facto and theoretical (de jure) to managing political plans of the country in all its manifestations. This form of management hinges on the facts and principles of political geography, aiming to mitigate the uneven spatial distribution of limited resources, moving towards sustainable development. Despite the many ebbs and flows in the history of political divisions in Iran, the country is still faced with major challenges including but not limited to detrimental rivalries in procuring resources, gaps in and lack of a proper governmental structure, relatively weak performance in land-use planning, tribal quarrels, etc. This highlights the significance of a geographical-historical analysis of political divisions in Iran, as well as an investigation into the effects of these divisions in the divergence and convergence of citizens. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the manner of political management of lands in the Achaemenid dynasty alongside the various strategies incorporated by the government and the extent to which they succeeded in preserving the integrity of their governments. By this token, the present study contributes not only to our historical knowledge but also provides insight into the theoretical and practical dimensions of the current demographic status of Iran. Methodology: The required information for this study were gathered using library research tools. First-hand historical resources were initially explored and notes were taken and categorized accordingly, after which relevant analyses were conducted. Results and discussion: The present study proceeded to investigate strategies for political management of space during the Achaemenid era so as to gain further insight into the methods deployed by the government and possibly borrow from the proposed strategies in current times. The following question are duly investigated: What structure of political management was employed in the Achaemenid dynasty? The proposed political structure in the time was non-centric, i. e. a decentralized government where the central government is in charge of coordinating affairs amongst different sectors of the country. What was the role of the Satrap institution and how was it implemented? There are essentially two forms of Satraps in the Achaemenid Empire: Satraps dependent on and under the pension of of the king himself and semi-independent or proté gé Straps. The dependent satraps that were elected by the king to govern the conquered lands. These satraps obeyed the ruling of the king in the manner by which they governed and administred authority over their territorie. The proté gé straps on the other hand, were those who obeyed the king on their own accord. How did the political management of space deployed by the Achaemenid Empire effect the rate of convergence and divergence of citizens to the central government? Initially, the federal government of the Achaemenid empire encountered serious predicaments regarding reversibility of the former system of order due to efforts in maintaining the main principles of previous authorities. The Achaemenid outlook on methods of political management left no room for converging local communities and states into a uniform government. The primary reason for this was the tribal and cultural diversity and distributiveness of the country. The Achaemenid tax system had certain faults which allowed for aggressive and oppressing authority over the tax payers, which due to the extensiveness of the regions could not always be directly handled and supervised by the government. On the one hand, political marriages between Achaemenid straps and local aristocrats encouraged and promoted the bonds between them and on the other hand engendered disobedience; stated differently, heads of state and local aristocrats would settle on a common interest and thereby seek autonomy. The merging of states into one uniform government during the Achaemenid era would have led to economic prosperity. The proposed strategies of the empire were one of the most influential methods for controlling various regions and maintaining the integrity of the country. Conclusion: The prime indicator in political management of space during the Achaemenid era was the selection of an efficient model to govern and manage the country according to cultural, social, economic, and political features of the lands and tribes in the country, with the aim of maximizing convergence and minimizing divergence towards the central government. The most salient proceedings of the Achaemenid empire which were brought on either divergence or convergence of citizens and tribes to the central government include the following: Divergence Convergence Proceedings Efforts to maintain the main principles of previous governments (during the rule of the first Achaemenid) Incorporating local citizens in domestic affairs of the satraps Minimizing the interposition of Achaemenid administration in the affairs of affiliated nations and methods common in various lands Merging various states into one uniform satrap government which negated all previous liberties and hindered commercial interactions Determining the king’ s share of the taxes collected by the satraps Authority of straps in collecting taxes for the strap government which allowed for aggressive behavior towards citizens Constancy of the tax system incorporated by each satrap until the end of Achaemenid empire, whereas certain satrap governments were later divided into smaller satrap states Political marriages between aristocrats and governors which created a bond with the king’ s court Political marriages between governors which allowed the formation of common interests between the heads of state who were later encouraged to seek autonomy Merging states into one uniform government in order to attain economic prosperity (commercial and agriculture) Authority of each satrap over the security of their affiliated regions Establishing communications pathways between the capital and satrap states Efforts attain symbiosis among states rather than solely attaining unity.

Spatial social policies comprises of sets of apt decisions taken by public entities at different levels including national, regional, urban and intera urban ones. These would have an impact upon human livelihood as well as the quality of the life and other corresponding urban problems. With regard to urban policy decisions there exists a likelihood that some political key figure layers as well as medias and pressure groups, away from formal mechanism and decision processes being able to prioritize their political wills. The major objective of this paper is to thoroughly investigate and monitor the spatial social inequality policies detected in some zones in Gorgan as this work's study area. From objective side, this study has an applied nature. However, methodologically speaking it relies on a descriptive and analytical approach. This study is based on documentations as well as some mathematical and quantitative techniques including WASPAS, WSA, COPRAS and Entropy Shannon. This is followed by application of some combining technique including kanderast? . This study suggests that Gorgan 's eight zones show uneven distribution regarding urban services indices. That means that there exists some drastic discrepancies with regard to possession of social justice indices associated with different zones. As such, based on kanderast combination technique, zone 4 possesses the highest value as opposed to zone 1 regarding social welfare. Prioritizing different Gorgan's zones based on urban social services reveals that zones 4, 3, and 6 are ranked as the most privileged ones followed by zones 7 and 8 as semi privileged ones. Zones 2, 5 and 1 are ranked as the deprived ones regarding urban infrastructures. It is argued that Gorgan's key corresponding urban figures, more specifically urban politicians and strategic urban planning consultants should reduce spatial inequalities. This can be achieved by utilizing modified, improved urban policies and some budget amendment. The changes along this line will ultimately assure more sustainable urban environments. Introduction: Generally speaking, political, social approaches as well as the politics and its social implication have great impacts upon the production of geographical space. This means that the politics along with political space economy aim to pave the way and ultimately shape decent urban spaces for the citizens. In fact, the geographic spaces are the setting of different economic, social and political functions in which affects the production of urban space. It is suggested that the government with its apt policies is capable of transforming urban spatial organization as well. The government is responsible for creation of urban geographic spaces and the corresponding functional structural changes as well as geographic balances and imbalances. Generally speaking, accomplishing targeted and well balanced urban development is the major objective of urban regional planning. Furthermore, urban services are being considered as the most fundamental realm of urban planning policies. Therefore, service allocation processes, due to its impact upon urban livability and promotion of comfort level and well being, should receive prime attention regarding advance urban management. Methodology: This study has descriptive and analytical nature and from objective aspect it is applied as well. Our approach further bases on the existing relevant documentation in order to compile the required information. The statistical population is comprised of Gorgan's eight zones. Regarding analytical sphere, the study applies WSA, COPRAS, and WASPAS. Results and discussion: Based on WASPAS technique those area with value close to 1 are considered to be privileged as opposed to deprived ones with values close to 0. This study suggests that different zones in Gorgan experience varied value levels regarding welfare indices. As such, zones 4, 8, 6, 7, 3, 5, 2 and 1 with values of 0. 4096, 0. 4022, 0. 3802, 0. 2981, 0. 2540, 0. 1461, 0. 1192 and 0. 0696 respectively correspond to different hierarchical spectrum level as far as the urban welfare is concerned. This indicates the unfair and unsuitable status of selected Gorgan's zones as far as urban welfare indices are concerned. Based on COPRAS technique, out of 16 urban service indices, zones 4, 1, 2, 5, 3, 7, 6, and 8 with the development coefficient 1, 0. 8222, 0. 7423, 0. 5762, 0. 5762, 0. 5013, 0. 4076 and 0. 1935 respectively correspond to different hierarchical spectrum level as far as the urban welfare is concerned. With regard to the application of WSA technique, zone 4 with corresponding development coefficient 0. 5081 got the highest rank followed by zone 3 (0. 3226). Zone 6 with development coefficient of 0. 3220 holds the third position followed by zone 7 (0. 2590). Zone 8 with development coefficient 0. 2047 ranked the fifth followed by zone 2 (0. 3226 ) Lastly, zone 5 with development coefficient 0. 0804 ranked seventh followed by zone 1 (0. 0417). Based on kandrast combination technique out of 8 selected zones, zone 4 ranked the highest as opposed to zone 1 (lowest rank) as far as the urban welfare service indices are concerned. Furthermore, zones 4, 3, and 6 are categorized as privileged and abundant zones. This is followed by zones 7 and 8 known as semi privileged ones. However, zones 2, 5 and 1 are categorized as deprived ones with respect to receiving urban welfare services. Based on forgoing discussions, Kandrast technique would be well justified to accomplish better allocation of urban services and combating spatial inequalities between Gorgan 's different zones. Our study reveals the drastic differences and inequalities among Gorgan's selected zones as far as urban welfare services is concerned. Zone 4, 3 and 6 are categorized as privileged and abundant zones. This is followed by zone 7 and 8 known as semi privileged ones and zones 2, 5 and 1 are categorized as deprived ones with respect to receiving urban welfare services. Regarding fair distribution of urban welfare services, the following recommendations sound appropriate: Urban planning key figures should involve and incentivize citizens in implementation of urban plans. That means more active community participation is highly recommended.

Introduction: In many countries today, tourism is seen as a tool for the development of rural areas. Therefore, attractions in rural areas play a key role in attracting tourists. Public spaces in the countryside such as squares, alleys, etc., along with the exterior architecture of existing homes and furniture, can be attractive elements for tourists. Environmental quality of public spaces and its elements is the first and most important tourist attraction from the point of view of rural tourists and can cause tourism boom. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze the environmental impact of public space on destination villages in attracting tourists. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done by both documentary and field methods. In this study, eight villages of Torqabah and Shandiz which have tourist attractions and are popular in the area were studied. The statistical population consists of rural tourists and the sample population consists of 194 tourists. Pearson correlation test, one-sample T test, and Vikor's model were used to analyze the data. The statistical population consists of rural tourists and the sample population consists of 194 tourists. Pearson correlation test, one-sample T test, and Vikor's model were used to analyze the data. Results and discussion: According to the results of single sample T test, the highest value was related to functional component with mean (3. 08) and the lowest value to aesthetic component with mean (2. 94). According to the correlation test, there is a significant relationship between the components of environmental quality and is generalizable to the whole community. Also the results of Vikor model showed that Jagaragh village is in the best condition in terms of environmental quality of public spaces and Kang village is the lowest. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that the aesthetic aspects of the public spaces of the studied villages are lower than the average of the other components and should be considered more, but the sense of rural identity can be felt in a semantic sense. Observed average. From a functional point of view, the villages are in a good condition and the environmental aspect of the physical condition is moderate, which will be more favorable to the tourist by enhancing the vegetation and environmental health of the village. The results of the Pearson test show that the four components of environmental quality of public spaces have a strong direct relation with each other and can be generalized to the whole community. In other words, the existing components are related to each other and can be mutually reinforcing. This means that increasing positive changes in one component increases the positive status of the other components. Also, Vikor Multi Criteria Decision Making Model was used to analyze the situation of the villages and the results showed that the village of Kong was the lowest and lowest in terms of indices and Jagharg village. Considering the environmental quality indices of public space in the study area is at the highest level. In sum, given the theoretical foundations and research findings, the following suggestions can help officials and planners as well as all tourism stakeholders in creating more sustainable environmental quality tourism villages: Planning for compliance Principles of visual aesthetics in the construction of villages and prevention of inappropriate construction with the function of villages; increase of resorts and restaurants in the villages; restoration of old village buildings; preservation of rural identity; protection of the rural environment; Village services according to their tourist attractiveness; Community facilities and recreational facilities suitable for tourists daily due to the fact that the bulk of tourists daily in the villages.؛ Create a sense of responsibility for the quality of the rural environment between residents and tourists. Overall, the results showed that the aesthetic aspects of the public spaces of the studied villages are lower than the average of the other components and should be considered more, but the sense of rural identity can be felt in a semantic sense. Observed average. From a functional point of view, the villages are in a good condition and the environmental aspect of the physical condition is moderate, which will be more favorable to the tourist by enhancing the vegetation and environmental health of the village. The results of the Pearson test show that the four components of environmental quality of public spaces have a strong direct relation with each other and can be generalized to the whole community. In other words, the existing components are related to each other and can be mutually reinforcing. This means that increasing positive changes in one component increases the positive status of the other components. Also, Vikor Multi Criteria Decision Making Model was used to analyze the situation of the villages and the results showed that the village of Kong was the lowest and lowest in terms of indices and Jagharg village. Considering the environmental quality indices of public space in the study area is at the highest level. In sum, given the theoretical foundations and research findings, the following suggestions can help officials and planners as well as all tourism stakeholders in creating more sustainable environmental quality tourism villages: Planning for compliance Principles of visual aesthetics in the construction of villages and prevention of inappropriate construction with the function of villages; increase of resorts and restaurants in the villages; restoration of old village buildings; preservation of rural identity; protection of the rural environment; Village services according to their tourist attractiveness; Community facilities and recreational facilities suitable for tourists daily due to the fact that the bulk of tourists daily in the villages.؛ Create a sense of responsibility for the quality of the rural environment between residents and tourists.

Introduction: Cities play a vital role in the lives of the vast majority of people, yet face great challenges beyond regions, nations and continents, and most cities are the main drivers of change. Recent technological developments have renewed belief in the positive impacts of ICT and other innovative technologies in the city. The combination of smart solutions (active technology) to address major social challenges and focus on the city as key drivers of change has led to the concept of smart city. Finally, scientific studies on smart city development readiness are largely limited to developed countries. And the literature on smart city readiness in developing countries is at an early stage and needs more empirical support. The transformation of a city into a smart city requires considerable efforts by political representatives, managers, residents, entrepreneurs, as well as its various communities. The concept of smart city is evolving rapidly, and the attention of the world as a promising response to the challenge of urban sustainability in large and small cities. Given the different structure of Iranian cities, this study seeks to localize the indicators and analyze their interactions for any planning and management. Methodology: The study of the components of smart city in Zanjan deals with 6 components, 30 benchmarks and 100 standard indices designed in scientific societies around the world. By method, the present study is a descriptive field type. In order to carry out the research, the research components, criteria and indices were extracted from the theoretical foundations of the research and then prioritized by in-depth experts. Library and field methods have been used to collect the required information. Due to the lack of familiarity of most experts with the concepts of smart city, only experts in the statistical population who were familiar with the concept of smart city were included. The sampling method was theoretical saturation and by this method in 21 samples we achieved our goals. In this study, first, the importance and impact of indicators on the intelligence of cities were measured and analyzed by SPSS. Then, the extent of impact as well as the interactions between the components, criteria and indices were measured and analyzed with Micmac software. Because interviews and questionnaires have been used, the research is a composite (sequential exploratory model). And the composition is in the concluding phase. Both questionnaires were used by experts in this field. Results and discussion: In the first part, after determining the components, criteria and indicators affecting the intelligence of cities and in line with the main objectives of the research, determining the importance and weight of each component, criteria and indicators. Finally, 30 criteria with 100 indicators were finalized and these indicators were prioritized by experts. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Friedman test and the significance of each criterion and index was determined and prioritized. The three components of smart mobility, smart governance, and smart economy with weights of 0. 01577, 0. 01394 and 0. 01381 are the first to third priority, respectively, and have the highest weight and importance in smart cities. The criteria for smart mobility component include technology infrastructure, national, local access and sustainable mobility, which are prioritized with weights 0. 01657, 0. 01619, 0. 01609 and 0. 01424, respectively. Two criteria of smart governance components including public-social services and transparent governance with weights of 0. 01636 and 0. 01153 were significant. Also the criteria of smart economy component were international interactions, productivity, innovation, entrepreneurship, economic image of the city and labor market flexibility with weights 0. 01601, 0. 01597, 0. 01544, 0. 01455, 0. 01161 and 0. 00928 respectively. In the analytical analysis of the findings, the indicators of Internet penetration, municipality planning strategy and e-government access have the weights of 0. 01694, 0. 01687 and 0. 01684, respectively. In the second part, we have used Micmac software to analyze the interaction of criteria. In order to make the results more realistic and realistic, the analysis software was created in the Micmac Matrix software and adjusted in 30 different criteria to 30 * 30 dimensions. Based on the matrix output, the 10 criteria that had the most direct impact on the system in order of rating are: 1-Technology infrastructure (677) 2-Citizens empowerment (655) 3-Transparent governance (610) 4-Citizen participation (519) 5-Cultural facilities (440) 6-Sustainable and safe transportation (440) 7-Lifelong learning (429) 8-Tourism attraction (406) 9-Educational facilities (395) 10-National access (395). The 10 criteria that have a direct impact on city intelligence are, respectively, priority and priority; 1-Citizen competence and competence (542) 2-City pollution level (508) 3-Urban productivity (497) 4-Entrepreneurship in the city (497) 5- Transparent Governance (463) 6-City Tourism Attraction (440) 7-International Interaction (440) 8-Preservation of Environment (418) 9-Educational Facilities (384) 10-Citizen Participation (384). Conclusion: The analysis of the results of the first section showed that the relevant components, criteria and indices in the three prioritization of the rankings were almost identical. Thus, the component and criterion that is ranked higher in the ranking also have more important indicators, while the component and the criterion that is in the lower priorities have the least important ones. In the second stage, the analysis of the interaction of criteria on the intelligence of the city is examined. The results of the MicMac method in impact analysis indicate the irregular distribution of criteria in the impact plan. The analysis of the plan and related diagrams show that the variables in the medium of influence are high density and the studied system is unstable. Based on the results of Structural Analysis and Micmac software, the direct and indirect effective criteria were determined. Key variables and strategic indicators were also identified. What is important is that improvement and improvement in each of the dimensions and components of the smart city will be very influential in city intelligence because systematic reviews and evaluations of smart cities do not consider growth in all dimensions. Therefore, any benchmark and component that can be upgraded should be a priority.

Introduction: Urban life capability as a health standard is snatching called comfort and happiness which has recently been the main concern in geography and urban politics. The word livable cities for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization in order to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor magazines. The concept of capabilities has recently been the main concern of geography and urban politics. In recent years research and development has attracted a lot of attention in livable cities. In the meantime, the cities have faced many challenges in economic, social and environmental issues to day. Tabriz is one of the Iran's oldest cities. Considering the rich historical, economic, cultural, health and industrial backgrounds of Tabriz city, that the city become the first in different areas. To day not only this way the current study aims to assess the environmental sustainability of Tabriz urban environments. It seems that there is a significant difference between the ten regions in terms of livability. Indicators based on this research, we intend to answer this question which is in terms of the livability of ten regions of Tabriz city in different dimensions? Methodology: This research, is an applied and descriptive-analytical method and the measurement tool was a questionnaire. The instrument was a questionnaire the statistical population in this research are the experts and urban managers with complete familiarity with the situation of each region, has a number of 140 people. According to the volume of society and Morgan table, 104 people selected by Simple random sampling and the question have taken place. The analyzes the data and final ranking of indexes, T-test and Kruskal-Wallis have been used. Results and discussion: The findings show that the existing situation of Tabriz livability due to the average total of ten regions in all dimensions is in the low level, with this finding of the research of Rashidi (1395) who have evaluated the livability of the Tabriz region in comparison with the Osko, Bostanaba, Shabestar and Harris moderat, is alignment. This findings with the findings of Roustaee (1392) who ranked the region 2 in terms of spatial justice in the distribution of urban services in the first priority is alignment. Also this finding of research with finding of Zarrabi (1394) that the citizens' satisfaction level of urban environment has examined the ten regions of Tabriz and they have concluded that urban region 2 and 5 have been in the first priority of the level of satisfaction is alignment as well as the results of the research with the results of Mofarah Bonab (1397) that the evaluated and analyzed the stability situation in the ten regions of Tabriz and they concluded that the 8th region is the most stable and the 3rd region is the most unstable region in Tabriz is not aligned and only in terms of the whole ten regions of Tabriz have been evaluated by the average Stability value is aligned. Conclusion: Due to the increasing development of the life-level of Tabriz metropolis, requiring the review of the existing situation. This research has provided new insight in to the livability of Tabriz metropolis that will detect the priorities of action in the decision space. The results show that in general the livability of Tabriz is lower than average which is 5th district of Tabriz city with an average rating of 71/10 has the highest livability in the 10 regions and regions 2, 6, 9, 1, 3, 8, 4, 10 and 7 with an average rating of 69/33, 63/30, 63/10, 62/41, 59/92, 51/55, 35/67, 32/88 and 10/10 ranked second to tenth. Also in terms of indicators of urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economics, urban management, urban history and urban community In order 2, 6, 2, 5, 8 and 5 regions were in the first ranking. According to Kruskal-Wallis results a significant difference between the 10 regions Tabriz of in terms of the desirability of livability indicators. Also, according to the research findings, it is generally concluded that the average obtained in urban services and infrastructure (2/84) is lower than the average and is statistically significant. Because its Sig value is less than 0/05, the average obtained in the urban environment (2/74) is lower than the average and is statistically significant. Because its Sig value is less than 0/05, the average in the urban economy (2/36) is lower than the average and is statistically significant. Because its Sig value is less than 0/05, the average obtained in urban management (2/36) is lower than the average and is statistically significant. Because its Sig value is less than 0/05, the average obtained in urban history (2/39) is lower than the average and is statistically significant. Because its Sig value is less than 0. 05 and the average obtained in the urban community dimension (2/98) is lower than the average and is not statistically significant. Because its Sig value (0/650) is greater than 0/05. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test in Tabriz regions indicate that the results achieved in the significance level of 99% and with an error value of less than 0/01 are statistically significant. Therefore, the results can be obtained by the 99% accepted. In other words, with 99% confidence, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the indicators of biomass in the 10th district of Tabriz.

Introduction: Nowadays, the power of countries is measured by their creative and efficient power, so they must make the best planning for their best investments. A society that seeks to achieve sustainable development must inevitably accept the active participation of all people in society and allow them to realize the development of their community. In this regard, rural women are the most invisible contributors to the economic process of society and the family. Current changes in the economic, social and cultural spheres of the countryside, despite the positive effects that have been made to improve the living conditions in the countryside, have reduced the active role of women in the field of production, and former rural women of the former producer are turning into consumer housewives. Not only does this not only negatively affect the economy of the countryside, but virtually eliminates a massive activist from the production process and boosts national economic growth. An overview of the perspectives and views on employment, especially the employment of women, shows that the country does not have a favorable situation in terms of employment, especially women's employment. Therefore, improving the employment of rural women can be seen as the key to the success of measures taken to improve the situation of rural communities. To gain benefit from women's talents and abilities in line with making maximum use of our human resources entails accurate and scientific study of their activities. Since half of the population of transitional society's lives in rural areas, and women make up one half of rural populations; one way of achieving these human resources is to study their economic activities in various arenas. According to Census of 2006, the rural women's share in employment is about 13 percent. But the undeniable fact is that on average about 40 percent of the labor force in agricultural activities are supplied by rural women. Since women make up half of the rural population, it is possible to accelerate the social and economic development of the country by identifying the factors influencing women’ s participation and increasing their involvement according to local and regional circumstances. Focus on women specially farmer women who play an important role rural economic circle, could solve many problems in rural development in Iran. So, in this study we try to evaluate spatial model and effective causes of on these models using ESDA approaches by calculating employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women regarding county, distribution order and its spatial spread and finally evaluation of spatial relation between socioeconomic variables and calculated location quotient. Therefore some questions here come up: is there any significant spatial relation between socioeconomic variables and employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women? Dose the spatial relation between socioeconomic indexes with employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women at the level of Iranian counties? Methodology: Population and housing census of 2011 and EXCEL and GEODA data were used for analysis. First, LQ location quotient was used to determine basic actions in this sector. This method is used to identify basic labor force indifferent regions. Also, bivariate Moran was used to evaluate the relation between LQ and sociocultural variables. This test is necessary for zero hypothesis exam, the accidental spatial distribution in comparison with non-random (clustered or dispersed) distribution. This situation was studied for women literacy index, unemployment rate and rustication rate. Accordingly, the present study attempted to conduct an economic base analysis of the spatial distribution of women’ s employment in the agricultural sector via location quotient (LQ) and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). Data were extracted from the 2011 General Population and Housing Census. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and Moran's I index of global spatial autocorrelation were used for analyzing the data as variants of the ESDA approach. Moran's I indicated that the spatial distribution of women’ s employment via location quotient (LQ) in the agricultural sector was not random or sparse but clustered. Discussion: Results of local spatial autocorrelation between LQ and socioeconomic indexes suggests that the spatial relation between unemployment rate and LQ in rural regions of Iran is positive and significant; and most of Iranian rural regions follow the same relation. Based on the latter matter, LQ rises as unemployment rate increases and LQ tends toward basic employment and export of labor force. Spatial relation between literacy rate and LQ is negative and significant and follows a low-high model. So, in Iranian rural regions as literacy rate increases, LQ rises too and tends to basic employment and export of labor force. Also spatial relation between rustication rate and LQ is positive and significant and follows a low-low model. Based on this, in Iranian rural regions as rustication rate decreases, LQ is lessened and tends to non-basic employment and import of labor force. Results: The spatial distribution of economic activity via location quotient (LQ) and its relationship with social and economic indices (literacy rate, unemployment rate and pastoralism) in the rural areas of Iran via Moran's I does not follow a specific pattern. Instead, each area adopts a certain pattern of connections based on local and regional circumstances. The relations between socioeconomic indexes and LQ doesn’ t have the same model, in a way that different Iranian regions follow different spatial relations. Therefore each region needs special programs. For example despite that local autocorrelation indicates positive and significant correlation with LQ, all Iranian rural regions didn’ t follow this model, so that only southeastern and partly western counties of Iran followed a high-high model, but northwestern and some of Razavi Khorasan counties follow a low-low model; while Ardabil counties and many of Razavi Khorasan counties and northern counties of Kurdistan province follow a high-low model. Therefore, regarding the general correlation, it is impossible to give a common model for all of these regions; so a special program must be designed for each of the mentioned regions. Key word: Rural Women, Employment, Spatial Analysis, Major Economic Activities, Villages in Iran.

Introduction: Cities are copying with growing populations and an expanding infrastructure need to accommodate growth and at the same time, Governments have to satisfy the changing needs of their existing populations. The challenge is particularly formidable for policy makers and planners. Also, it has been widely recognized that measuring progress in terms of GDP is not sufficient. While, Quality of life (QoL) has been the domain of development discourse for the past decade. QoL Survey can be a certain way for determining and needs assessing in urban planning and helps on developing roadmap in urban management, for achieving desired urban situation. Quantifying QoL is faced by numerous debates such as those concerning what aspects should be measured, the relative weight of different aspects, and the average vs. real citizen’ s QoL and objective vs. subjective indicators. There are a number of indices claiming to measure and rate QoL in different cities or countries and Eurobarometer is one of the popular ones. The Eurobarometer (Quality of life in European cities) has been conducted to get a snapshot of people’ s opinions on a range of urban issues in 2004, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015. It has some common indexes with those have been used in cities of IRAN. Then in this paper, localizing the Eurobarometer for Qazvin city in the form of a new statistically analyzable measuring scale is done and QoL in three regions of Qazvin city is depicted. In fact, the main purpose of this paper is to measure the Urban QoL in Qazvin city. It uses subjective indicators in measurement. Methodology: This quantitative research was a descriptive-field study and developed a measurement scale for QoL Survey in Qazvin city on summer 2018. In this research, some indexes of Eurobarometer no. 419, were selected and localized according to the literature. By performing a questionnaire base survey and questioning 420 people of the residuals of Qazvin city, 393 filled questionnaire were used for analyzing in SPSS. Here, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was measured 0. 869 and the sig. of Bartlett's test was measured 0. 000, then exploratory factor analysis by Principal Component Analysis method was done. For achieving the extractions upper than 0. 5, some questions were omitted respectively. The rotated matrix of 8 components described 63. 1 percent of their variations. In this step, according to the loading score of component rotated matrix and literature, new measuring scale was developed. In this research, by applying Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of factors came out. The total Cronbach's alpha for the whole 8 factors of the questionnaire was measured 0. 92. But the Cronbach's alpha for each factor showed that 6 out of 8 factors are reliable (have gotten upper 0. 7). In this step the factors Health care services and City administrative services, were omitted and the 6 remaining ones were used in T one-sample test for measuring QoL in Qazvin. Results and discussion: In this research, the factors: life satisfactory (satisfaction of living in the city and individual living situation), Cleanliness, urban physical environment (situation of streets and buildings, public places, green spaces and availability of retail shops), Safety and trust, respectively got the most total satisfactory marks. On the other hand, the most total unsatisfactory marks, respectively belonged to the economic situation (Employment/job opportunities, Financial situation of household and individual financial situation) and educational and Welfare services (situation of Educational, Sports and Cultural facilities) factors. In this research, satisfactory measurement is marked between 1 to 5, then the region no. 1 takes almost 2. 971 and the region no. 2 and 3 take the scores 3. 156 and 3. 145 and totally the satisfaction level is very low. Also, these results are confirmed through the field visit of the researcher. As the region no. 1 is the oldest part of the city and famous old markets and religious places are located in. it is faced with crowded traffics and weak infrastructure for transportation and also needs enhancements in Welfare services, green spaces and even Health care services. Also, people who are living in this part of the town are poorer than the other parts. On the other hand, the residuals of regions no. 2 and 3, are somehow the same in Urban QoL. They both need developments in educational and welfare services. Finally it needs to mention that, the economical unsatisfactory is dispread all over the city, as the country is facing with economic problems especially in lack of job opportunities, increases in the prices and rents of houses and mainly increases in consumer goods which are related to united states new sanctions at late 2018. Conclusion: Urban QoL is a concept that has the challenge to solve the problems of urban areas, to control urban sprawl and to prevent environmental deterioration. It has the objective to restore existing urban areas and control the development of new communities. This paper tried to apply a modified and localized version of Eurobarometer in Qazvin city of IRAN, which is a common model for assessing QoL in European cities, while in the quest to rate cities and countries according to their QoL, numerous attempts by various organizations can be found. This research measures the level of QoL in certain dimensions and through the geography of the certain city, aiming at enhancing QoL in each region according to the main factors. This study provides a big picture of QoL in Qazvin city and can be used by urban authorities, regional municipalities and city councils for urban planning. Also, since reliability of these factors are passed by Cronbach's alpha, then can be used in the next researches and help on developing a common QoL model in Iranian cities and it must not limited to the existing needs but lead to strategic foresight in urban planning.

Attachment to place is formed by cognitive, emotional, and functional interactions between individuals, groups, and socio-social locations over time. Sometimes this placement goes beyond the level of individual cognitive emotion experiences and extends through the collective collective feeling for a wider spatial range to the level of a nation. This study aimed to investigate the impact of environmental quality on the amount of attachment to a place in urban areas. Indicators and criteria for measuring attachment to place include socio-semantic, physical-functional, contextual-structural, and perceptual-emotional components. The central square of Hamedan has been selected as a case study for its exceptional spatial, historical and social characteristics. The research method of this research is based on structural equation model and correlation coefficient. Questionnaire and observation tools were used. The sample size was about 400 people selected by Cochran formula. The results show that physical, social and semantic factors have the greatest impact on the attachment to the place in urban areas from the perspective of users and citizens. Among the physical-spatial factors, "the feeling of being confined in the field space" and of the social-semantic factors, "the level of interaction and social interactions" had the most impact on the attachment to the field space, as well as in the perceptual-emotional factors, "Role of the Square as a Perceptual Sign of the City" and regarding contextual-structural factors, "Position and placement of the field in relation to the surrounding texture", finally on functional factors, "Variety of existing uses" had the greatest impact on attachment to the place. In the field studied from the perspective of citizens. Introduction: In order to describe people's relation to place, researchers have used a number of terms such as: place identity, attachment to place, attachment to place, and the concept of place (Low and Altman 1998: 28). Urban spaces are a set of behavioral residences that are interconnected in a complex and nested order (Golrukh, 2012: 59). This means that the social and physical dimensions of the city have a dynamic relationship with each other. In fact, urban space consists of both social and physical spaces (MadaniPour, 2000: 48). Citizens' perception of a desirable location and its references to the constituent elements of a place have a direct relationship with their objective and subjective needs that they consider appropriate for this or that element in order to maintain that space (Behzadfar et al, 2010). When the relationship between man and the environment is based on human experience, the environment becomes a place. This relationship means that place is a part of the environmental experience, together with the convergence of the influences and behaviors of the people living with them (Pretty, 2003: 275). In addition, this relationship maintains its spatial-social excellence through an internal process of interacting with its environment and maintaining its harmony and identity. The spatio-functional complexities of human-made environments indicate that their spatio-social constructs are programmed (Jelv Electric, 2008: 25). Methodology: The statistical population of the study was Hamedan people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the research data. This questionnaire consists of 59 Likert-type items that measure 5 environmental quality factors related to place attachment. The Place Attachment Questionnaire was developed in several steps. Initially, the first sections of this questionnaire were written and edited both conceptually and comprehensively. In the next step, these items were examined by the technical experts and their validity and relevance to the research variables were confirmed. According to Cochran's formula and according to the population of Hamadan, in the pilot phase, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 400 people and its inappropriate items were corrected and its psychometric properties were calculated. In the pilot phase, the questionnaire had enough psychometric properties and it showed that the questionnaire was suitable for using psychometric properties. Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0. 893. Which is quite suitable for a research questionnaire. For the semantic and social subscales of ". 85", physical ". 86", functional ". 69", contextual and ". 76", emotional and perceptual ". 78. " All of which are statistically acceptable and significant. Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that although there is a positive and significant correlation between contextual and structural factors, emotional, physical, and functional with attachment to urban fields, there is a stronger and stronger correlation between semantic and social factors with attachment to urban fields. Can be seen. Among the physical factors, the degree of confinement in the space "0. 92" and the attractiveness and identity of the walls in the space of the central square "0. 8", has the highest priority from the perspective of users in terms of attachment to urban areas, especially historical and historical squares. Social shows. Among the social and semantic factors, the level of social interactions and interactions in the field of "0. 91", the importance and impact of the field in different areas for citizens "0. 82" and the amount of reminiscences of past memories "0. 8", It has the highest priority. Conclusion: Among the perceptual and emotional factors, the role of urban squares as a hub and the role of squares as a '95 /. ' Urban sign, as well as the diverse presence of different segments of people in the urban squares in terms of age, sex, Cultural, occupational and. . . "/ 83. " Plays an important role in people's attachment to urban areas. Also regarding the contextual and structural factors, the location and the interconnection of the field with the surrounding texture of "0. 91", with the spatial cohesion in the form and architecture of the "0. 87" metropolitan area, have the highest priority in attachment, Finally, in terms of functional factors, the variety of available uses ". 94", the presence of attractive activities ". 9" and the rate of pausing and stopping people in terms of the ". 88" mental retention, an important role in maintaining attachment in The field has.

One of the most important destinations for tourists is nature. Iran is ranked 10th in cultural and natural attractions in the top five countries of the world and in terms of historical attractions. In this regard, the strategic and key role of tourism in the regional development is evident. The lack of suitable programs by tourism organizations and tourisms and the reluctance of private sector investment in the lack of facilities and facilities for tourists have made industry Tourism in these areas will be underdeveloped. The current research on Sardasht city has been done considering the potential of tourism and in order to answer these questions: what are the advantages and limitations of tourism development in this region and what are the ways to develop tourism? Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in tourism, s Sardasht and its suitable and effective strategies? In this research, to identify the strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats in tourists and experts of government departments and organizations. Related to the tourism, hotel industry and recreational agencies in the county and province that had years of experience in this field were interviewed and using the SWOT model and the intersection of these factors together the strategies of WT, WO, ST and SO were determined in four categories. In the next step, to select the best strategy for developing this industry, quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), and to determine the weight of the factors, a SWOT questionnaire based on the Likert scale was designed as 5 options and was designed by 50 sampel. The study area has been completed. Quantitative Strategy Planning Matrix (QSPM) have shown that due to the strengths and opportunities in the region, the level of threats and weaknesses is very high and the region has a vulnerability level in terms of tourism development and the distribution and reallocation of resources and Proper planning is necessary at the regional level. WO3 Strategy 4. 56 emphasis on strengthening and enhancing the level of infrastructure, transportation and tourism services in the welfare and development of tourism, is proposed as the best strategy One of the most important destinations for tourists is nature. Iran is ranked 10th in cultural and natural attractions in the top five countries of the world and in terms of historical attractions. In this regard, the strategic and key role of tourism in the regional development is evident. The lack of suitable programs by tourism organizations and tourisms and the reluctance of private sector investment in the lack of facilities and facilities for tourists have made industry Tourism in these areas will be underdeveloped. The current research on Sardasht city has been done considering the potential of tourism and in order to answer these questions: what are the advantages and limitations of tourism development in this region and what are the ways to develop tourism? Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in tourism, s Sardasht and its suitable and effective strategies? In this research, to identify the strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats in tourists and experts of government departments and organizations. Related to the tourism, hotel industry and recreational agencies in the county and province that had years of experience in this field were interviewed and using the SWOT model and the intersection of these factors together the strategies of WT, WO, ST and SO were determined in four categories. In the next step, to select the best strategy for developing this industry, quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), and to determine the weight of the factors, a SWOT questionnaire based on the Likert scale was designed as 5 options and was designed by 30 sampel. The study area has been completed. Quantitative Strategy Planning Matrix (QSPM) have shown that due to the strengths and opportunities in the region, the level of threats and weaknesses is very high and the region has a vulnerability level in terms of tourism development and the distribution and reallocation of resources and Proper planning is necessary at the regional level. WO3 Strategy 4. 56 emphasis on strengthening and enhancing the level of infrastructure, transportation and tourism services in the welfare and development of tourism, is proposed as the best strategy One of the most important destinations for tourists is nature. Iran is ranked 10th in cultural and natural attractions in the top five countries of the world and in terms of historical attractions. In this regard, the strategic and key role of tourism in the regional development is evident. The lack of suitable programs by tourism organizations and tourisms and the reluctance of private sector investment in the lack of facilities and facilities for tourists have made industry Tourism in these areas will be underdeveloped. The current research on Sardasht city has been done considering the potential of tourism and in order to answer these questions: what are the advantages and limitations of tourism development in this region and what are the ways to develop tourism? Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in tourism, s Sardasht and its suitable and effective strategies? In this research, to identify the strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats in tourists and experts of government departments and organizations. Related to the tourism, hotel industry and recreational agencies in the county and province that had years of experience in this field were interviewed and using the SWOT model and the intersection of these factors together the strategies of WT, WO, ST and SO were determined in four categories. In the next step, to select the best strategy for developing this industry, quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), and to determine the weight of the factors, a SWOT questionnaire based on the Likert scale was designed as 5 options and was designed by 50 sampel. The study area has been completed. Quantitative Strategy Planning Matrix (QSPM) have shown that due to the strengths.

One of the most important issues in the country, especially after the Islamic Revolution, has been the lack of attention to scientific indicators and criteria for the political organization of space, which has resulted in the actual formation of political units, including the city. In fact, the new cities formed do not correspond to the existential philosophy of the city in the true sense of the word, and there are suspended spaces between the city and the village that cannot be given a specific name. This factor has made the process of building cities in Iran so fast that we have seen more than 526% growth in the number of cities in the country over the past 57 years (1335-1393). The largest increase in the number of cities was after the Islamic Revolution between 1991 and 1991, indicating a 140 percent increase over this 22-year period. Such unprecedented and unpredictable growth of cities in the country will and will pose challenges to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its development. In this regard, this study seeks to investigate this issue through spatial and spatial analysis by analyzing the extraction of areas made of AVHHR images and modeling the changes of areas made between 1990 and 2018 Introduction: There are many differences between countries in terms of definition of city and urban location and urban location. At present, there are various definitions of urban location, none of which are satisfactory. Sometimes, city based on urban culture) cultural definition (sometimes based on administrative function) political-administrative definition (sometimes based on people working in non-agricultural sectors) economic index (and sometimes based on population size and population index of cities) Shariepour, (1391, especially in the new century) has found wide dimensions in terms of physical size and variety of social and economic issues, and these developments have made it difficult to discuss urban management and security (John Parvar, 2014). ) It should be noted that the city is part of a country and islands within it. Cities have their own political geographies with respect to commercial centers, wealthy suburbs, slums, Aleppo, and their forbidden areas (Muir, 2000). How cities operate and on what relationships do they live, what are the driving forces of the city, or how effective are environmental factors in locating them, and how is the city's relationship within the village and The city (and the outskirts of the city and the countryside) around it is a very important issue in spatial and spatial security in a country and its protective structures in the approach of establishing regional and regional security (Rezai et al., 2010). Methodology: The purpose of this study is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The methodology used in this research is a combination of systematic review of library resources, field studies, and analytical and software processes. In the first step, using the collected data, the number of cities was used to analyze the data. The combination of data layers was extracted using AVHHR satellite software and geographic information system software and maps of urban areas were extracted using NDBI remote sensing satellite. Other information on constructed areas and urban areas has been obtained and used from the Iranian Statistics Center. In this study, qualitative analysis and spatial calculations in formulation of urban density and constructed areas under the title of city have been studied and analyzed. In order to achieve the research objectives, a descriptive review of the literature has been made. Much of the data used in this study was extracted from the process of statistical data analysis and satellite image processing. ARC GIS 10 software was used as the spatial analysis software. Results and discussion: The formation of cities and urbanization in Iran has a long history. However, its course has become more intense over the past century, which is not comparable to the historical periods before it. The policies of governments and governments formed at this juncture have played a major role in this. There is a significant relationship between government and government on the one hand and the accelerated development of urbanization and urbanization in Iran. Over the past hundred years, ever since the Constitutional Revolution, both sides of this equation have seen dramatic quantitative and qualitative developments. On the one hand, the number of cities in the country increased with the consolidation of the new government and the number of urban population increased. On the other hand, the structure of the state changed after the Constitutional Revolution, and the urban elements replaced the Qajars with their provincial origins. they got. For this reason, the constitutional revolution in the history of the city and the urbanization of Iran can be considered an important historical turning point. The constitutional revolution brought to power the urban elements rather than the nomadic and tribal elements that ruled the country. On the other hand, the new government, with its city-centered and urban-oriented policies, has consistently taken steps to strengthen and develop the city and its urbanization, and has directly and indirectly supported the life and culture of the city and its urbanization in the face of rural and nomadic livelihoods. Thus, there was a reciprocal and complementary functional relationship between government and government on the one hand, and the city and urbanization on the other, which still exist today. Conclusion: The basis of any government is territoriality, the most important of which, after the formation of territory, is the proper political organization of space. If this organization is tailored to the geographic spatial features, the territorialization process will be best managed to preserve and control the territory. In this way, each state will organize a proper political space for better territoriality and better management of its territory. It does this on the basis of various geographical, political, economic, social, cultural, and other factors, in an attempt to ensure structural and functional unity and, subsequently, development and security of the country.

In recent decades the urban population growth and then hit the top of residing in urban areas of the world, especially in developing countries, make problems in cities such as Overcrowding and traffic problems like environmental pollution resulting from excessive personal cars, health problems, lack of vitality. In other words, the growth of personal transport and increase the number of trips are the main causes of instability in urban environments. The movement appeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase the sustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the better way. New Urbanism movement in this period is one of the approaches that two patterns “ based on the development of public transport” and “ Traditional Neighborhood Development” has been derived from this approach. Pattern “ based on the development of public transport” approach with emphasis on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is to reduce the use of private cars. The pattern in recent decades in many cities in the world with the goals of increasing the quality of new urban developments and improve the status quo is being used. Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. This increase affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionary period. The city has three urban areas. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match the expansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study, the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region in terms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the region to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based on public transport have been paid. The movement appeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase the sustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the better way. New Urbanism as a movement in design and urban planning in this period is one of these approaches. This approach first emerged in the 1980s in the United States of America. In this decade, a large number of American architects and urbanists such as Crier, Christopher Alexander and others criticized the burnout urban centers, local community's dependent on the automobile sector and use of private car in high level. These architects and urbanists are Prepared the emergence fields of New Urbanism. New Urbanism emerged as one of the approaches towards sustainable development and smart growth. This movement has two patterns. These patterns are "Transit Oriented Development" that based on the development of public transport and "Traditional Neighborhood Development". Traditional neighborhood development pattern is based about new suburban residential development with narrow streets, public spaces and public facilities that encourage people to walk to the nearest public transportation station. Transit Oriented Development pattern that based on the development of public transport approach emphasizes on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is to reduce the use of private cars. In the other words this pattern seeks to create healthy communities, compact and pedestrian-oriented and high-quality public transport is around stations. This approach aims to promote quality of life for residents without dependence on the private car. Transit Oriented Development includes a range of programming at regional and local level. The main body of this approach consists of wide area network of heavy and light transport lines, Bus Rapid Transport and Metro lines. The transport network has a significant role in the transmission and displacement of populations and local and regional services. Along the transport route-based Transit Oriented Development land uses are developed. For development based on Transit Oriented Development approach being close to transport routes is not enough. Some issues like accessibility to parking and building density is important. This approach coordinates transportation and land use with each other in the process of planning and urban design and in this way creates sustainable and friendly-man society. The positive effects of economic, physical and environmental of this model for cities have prompted managers to make their towns sync with the principles of this development. Reducing automobile dependency and parking demand, increasing use of public transport systems, promoting walkability of neighborhoods, increasing mixed use areas, creating complex and attractive pedestrian, reducing air pollution caused by cars, reducing noise pollution, and etc. are the positive effects of this development. Transit Oriented Development is one of the approaches that many cities are trying to synchronize itself with the principles of this model. Studies and designs on many cities around the world to achieve this development is done. In Iran, this study was conducted on a limited basis. Some researchers have studied Transit Oriented Development principles in local scale. But surveying indicators of this approach in region scale was not mentioned in Iranian's studies. This pattern is useful for most of the cities. Historical cities because of its historical context and historical vacant lots within the area are good options for this development. Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. This increase affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionary periods. This city has three urban areas. Region one is placed in southern area. Region three is placed in the northernmost area. And region number two is placed between region number one and region number three. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match the expansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study, the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region in terms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the region to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based on public transport have been paid.

Introduction: Urban growth and creepsprawl is a dynamic and if this process continuous so fast and unplanned, in addition urban spaces could not creating a good physical composition. Also, it will create many problems in various social, economic and environmental areas for the urban space. It will be a model of a sick city that has suffered from the damage caused by this growing disorder from the development of the city. This form of physical growth of the city is in conflict with the sustainable development of the city. CreepSprawl is generally seen as a low-density, unplanned, and irregularly growing phenomenon outside of urban centers. Compared to intensive development city, urban creepsprawl develops more peripheral spaces and absorbs areas around the city. And so it destroys many rural settlements and agricultural land uses, challenging the countryside ecosystem. Damavand city in the northeast of Tehran metropolis has also been strongly affected by the mentioned conditions. This city to the above problems has been increasingly expanding from the center to the natural and rural suburbs around the central city in recent decades. Problems caused by urban management weaknesses, in order to create an unfavorable role in controlling the conditions governing the growth and physical development of Damavand city. The city of Damavand, towards uncontrolled growth, led to the surrounding natural and rural spaces, especially in the northern and southern parts. Therefore, the present study examines the different dimensions of the negative effects to urban creepsprawl in Damavand city. Theoretical Foundations: The creepsprawl phenomenon in a variety of ways, from the perspective of developmental aesthetics to local street patterns can be described. There are several common features that encompass literature that can be help researchers to understand and even measure it. These include: 1. Low-density, single-family homes; 2. Dependence on cars; 3. Existence of creepsprawl growth outside urban centers; 4. Growth creepsprawling pattern; 5. Extension of urban growth; 6. Unspecified boundaries between urban areas and rural areas. By examining the theoretical literature of urban creepsprawl, these theories can be categorized under five heading groups; Research method: This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of the nature and method of data collection and analysis is quantitative, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. Data collection tools are the standard questionnaire of the European Environment Agency on the subject of "urban creepsprawl" along with field observations. This questionnaire was designed to evaluate the effects of urban creepsprawl from the perspective of urban development stakeholders. Based on this, the citizens living in the native or permanent city of Damavand were considered as statistical population. The Likert range consisted of five options for answering questions. The Cochran's formula was used at the error level of 0. 05 to determine the sample size. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the research instrument. Based on the population of Damavand city, the last official census of the country (2016) and using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. Samples were selected by simple random sampling. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the data. Finally, after ensuring that the data were normal, an inferential and parametric test was used to analyze the data. Discussions and findings: The data in this part of the study have a high reliability (0. 85). In all items, the t-test value was 95% significant. Also, the average obtained in all cases is higher than acceptable. The findings show that from the perspective of respondents, urban creepsprawl has a negative impact on Damavand's natural resources and environmental countryside ecosystem. This situation shows that in general, the items that affect the impact of urban creepsprawl on water and soil resources are more important to the citizens living in Damavand. In examining the reliability of urban creepsprawl data on the health and quality of life of Damavand citizens, the value of Cronbach's alpha was 0. 74, which indicates an acceptable level of confidence. Also, the average number in all cases is more than acceptable, i. e. 3 as the middle limit. In general, the findings show that in this part of the research, the impact of urban creepsprawl on the dimensions of environmental pollution has received more attention from respondents. In the reliability study of the economic effects of the urban creepsprawl phenomenon in Damavand, the value of Cronbach's alpha was 0. 83. This value indicates the reliability and high validity of the obtained data. In general, the analysis of the findings of this part of the research shows that economic issues related to the environment and more energy consumption are in the focus of respondent's attention. Rising urban living costs and rising wastewater and urban waste management are other issues that come to the next. By its nature, urban creepsprawl is a physical development and physical expansion of the city into its surroundings. The results of the T-test were observed in both significant cases and the mean value was calculated beyond the acceptable level, so that the average of "physical growth of the city unplanned, spontaneous and uncontrolled" was equal to 4. 11, and the mean of "creating dense textures and disrupting the process of renovation and improvement of the city" was 4. 99. Conclusion: The findings show due to the growth of environmental pollution, increased vulnerability to that the threat to the health of citizens. And also, natural disasters due to manipulation and uncontrolled interventions in the natural environment, uncontrolled growth of population and population density in the region are more threat to the health of citizens. The negative economic effects of urban creepsprawl in Damavand include: increasing the costs of nature restoration and increasing the costs of environmental protection; increasing consumption and energy costs; increasing the cost of land and housing; increasing the cost of developing urban infrastructure and services; increasing the cost of relocation and transportation; rising wastewater and municipal waste management costs.

Introduction: The positions of cities within an urban system have been studied on a variety of geographical scales ranging from the metropolitan and regional level to the national level. The two main approaches can be distinguished: attribute-based and interaction-based. First, focuses on the concentration of activities or functions in a node and characterize cities’ importance by using data on the internal attributes of nodes such as the population size, economic profiles, and the presence of transport and communication functions. Second, one could rank cities from an interaction perspective by using flow data and concentrates on the degree to which nodes interact with each other in the system of flows. Although the fundamentals of both approaches are well documented, the nature of the relationship between these two approaches has remained hitherto largely unexplored. Even though many studies employ either interaction-or node-attribute data to study the positions of cities in the urban system, relatively little is known about the relationships between these two different types of data. This study aims to examine the extent to which the positions of cities using the interaction-and node attribute data correlate with each other, and how possible (dis)similarities between the two can be explained. Methodology: Although there are several types of flow that could be used for studying interaction, we have concentrated on flows of people travelling between distinct metropolitan areas for two reasons. First, face to-face relationships continue to be important for the development of urban systems. Second, it is the less frequent journeys undertaken over greater spatial distances rather than daily (commuting) journeys that are pertinent to the development of urban systems on the higher spatial scale. The analysis has been conducted separately for aerial and terrestrial journeys. In this study, we have employed data on long-distance mobility which has been collected in Comprehensive Transportation Studies of Iran in 2016. As reported in this study, the origin-destination survey was carried out in 56 study areas which are according to political divisions. In this survey, a long-distance journey was defined as a journey to a destination more than 100 km away. With respect to node attributes, information on sociodemographic and economic was obtained from the Population and Housing Census data collected by Statistical Center of Iran (2016). According to the enactment of Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, each city which has more than 500 thousand population is known as metropolitan; based on, in 2016 Iran has had 15 metropolitan, But in this study, the metropolitan areas were operationalized via the concept of functional urban regions (FURs) to represent the spatial units that are functionally interrelated in economic terms, because these can be compared with one another more easily. However, the delimitation of such areas is constrained by the availability of data in at least two respects. First, the functional interdependencies should ideally be derived from interaction data such as daily commuter flows. Second, because the flow data is only available for 56 defined study area of CTSI, the metropolitan areas necessarily is constrained to these areas. Results and discussion: The results show that not only ranking of cities by interaction data differ for types of flow but also the relationships between interaction and node attributes differ for these types of flow. Tehran, Mashhad, Esfahan and Ahvaz there are in the highest orders based on aerial flow data while Tehran, Esfahan, Qom and Arak are the most important metropolitan areas based on aerial flow data terrestrial flow data. In addition, Tehran, Mashhad, Esfahan and Kerman has acquired the first to forth position respectively based on attribute-based data. This division indicates that nodes do not necessarily hold an important position on both aspects simultaneously. The difference between transportation modes in representation of rankings of cities by using interaction-based data _aerial and terrestrial_ has been approved: The choosing destinations in terrestrial transportation from each origin gravitate to nearer distances and the number of passengers is affected by distances more intensely which is known as “ Distance Decay” factor. We also find that the differences between the two rankings can be explained to some extent by the fact that corporeal interaction is influenced by the “ physical barriers” which means that the top ranking metropolitan areas are those located centrally in our study area, Iran such as Tehran, Esfahan and Qom. Conclusion: In this study, we have considered to what extent the rankings of metropolitan areas using interaction and node-attribute data are correlated. Data on long-distance passenger mobility for aerial and terrestrial journeys and the attributes of the metropolitan areas have been used to generate the rankings of 15 metropolitan areas. The results shows that node attributes data tend to overestimate the importance of metropolitan areas that are not situated on central area of Iran like Kerman and Shiraz. These metropolitan areas function as central nodes in their regional economies and hold high positions on the economic attributes, but may have weaker relationships with other metropolitan areas. This contrast suggests that the physical barriers imposed by distance play a part in limiting the interaction between metropolitan areas as far as corporeal travel is concerned. Oppositely, the results shows that interaction data based on terrestrial flow tend to underestimate the importance of metropolitan areas that are not situated on central area of Iran like Zahedan and Orumia. This result may suggest that none of node attribute data or flow data are not sufficient to explain the positions of metropolitan areas on the two overall rankings, at least for the current data. Nevertheless, compared with terrestrial flows, aerial flows and node-attributes are more strongly correlated. Aerial-interaction and node-based data show a correlation factor of 0. 85 suggesting that they are good proxies for one another. However, since different types of flow tend to have different characteristics, terrestrial-interaction and node-based data show a correlation factor of 0. 36. It can be concluded that ranking of urban regions by means of node-based attributes can be better explained by aerial flow data than terrestrial flow data.

Drought is one of the natural phenomena and is considered as an important part of climatic conditions. Several studies have shown that Iran is one of the countries vulnerable to natural disasters in terms of geographical and climatic conditions. Thirty-one point seven percent of its total area is at risk of natural disasters and 70 percent of its population is in areas at risk of natural disasters and hazards, including drought with an average annual rainfall of 250 mm. The city of Kangavar is no exception and according to the SPI index at different time scales has an average of 44% of the days of the year experiencing drought. Therefore, what's important is how to deal with it. That’ s to say, given the fact that it has enormous effects, some measures have been taken so far. This means that drought management practices are an important step in reducing the extent of damage and controlling its effects. The dominant approach to managing it in most parts of the world is still passive, meaning it responds after the drought has appeared. This approach is commonly known as crisis management. In this approach, providing government assistance to the disadvantaged without empowering them leads to reduced self-reliance and increased dependence on the government. Extensive literature review of drought in Iran shows that most studies in the field of drought have focused on assessment, monitoring and forecasting as well as economic, social and environmental impacts and less attention has been paid to drought risk management and disaster management. Considering the consequences and effects of the drought on the physical dimension and limited attention to its social dimensions, it has been mistakenly turned to physical and technological solutions rather than managerial, social and human activities in order to challenge this phenomenon. One approach which has recently been introduced in management literature is the concept of resilience, a concept that has attracted much attention by researchers and policymakers over the last decade, so it seems that the resilience approach has the potential to be combined with the disaster management approach. In disaster management (drought management), the combination of previous approaches with the resilience approach can provide the capacity for optimal management of the disasters. Based on this approach the notion of local rural areas pursuing social-economic development autonomously of outside influences (whether globalisation, external trade or governmental action) may be an ideal but it is not a practical proposition in contemporary Europe. Within this context, resilience thinking offers two key contributions for rural studies (and specifically the rural development literature). Firstly, resilience offers alternative analytical methods and insights for rural studies. For example, drawing on the emerging regional resilience literature, applying an evolutionary analytical perspective sheds new light on exploring the role of path dependencies in place development, and also indentifying ‘ locked-in’ development trajectories based on entrenched interests and institutional apathy. Similarly, the evolutionary approach draws our attention not only to sudden shocks and disturbances within localities but also to ‘ slow-burn. A second lesson for rural development from applying a resilience framework is to more fully embed environmental and ecological considerations into rural policy, practices and behaviour. This has two dimensions. The first relates to encouraging a shift towards environmentally sensitive rural lifestyles and consumption patterns This approach emphasizes the capacities, participation, empowerment and learning of the rural community to deal with disasters. The present study has been conducted in terms of applied purpose and quantitatively and seeks to investigate the relationship between community capitasl and resilience through the mediation of disaster management variables in the face of drought. The required data in this research have been collected using library and field methods. The statistical population of this study are the villagers of Khazal, Ghazineh, Kermajan, Fash and Goodin. Survey data were also collected using a questionnaire from 494 villagers as well as about 30 in-depth interviews. The first objective of the study was to assess the drought situation and its consequences in the region. The results obtained from SPI index at different time scales showed that on average 44% of the days of the year experienced drought, with consequences such as low environmental impact. Depths of underground waters, soil erosion, soil salinization, pest and disease and social consequences include mistrust of officials, settlers entering the village, migration and aging of the village face, rising marriage age, as well as economic consequences including livestock sales. Unemployment has driven up agricultural and livestock spending, and so on. Another objective of this study was to study the mechanism of drought management in the region using the Lisrel Structural Studies method. The results showed that most of the indices were reported as desirable and the model fitted well with the data indicating that the items were in agreement with the theoretical construct. Therefore, each component of standard factor loadings, t-statistic and coefficients of determination in different tables and then their respective factor analysis diagrams were presented separately. Finally, due to the nature of the data used for regression and path analysis and give the hidden relationships between independent and dependent variables, it was not possible to use focal analysis method. In order to evaluate the status of community capital before and after the measures performed, paired t-test was used, which showed a significant difference. The results showed that human, financial and political capital had the least impact on drought preparedness and cultural capital. In terms of reduction, financial Also, in order to investigate the relationship and effect of variables, structural equations were used, which using t-test, the relationships between variables are known to be significant and community capital, mediating the disaster management cycle, explains 50% of resilience changes. In this way, social capital has the least impact and physical capital has the most impact on resilience.

In general, the evaluation of how urban lands are used reflects the clear image in terms of urban appearance, the allocation of urban space to different uses required over time and in order to achieve urban development goals. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The purpose of this research is quantitative and qualitative evaluation of land use in Marand city For this purpose, first the applications have been studied in terms of distribution and distribution in urban areas and then in terms of quantity and quality. The Williamson index was used to analyze the distribution of land uses, the per capita quantitative evaluation was used for quantitative evaluation, and the field matrix was used for qualitative evaluation by field method. The results of the study indicate that the unfair distribution of some urban services has caused more concentration of population in some areas of the city. Therefore, the per capita transportation uses are up to the standards of the country and in some cases even more than that, and the per capita of other uses is not in accordance with the current standards in the country and is even less. According to the final result of the analysis of the four matrices and the adjustment of the composite matrix, it indicates that the land uses of Marand city are qualitatively eliminated and inappropriate in the current conditions of distribution, establishment and mutual functions of urban land uses.

In general, power comes from geopolitical factors. This is quite obvious in the context of strategy, and so it is in the case of international economics and politics. Therefore, in order to understand the power of countries in the world, one must first get acquainted with the factors of geographical policy In today's world, geography is viewed from a political and security point of view and countries are trying to Make the most of the geography of promoting security, empowerment, and national interests. The natural geography that has provided the basis for human habitation is constantly threatening human beings. Drought and lack of rainfall cause a water crisis and destroy the human race and every living thing. But this drought with the management of optimal water consumption and the use of scientific and advanced irrigation methods can be turned into an opportunity for greater productivity. Dam construction, flood control and water storage behind dams, drought relief and electricity generation. All the "geographical" factors that play a role in threatening and de-threatening actors and political units are divided into two categories. The first category is the factors that play an important role in political relations and the increase or decrease of the power of the actor or political unit, and we can say that they have a geopolitical function. Like the position of a country that sits next to an international waterway and plays a controlling role on the waterway, or in the coastal region (Rimland) or being located on an energy source that is the area of influence and interest of the naval powers; And. . . Such factors usually reduce or increase the geopolitical weight of a political entity, and their national and international security is affected by their position; As for the second category of geographical factors, which include only the natural, living, physical and non-physical factors of geography, and place the fate of the political unit in an insecure environment. The impact of such factors on the life of a political unit has become a threat and a critical security issue. But if a person uses his rational power and intellect and uses his superior features to eliminate or manage threats, the dangers will be eliminated and the threats will be reduced, and even in some cases, they will become opportunities, otherwise they will cause destruction. They provide man. The natural geography that has provided the bedrock of human existence constantly threatens mankind. Drought and lack of rainfall cause water crisis and destroy the human race and every living thing, but this drought with the management of optimal water consumption and the use of scientific and advanced irrigation methods can become an opportunity for greater productivity. Dam construction, flood control and water storage behind dams, drought relief and electricity generation. According to the above, this subsystem has nine vital factors, which are mentioned in Figure 4. According to the results, in comparison with the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, some of these factors in Iran have more importance and priority compared to other factors that the valley of this shape is shown to be different and thicker in thickness. These factors are: the size of the country, the talents and capabilities of the different environment of the country, the dispersion between regions and the geographical distance. These factors also affect other factors and are also affected by other factors; As a factor of talents and special capabilities of each region, which is effective on the need to prepare development plans according to the talents and needs of each region. And it is influenced by the fact that together they form a loop or cycle. Regarding the factor of size, it can be said that this factor is effective in the geometric shape of the country and also in the factor of distance from the center to the surroundings. The factor of distance from the center to the periphery can directly affect the formation of geopolitical crises. Finally, for the factor of over-dispersal of areas from each other, it can be said that this factor is effective in the distance of settlements from each other and also in the factor of distance from the center and around each other. that the factor of distance from the center to the periphery also has a direct effect on the formation of geopolitical crises. Crises have different origins and types but the geopolitical crisis is conflict and conflict between countries and political-space groups and political actors over the control and possession of one or more geographical values and factors. The main purpose of this article is analyzing the role of geographical variables in Iran's geopolitical crises. The main question of this paper is how do geographical variables, especially metropolitan air pollution, play a role in Iran's geopolitical crises? The research method is descriptive-analytical and inferential. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used in field data collection. In the quantitative section, forty geopolitical scholars came to the census as a statistical population. In the qualitative section, seven experts in the field of crisis management were selected for the snowball interview. To assess the impact of geographical dimension on the shape of geopolitical crises in Iran One-sample t-test and to prioritize the extent of impact of each of the geographic factors The Friedman test was used. The results of the paper show that Geographic variables, especially metropolitan air pollution Because it causes scuffle over scarce resources Play a role in Iran's geopolitical crises; and finally, the geopolitical crises which are sometimes the result of efforts to master geographical scarce resources often because these resources are in crisis in some areas it takes place and so a geographic crisis becomes a geopolitical crisis.

Introduction: Water is the starting point of civilization and life, and its presence or absence has a great impact on the development and security of countries. For this reason, today there is a lot of attention to water resources in the country and the issues of border rivers and the study of the role of water in political behavior. The events that have taken place in the Middle East over the last few decades, the element of water in the form of border waters or border rivers, have created the greatest security tensions. Iran, as a semi-arid country in the Middle East, has not been without these bloody tensions and conflicts in recent decades. The start of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran over the Iran River from the Helmand River and the lack of a proper legal regime (Al-Arab), Iran's legal problems with Afghanistan over the Arvand River (Shatt al-Arab), Iran's legal problems with Afghanistan over Iran over the Helmand River Adequate legal regime and the violation of Iran's rights to extract water from the Aras River in the north of the country after the collapse of the former Soviet Union can be considered as concrete examples of this issue. Methodology: This research is of applied type and the method of information analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is documentary and library. In this regard, in order to achieve a correct and transparent result based on rational inference, an attempt has been made to address the role of border rivers in national security. Therefore, this study seeks to achieve a generalizable conclusion about border rivers and its security implications by using key variables such as water, boundaries and security. Result and discussion: 1-The international rivers between the two countries may have different shapes. In the first form, the river enters the neighboring country by cutting the border line, in this case, upstream and downstream relations are introduced between the two countries. In the second form, it is possible The river should be located in a part of its route as a border line and should not enter the neighboring country, which is called the border river. In the third form, it is a combination of the two previous types in which the river forms the border line between the two countries in a part of its route and then enters the neighboring country. In fact, in the blue boundaries and the boundaries of two political units, despite having advantages such as a clear path and a suitable width for marking due to their natural variability, it certainly can not play the role of a fixed line well. 2-Complete marking of border rivers causes problems for two reasons. First: the lower channel of the river is constantly changing. Second: The width of the river fluctuates and may be divided into several branches. 3-Rivers located on the border of Iran and neighboring countries, for various reasons, since the formation of the border has always affected the relations between the two countries. 4-Rivers are subject to change under the influence of various factors such as geological, hydrological, geomorphological features and how they are exploited. Conclusion: Given that the issue of water has a great impact on the development and security of countries, it is important to pay attention to water resources in the country and border river issues and study the role of water in political behavior. Over the past few decades, most security tensions in the Middle East have been due to border waters or border rivers. Iran is no exception to these tensions and conflicts. Establishing security in border areas requires the design and development of various programs and policies that depend on the type of border and how the border is created. Meanwhile, rivers, as the natural borders of the two political units, due to their variability and morphological diversity, have significant effects on the political relations between the two countries, especially on border issues. The changes in these rivers that have formed the borders of Iran and its neighbors, for various reasons since the formation of the border, have always strongly affected the relations between the two countries on both sides of the border and reducing the share of each has many security consequences. Establishing security in the border areas is one of the important concerns of the officials. Establishing security in border areas requires the design and development of various programs and policies that depend on the type of border and how the border is created. Meanwhile, rivers as the natural borders of two political units, due to their variability and morphological diversity, have significant effects on the political relations between the two countries, especially on border issues. In this basic-applied article with descriptive-analytical method, the border rivers of Iran and its neighbors have been considered as international rivers. The changes in these rivers that have formed the borders of Iran and its neighbors, for various reasons since the formation of the border, have always strongly affected the relations between the two countries on both sides of the border and reducing the share of each has had many security consequences. This study seeks to investigate the hypothesis that natural factors affect the shape of borders and ultimately national security. Typically, borders that cross mountainous areas, swamps, or dense forests are less likely to cause conflict, and borders that cross plain, low-lying areas, especially rivers, are more important to the country. Therefore, the most important geographical factors affecting the appearance of the river in arid regions such as spatial and spatial relationships, topography and drainage, geology and soil, vegetation, climate (climate), types of erosion. The results show that the change in the characteristics and natural appearance of rivers over time has caused border disputes and challenged security on both sides of the border.