JOURNAL OF RURAL RESEARCH
Year:2016 | Volume:7 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

This study sought to investigate the happening of injuries to rural child labor in agricultural activities in Mahidasht County. The study population comprised of 1. Children 5 to 18 years (N=934), 2. The parents of working children, and 3.The specialist who is familiar with rural work environment. In the first group (children), a sample of 272 members were selected using Crecy and Morgan (1970) sampling table and the stratified by random sampling method with proportional allocation. In the second group (parents), due to the lack of accurate statistics about the parents, purposeful sampling was used. In the third group (experts) the enumeration was done. Data were collected through structured questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by an expert’s panel and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha (a=0.88). The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 18. The results showed that all the three communities complained primarily of physical injuries (skin disease, back pain, and knee disorders) followed by psychological injuries (tension and rough temperament, and creative destruction), socio-cultural injuries (continuance of child labor towards next generations, and learning bad language) and economical injuries (comprised of increased cost of child education, and increased health cost).Although the phenomenon of child labor cannot be eliminated in the rural environment, but observingergonomic principles in the workplace can substantially reduce the damage caused to children.

Several studies in recent years have a consensus that global development on the agricultural economy and multifunctional activities on gender relations in rural areas needs to have a balance. With this image in mind, some studies still do believe that rural women represent the identity of its own tradition as well as of the local communities. In fact, we are dealing with multiple gender identities based on diverse environment in rural areas. The empirical study on women reflects different identities and complex aspects related to it in 30 rural settlements in Shirvan County. Qualitative study based on extensive measures in the area was on the agenda: Understanding the diverse social events for extracting global and national dialogue, exchange of information with 90 local women through semi-structured interviews and the principles contained in Q methodology for the extraction of local discourse and the continuing involvement of the situation and natural entities in the women’s identity changes. The findings reveal different status of Ghooshkhaneh women in patriarchal discourse as the first factor and family farms discourse as second factor, Something that despite agricultural economy global developments and multifunctionality, An expression of former continuing the tradition of gender relations in the minds of people. Women work also associated more whit family internal mechanisms until the outside trends. While, natural and local factors has not been influence also in forcing Ghooshkhaneh women.

Appropriate functioning of the cooperatives in developed countries significantly contributes to the development of rural areas. Dehyaris cooperative and appropriate given that the objectives had been achieved successes, but also problems are. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the success of dehyari cooperative at the county of Buin Miandasht, Fereiden, and Feridonshahr (3 co-ops) in the Isfahan province and compare views on the factors affecting the board of cooperative and members about success rate of effectiveness is one of the factors. The study consisted of all members and the cooperative elements of county Buin Miandasht, Fereiden and Feridonshahr (N=91) who were studied census. Library and field methods needed information is collected and analyzed have been using the software SPSS22. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and the 0.861 respectively. Validity of the opinion of the board of management and the development of agricultural cooperatives and professors of Tehran University were studied. Agricultural development and management faculty members of Tehran University were studied.For comparison comments pillars of cooperative members and mann-whitney test was used to identify factors affecting the success of logistic regression was used. The results showed that in general, four factors (participation, management, motivation and organizational structure) affect the success of cooperatives studied but in the meantime the effects of participation and a greater influence on success than any other factor studied in Dehyaris county cooperative.

Settlements located in border areas, especially rural areas, are in lower level of social capital. Poverty is one of the key contributing factors for this. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between poverty and social capital in the theoretical framework of social depilation. The type of research is descriptive-analytic and correlation. Due to widespread population, 382 households and 136 people of local manager among the three township (Mirjaveh, Saravan and Zahak) were sampled by cochran. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by fuzzy logic (MATLAB software) and SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences). The findings indicate a relatively high degree of correlation between social capital and poverty with a degree (0.628) and (0.602) and a negative impact of poverty on social capital. So that poverty explains 79.2 percent of the social capital, and edit as per unit change in the poverty rate (-0.890) Change will be created in the social capital. Among the indicators of poverty, “culture of poverty” and then “social rejection” have the most influence on social capital. The results indicate that the level social capital in this kind of settlements, strongly is under the influence of poverty. So if perpetuation of poverty, accompanied with the trend of gradual reduction of social capital (trust, participation and social solidarity) continue, it is possible the region in the future faced, the unstable upper, which in that case, control it will be difficult.

The Type of nutrition According on the type of rural or urban society could be different from, Because human nutrition On one hand is related to factors like Climate Environments, technical, Socio-economic, cultural, and historical record And on the other with cognitive and Behavioural attitudes of humans.this study was conducted to assess the food security situation in this region.this study was carried to assess the food security in different climate zones of the southern province of Kerman. this study was done using Applied Research Methodology and Survey method. The study population was all rural households in south villages of Kerman province, that 390 households were selected by stratified random sampling. The data were collected by questionnaire and SPSS (version 21) was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. According to results, there is a weak food security level at study area, While the food security situation of rural households in different parts is different. So that households of cold and mild regions have higher food security and after that Respectively are households of mild and hot and dry regions, one of the reasons This result may be due to the changing nature of agricultural production throughout the year for different areas.

Empowerment is one of the new development paradigm components which today is a central concept in the discourse and practices of development. And is return from top-down planning procedure to bottom-up planning procedure in development approaches and endogenous development. This study intends to evaluate the effects of the oil and gas industry on empowerment in Shazand region.Empowerment is measured in two dimensions: agency and opportunity structure.The indicators of these two dimensions are social capacity, economical capacity, human capacity, ecological capacity, physical capacity and opportunity structure. The research methodology is description and quantitative analysis by using questionnaire. Based on the Cochran formula the sample size is 378 and multi-stage sampling was used. The findings of the study showed the social capacity with an average of 2.51, the economical capacity with an average of 2.73 and human capacity with an average of 2.49 are on medium level after building refinery. Physical capacity with an average of 2.06, ecological capacity with an average of 1.54 and opportunity structure with an average of 1.98 were extremely undesirable. In general, the empowerment of this region which is affected by Shazand refinery is moderate and downward and there is a wide distance with desirable level. In other words, the weak interaction between the oil industry and the local community causes the low impact on the local community empowerment.

The purpose of this study is to measure the social stability and its influencing factors among the residents of rural areas especially in rural Javanrood Township. The study population composed of all the heads in ahouse in villages (rural households over 20 households) of Javanrood Township (N=4484). Given the constraints facing, researchers have chosen not to examine the entire population using Cochran formula, rather 253 peoplewho were the representatives of the township were considered for their opinions by means of random sampling.The main research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and academics and its reliability was checked in a pilot study with a total of 30 questionnaires outside the study area. TheCronbach’s alpha coefficients were obtained for the different sections of the questionnaire. The results reveal in good condition is social stability in the rural area with an average of 3.86. It is also indicated in the results between the different indicators of social sustainability, social sustainability highest impacts in rural area are five indicators of accountability, future, happiness, social interaction and community involvement, with coefficients of variation 0.276, 0.282, 0.292, 0.296 and 0.306. Multiple regression results demonstrated a significant relationship with the dependent variable of 10 variables (social sustainability) and have described a total of 4.73% of the variance Javanrood Township rural social stability. In the order of importance, are the most important variables affecting social stability areincome, family size, supplies, education and land ownership.

The main goal of the current study was to identify and prioritize effective factors in creating enterprise clusters in Choram county using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A descriptive-survey method was used for the study. Statistical population included experts who had field experience in the business clusters in Choram county. Purposeful sampling method was used and finally 44 experts were selected to complete the questionnaires. The instrument used for collecting data was structured interview using Al Saati nine order professional questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by the expert opinions of the university professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was assured by considering incompatibility of decision matrices due to the judgment of each respondent. The statistical software, SPSS 23 and Expert Choice 11 were used for analyzing data. According to considered criteria in this research, economic factor was the most important factor and infrastructure factor was the least important criterion for creating business clusters in Choram County.

Commercial agriculture means production in large scale, specialized, and market-oriented cropping. The present study aims to identify the commercialization components of strawberry cultivation in Marivan township and to evaluate its determinants causally. A stratified random sample comprising of 191 stakeholders were interviewed to collect data. The dependent variables of strawberry cropping commercialization includes the area under cultivation, crop specialization, crop intensification, under cultivation area addition, crop yield and sale proportion. A set of economic, social, technical, and institutional factors operationalized and measured as the independent variables. Measuring of dependent scale was modeled using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the path analysis approach was used to interpret its causal relationships with independent variables. Farms average area under cultivation, literacy and acquaintance of the family head, satisfaction with job and future hopefulness, informal vocational training, the degree of modern irrigation usage and level of wage labor utilization were the final constructive variables set of the study’s causal-structural model. First three variables are external- while the remaining are internal-structural model variables. Based on the total direct and indirect effects, farms average area under cultivation, satisfaction with job and future hopefulness and degree of modern irrigation usage had the most influence on commercialization of strawberry cultivation. Contrarily, the level of wage labor utilization, acquaintance, and literacy of the family head had minor influences on the commercialization of the strawberry.

An increase in urban sprawl and the physical area has occurred increasingly in most of the cities of the Iran in the previous decade. Urban sprawl or the fast physical development and growth in adjoining areas of the main city is a phenomenon experienced by most cities in Iran. Varied reasons are accountable for it. In this study, the most important factors influencing the horizontal development of Sanandaj, particularly the role of informal neighborhood and nearby villages, have been investigated. The current study examines the role of social revolution including land informs and urban management in increasing migration and physical development of city- through the emergence of free neighborhoods and the joining of nearby cities to Sanandaj. The method of the study was descriptive-analytic. The pictures captured by TM, OLI and Landsat 588 satellites, which were analyzed by ArcGIS. The results demonstrate that a large number of settled people caused the emergence of 13 open neighborhoods in an area of 536 hectares particularly from 1976-1986 which led to the joining often nearby villages to the city, consequently bringing about urban sprawl of Sanandaj in the recent four decades. Moreover, there are many communities around the city which have the potential to join with the city leading to the incoherence and disconnected in the context of city.