Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climateis
Year:2020 | Volume:8 | Issue:11|Papers Count:12

The Haji Rajabali's deed of endowment was written in 1247 AH for the winter Shabistan of the Masjid-i Jami of Meybod and other buildings built by the endower. This deed of en-dowment is a historical document that contains information from the 13th century AH about the city of Meybod, its places and architecture. The year of its writing coincides with the last decade of Fath Ali Shah's reign in Qajar period. The Jami mosque contains evidence of this period. The deed of endowment is a legal document and Haji Rajabali wrote it with the aim of guaranteeing the life of the buildings he built, though in this research, it has been consid-ered as a documentary source for the study of architectural history. In fact, the potential of an old legal text document for the study of architectural history is examined. The question is: what are the places and architectural evidences that are mentioned in the deed of endowment and what kind of new information does it contain in the field of architectural history as relat-ed to the historic city of Meybod? This research has been done by descriptive-historical method, and has been accompanied by re-reading the text of the deed of endowment, comb-ing with field observations and evidence mentioned in historical books. This paper can be considered a documentary analysis since it is focused on a first-hand historical document. The aim of this research is to re-read the evident and hidden aspects of the historical places mentioned in the deed of endowment. The results show that although the deed of endowment is short, it contains important information about the names and dates of places. All the places and buildings that are mentioned in the deed of endowment are related to Meybod, so in the course of the research, by field observation of the relevant place, the original or the remain-ing structures were identified and observed. A total of 22 sites and buildings were identified and then described. It includes quarters, Qanats, shops, cemeteries, mills, gardens, Houses, and many more. The construction date of the winter Shabistan of the Masjid-i Jami, the mosque and the water reservoir (Ab anbar) in the Karam Square (Maidan), located inside the fortified city of Meybod, is obtained from this deed of endowment, which belongs to the 1240 AH.

The most important element in knowing the identity of any building is its history. The history of a building means knowing the building in its historical context so that it can be fully understood in terms of its formation. It is, therefore, important to know the historical origins of any building and the period in which it was shaped and changed. A review of what is known about the historical origins of Iran's religious monuments, especially according to the records written in the 7th and 8th centuries A. H., shows that scholars who have been active in this field, despite their efforts, lack a deep knowledge of the geographical-natural context of Iran on the one hand and the socio-political-religious events on the other hand. The results of their studies are associated with errors. So, there is a lot of ambiguity about the factors involved in the dating of the 7th and 8th centuries A. H. buildings and the effects of the social, religious, and political developments of the Ilkhanid period on the physical changes in the religious buildings of this period. The present study seeks to identify the factors that have influenced the dating of the works of the seventh and eighth centuries A. H. by analyzing numerous instances. It also seeks to identify the relationship between physical changes and the political, social, and religious changes that took place during the Ilkhanid period. The analyses are conducted based on physical, documentary and historical studies. The results of the study show that most of the errors are induced by changes in the structures of this period, either in the spatial organization of buildings, the incorporation of decorations in later periods, or the use of various inscriptions in buildings. It can be said that the changes have mostly occurred with political-religious motives. The series of events that took place during the Ilkhanid era, from the beginning to the end, can be summarized in five waves. They include architectural dependency, the era of beginning and transformation, the period between transition and independence, the period of independence and production, and the period of isolation. The religious beliefs of the rulers also differed in each of these waves. From the Buddhist and Shamanic beliefs to the various forms of Islamic belief, each has an impact on the religious structure of this period. Finally, the factors influencing the ambiguity in the dating of the buildings in this period include a) the route of the Mongols' movement and the destruction of cities as the main factor affecting the construction and production technologies of this period abd b) the socio-political and religious changes of rulers and their impacts on the construction of buildings constructed. These factors have jointly caused inconsistencies in the decoration, motifs and inscriptions of the building during this period.

Various farms in the provinces of Yazd, Isfahan and Markazi were studied through attitude assessment, document research and field studies. They were found in two forms including residential farming fields and collections of fields. Also, narratives about how they were formed and how some of them have almost vanished were scrutinized. These farms existed in the Qajar period and were brought to stability by the owners and rulers by stabilizing the triad of society and culture, environment and climate, and politics and economics. This stability represented the physical and functional capabilities of the farms and preserved the physical, economic, operational, social and cultural systems on the farms. Thus, this system that formed the historical residential farms was adopted, and it guaranteed their long-term sustainability. The study aims to shed light on the formation system of historical farms and its role in the sustainability of farms over the time. It also seeks to interpret the documents in this regard using the contextual theory and the interpretive-historical approach. This research palpably discusses the topic through a series of case studies in the Iranian Central Plateau. It is found that triad stability has ensured the system preservation and, thus, the sustainability of historical residential farms in this geographical region.

Since old ages, Bazaar has been considered to be the most important sector and central core of Kashan, both economically and socially. During the last century, with the urban development of Kashan, the city has undergone significant structural transformations, resulting in the separation of bazaar from urban context, marginalization of the Bazaar and, consequently, the downfall of the business. These changes, which usually coincide with street construction, have led to destruction in parts such as the new copperworkers’ s bazaar and deterioration in other parts such as panakhl bazaar. The goal is to study the effects of changes caused by street construction on the spatial structure of the city and the role of bazaar in it. Based on it’ s goals, this is an applied research which uses descriptive-explanatory method. this paper which is based on studying the city’ s spatial structure and includes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, relies on spatial analysis using space syntax method in addition to functional study of bazaar, and the results are explained using a generalized and interpretive approach based on historical features and roles of bazaar in the overall urban structure. . To achieve this goal, the spatial structure of the city in three different periods during the current century are studied. The results show that with the construction of a series of streets in Kashan from 1300’ s up to 1340’ s, Bazaar gradually lost its centrality in the city and the aforementioned streets have created a grid structure, in which the bazaar has little role. As a result of these changes, urban development and the new spatial structure oriented towards west and south-west, have caused the bazaar to become isolated in relation to the historical city and the streets have led to major changes in it. It seems that these streets have isolated the bazaar from it’ s urban context and it’ s elements have lost their original integrity.

The architecture of Iran is full of hidden secrets and serves as the key to meet the needs of people who have wisely converted climatic and geographical weaknesses and threats into the strengths and golden opportunities. This capability has been based on long experiences. Use of windmills is one of the most important of these experiences. A windmill is a structure of desert architecture in Iran. This small and seemingly simple factory represents the integration of architectural art and industrial knowledge of Iranian past generations in the proper use of local and indigenous facilities. Windmills have been built in southern half of Khorasan and Sistan wherever there is good wind. Recognizing the function of these structures along with the depletion of fossil fuels can lead to the use of the knowledge of constructing windmills in modern structures in order to produce energy. With the aim of identifying the functions of these structures, this research reviews the operation of windmills in the two regions of Sistan and Khorasan and seeks to answer the question “ which of Khorasan and Sistan windmills represents better operation in using the wind energy? ” For this purpose, the ANSYS software, version 19, has been used to compare the functions of these two wind-operated structures. The results of the research indicate that Sistan windmill has better operation due to its wider span and more pleasant air entrance.

Investigating and recognizing the composition of fundamental elements in Safavid era’ s mosques in Isfahan city with emphasis of their classifications enables us to continue using these patterns in the framework and semantical layers of the mosques new architecture. In this regard, the present study is designed to understand these patterns. Research method in this paper is descriptive – analytical The finding of study indicates that Safavid’ s era mosques in Isfahan can be classified into three categories: Shabestan, Dome House and shabestan, Dome House mosque and Each of the above categories can be categorized into separate categories based on the main organs and spatial axes and the position of the urban texture. In the abovementioned categories, each pattern is an extension of the previous pattern, and finally the most evolved pattern is introduced, which is the the pattern that preserves the main geometrical elements, Imam and Hakim mosques are such examples.

Light plays an important role in traditional Iranian architecture, so much that spatial qualities are created by light. In the present study, from the perspective of the problem of people's comfort in the environment, data analysis and data analysis were based on daylight at home in which it is the most used among other functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the comfort conditions and thermal comfort indices of PMV and PPD in Malekzadeh house in Yazd. For this purpose, the panjdari room has been analyzed and evaluated, where modeling was done using Grasshopper algorithmic software, and analyses performed by honeybee and ladybug plugins. The existing condition of panjdari and the five proposed conditions, including Esfahani and Kermani orientations, orientation towards north, and different heights of the panjdari door are presented and analyzed and finally compared. The results show that raaste orientation gives the panjdari space 50% DA (Daylight Autonomy) compared to other proposed conditions and it also receives 300lux of light, providing comfort for residents. Also with PMV of +0. 53 and PPD of 14. 38%, it has the highest thermal comfort among the proposed conditions. The practical potential of Malekzadeh's panjdari room, due to its location in the building, has provided a space of extreme thermal comfort and convenience throughout the year.

Improving thermal comfort in buildings is one of the important issues that is emphasized in today's buildings. Given the growth in energy consumption, saving resources in buildings is an indispensable necessity. Optimal use of free solar energy on the one hand provides a favourable environment for the occupants of the building and on the other hand reduces the building energy consumption in cold months of the year. Since the overall trend of residential construction in Iran has led to the development of apartment units, Applying climate solutions that can be used in such buildings is an important need that is getting less attention these days. The use of semi-open spaces such as balconies, terraces and porchs in apartment units is emphasized by the National Building Regulations of Iran and is widely used in contemporary buildings. When cleverly designed, these spaces can be converted to a sunspace to be used as a passive system for the absorption and utilization of solar energy. The purpose of this study is to use artificial intelligence and algorithmic optimization to find the optimal dimensions, from and properties of semi-open spaces in warm and dry climates in Iran, to transform them into a sunspace to be used in cold months of the year. The research method in this study is simulation and logical reasoning. To reach this goal, a residential space in Shiraz was simulated, and then the parameters of the semi-open space (dimensions, indoor window area, semi-open space type, glass type and ventilation) were investigated in order to convert it into a sunspace. Then the optimal conditions of each of these parameters for the city of Shiraz were determined. The results show that such an space can optimally reduce up to 54% of the building's heating energy consumption and the best results came from terraces using double glazing cover.

The perceptual performance of daylight is focused on the assessment of daylight at the eye level and its relation to the psychological (perception, emotional state) needs of the occupants, which influenced by architectural elements that shape the way daylight enters the space, such as multilayered faç ade and perforated walls. However, it seems that the designers do not have a clear and systematic understanding of the physiological and psychological effects of these patterns in interior spaces. through a structured review of previous research, this paper seeks to identify, quantify and predict the relationship between daylight distribution patterns linked to architectural elements that shape the way daylight enters the space (independent variable) and occupants perceptions (dependent variable) in daylit spaces. The findings showed that Human experience can be represented with two dimensions, valence and arousal. To explore these two dimentions, subjective evaluations based on self reports using questionnaires, objective evaluations based on physiological data and observations based on physically based rendering (PBR) in virtual reality (VR) environment have been carried out. the results show that the best image-based computational measures of contrast in predicting perceptual effects of daylight are modified spatial contrast indicator (mSC) and the size of images compressed in JPEG format and PNG-PERIM8 edge detection indicator (for evaluating the complexity of images). for the evaluation of perceptual effects of other visual stimuli, two-dimensional Fourier amplitude spectrum metric (FFT2) is used. In conclusion, the findings of this research can be the basis of a wide range of experimental research on this topic in the future.

Studies of thermal comfort can be discussed from different perspectives with a variety of objectives. Thermal adaptation is a gradual process of adapting to conditions and responding to thermal stimuli, which are classified into three categories including physical, physiological and psychological adaptations. Therefore, thermal comfort is not simply influenced by climate components; certain other variables affect it too. In this regard, several studies have been carried out to determine the effects of different components. The purpose of this study is to identify the simultaneous effect of physical and environmental components in the administration building of Shiraz University. The environmental components included air temperature, globe temperature, Wet Bulb Globe temperature and relative humidity recorded indoors and outdoors. The physical components included the surrounding view, location of users, windows and doors status, spatial layout level of noise pollution and light conditions. The field study consisted of three parts: distribution of questionnaires, observation and recording of weather data using a data logger. The questionnaires helped to collect thermal responses of the participants based on different scales such as thermal sensation, thermal comfort, thermal pleasure, thermal preferences, thermal acceptance and overall comfort. During observation, the researchers recorded the status of each environmental component. It was a Mixed-Mode case study of the main administration building of Shiraz University located on the northern side of the city of Shiraz, Iran, at 52. 52° N latitude and 29. 63° E longitude and the altitude of 1590 meters above sea level. The building has a northwest-southeast orientation in two blocks of seven and ten stories. The field part of the study was conducted in January, 2019 for four consecutive days from 8 am to 12 pm. The results on 110 employees in winter show that, among the physical components, relative humidity has the most influence on the individuals' thermal perception. The simultaneous impact of the physical-environmental components also indicates that, in addition to the indoor air temperature and relative humidity, the condition of the openings has a significant effect on the individuals' thermal sensation. In this study, the temperature preferences scale was predicted by environmental components, and thermal sensation could be predicted by the physical-environmental components.

In the Architecture of Temperaments it is said that psychosomatic conditions of humans affect their tendencies towards environmental factors. Therefore, temperamental categorization of users according to traditional medicine can affect their preferences towards architectural elements. Based on this fact, the conformity of architectural preferences with the temperaments of the users is something worthy of note in the architect’ s mind. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to provide an explanation of the relationship between different temperaments and the intensity of preferring architectural elements in traditional architecture. Based on its goal, this study follows the method of applied-developmental studies, and based on its nature it is performed using the explanatory-analytical methodology. Questionnaires were used to collect data which then was fed into SPSS for analysis. The findings of this study reveal that different temperaments show different intensities of preference when faced with a traditional building. In particular, the more the hot and dry elements are added to the person’ s temperament, the more the intensity of the reaction is visible. Moreover, the statistical tests show the p-value to be less than 0. 01% with a 99% confidence level. This confirms the first hypothesis which predicts the effect of difference in temperament on the architectural elements of traditional architecture. The result of Tukey HSD test also shows that the phlegmatic temperament is the first group with an average of 74. 46 and other temperaments (choleric, melancholic and sanguine) take the next places respectively.

A study of the Safavid history shows that security can be a factor in the emergence of political authority and can directly affect trade and the economy. The concept of defense is of two types, active defense and passive defense. Although both have the same goals, their methods are very different. The purpose of this study is to study the caravanserais of the Safavid period from the perspective of passive defense. The study adopts a positivist approach to the subject in terms of research methodology, and, in terms of the purpose, it is based on comparative descriptions. The variables obtained based on documentary studies are the geographical location and importance of the roads, the plan forms (including rectangular and polygonal courtyards and introverted and extroverted roofed spaces), elements related to passive defense (including number of entrances, guard rooms and watchtowers) and physical analysis (including depth of access to rooms and the number of spatial layers). These variables focus on passive security and defense. Totally, 43 Safavid caravanserais are classified into four groups (rectangular with a courtyard, polygon with a courtyard, roofed introverted and roofed extroverted spaces), and the principles of passive defense are examined in them. The results show that rectangular and polygonal courtyard caravanserais as well as introverted indoor caravanserais have many similarities in terms of using physical elements for security. Extroverted indoor caravanserais, on the other hand, have different characteristics from other the types. In fact, the study shows that, mainly in areas where the natural elements of passive defense (such as mountains and rivers) do not exist and (for various reasons) agent defense is not justified or impossible, the architect has tried to provide most of the physical elements of security and passive defense against possible attacks by reducing entrances, creating a guard rooms and watchtowers, and increasing the depth of access and the number of layers of space as much as possible. In addition, the strategic position of the Persian Gulf coastal roads and the important role of these trade routes at the level of trade and economy of the country have made it necessary for the governments to ensure their security as an agent of defense. Therefore, in the caravanserais of this region, maintaining less security has been entrusted to the body of architecture. The results generally show that the variety of active defense and passive defense factors in caravanserais depends on the geographical location, the importance of the routes, and the architectural form of the caravanserais.