Comparative Theology
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:19|Papers Count:7

The debate of will and volition has always been an important part of the intellectual and philosophical discourse as a whole. The current essay has studied this issue from the points of view of Ghazali and Spinoza in a comparative context. Spinoza has conceived will to be a type of notion while Ghazali considers it a mental quality that deals with preferring one side to the other. It seems that the reason for the disagreement of these two scholars in definition of will lies in the fact that Ghazali believes that will is one aspect of heart and soul whereas Spinoza includes it among the capabilities of mind. First he regarded will as a type of judgment but later due to the fact that judgment is the necessary result of notion he was compelled to consider it a kind of notion. Furthermore, according to Spinoza, an action is volition when it becomes realized out of its nature in the sense that no other internal or external stimulus forces the agent to undertake the action at issue; while Ghazali contends that the criterion for an action’s volitionality (the state of being volitional) is it’s being grounded in will.....

Religious pluralism is one of the recent issues with which Avicenna has not dealt directly, but with a new approach and through the topic of prophethood and the characteristics of the prophets, this article examines the foundations of religious pluralism based on Avicenna' s theological and philosophical ideas. According to Avicenna, prophets have the highest level of perception and they have taken all their talents into action, thereforethey are the wisest, the most knowledgeable and actually, the most perfect people of their time. Avicenna believes that all the prophets, because of the perfection of theirintellectual faculties, are related to the active intellectand through it to the essence of being and they are aware of them.....

One of the controversial issues of New Theology in the field of Mahdism is the issue of the mode of conduct of Imam Mahdi (as) with followers of other religions during the uprising (‘Zuhur’) period.One such issue is the normative pluralism in Imam Mahdi’s mode of conduct.Unfortunately, it has been a long time that, due to misconceptions and superficial understanding of some Shi’ite texts and narratives, the belief in the violent and harsh conduct of the Imam (as) with non-Muslims has infiltrated into the minds of the Shiite masses and has caused some credulous simpletons to be reluctant to and fearful of the proper understanding of the uprising time.....

The mystical journey is the inner circle to achieve highest of spiritual perfection. In mystical thoughts, they are depicted in the form of dwellings. In this essay, spiritual dwellings of the Jewish mysticism (Merkava and Kabbalah) and the Islamic Sufism are subject to a comparative discussion in order to finally answer this fundamental question: "What are the identical aspects and the heterogeneous structure aspects of mystical Conduct dwellings in Islamic Sufism and Jewish mysticism? " to this passer-by, the beginning and the end spiritual journey, the number and characteristics of dwellings, status of the mystic in each of the dwellings, and the allegories and symbols in these two schools, in terms of the matched and disparate aspects to be explained. Mystical conduct dwellings are one of the most important issues that the Sufis and the Jewish mystics have often spoken in the esoteric language. And have tried with emotional and symbolic interpretations, to show inner degree.

Ghazali and Mulla Sadra are among the thinkers who have sought to understand the causes of death and have addressed this issue in their own philosophical discussions about the reality of the soul. Although they have different foundations in their views about soul, they give more or less similar ideas about the cause of human death. Some experts in this field believe that natural death is due to severe weakness of the body and malfunction of vital organs and the breakdown of its forces, but Mulla Sadra and Ghazali see the cause of death as a development and enforcement of the soul, not defect and destruction of the body. An important question to which the present paper tries to find its answer is that which of the above-mentioned theory is more consistent with the foundations accepted by these two philosophers, and can this theory be based on either of them? First, the anthropological viewpoints of each of them are explained, and then through analyzing, this will be investigated that which principles and foundations have succeeded in presenting his theory of the cause of death and has the ability to justify his theory.....

Understanding human existence is one of the main concerns of some Islamic and Christian thinkers. Therefore, this article finds out the dimensions of human existence according to two dominant articles which one of them is Christian -Sent Augustine- and another one is Moslem–Motahhari-, then ask this question: what similarities and differences has the anthropology of these two thinkers together....

Among the writings of Mullah Mohammad Saeed Rudsari Gilani - the wise man of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the Isfahan school of thought - is a treatise titled Monotheism, in which he criticized the theory of unity of existence, while discussing the evidences of monotheism and related doubts as well as the obligatory determination Al -Wujud has discussed. On the one hand, he is closely related to the era of well-known scholar like Sadr al-Mota' alahin, and on the one hand, he is close to the critics of Sadr's school such as Mullah Rajabali Tabrizi's school.....