TAHQIQAT-E TARIKH-E EJTEMAI (SOCIAL HISTORY STUDIES)
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:14

The study and analysis of the social health of a society in a particular historical period has a special place. The health, diseases, and treatment status are also one of the topics in the social history that reviews the performance, thought, and behavior of individuals. Due to this problem, it is important to consider diseases, the type of treatment, the status of physicians, how to deal with modern medicine, and the government's actions and programs to prevent or treat epidemics. This article attempts to address the general state of public health in the Qajar era and the problems and consequences of modern medicine in Iran. So, the questions are as follows: What are the types of diseases and their treatment in the Qajar era? What were the obstacles to the formation of modern medicine in this period? Research findings show that the historical conditions of Iran during the Qajar era, adherence to traditional principles of medicine, the prevalence of superstitions, and the lack of new efforts and attitudes in modern medicine have been obstacles to the growth and development of public health. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and most of the research findings are extracted from the notes of the travelers. However, other sources such as historiography, memoirs and documents have also been used in various forms.

Robbery, as the most common and widespread social maladjustment, not only had a clear negative impact on social security, but also involved all parts of society. In other words, there were burglars in almost all segments of the community, and they were committing acts of robbery with different motives and intentions. In the Naserian period, people of various classes of society were involved in this social anomaly. Of these, one can mention to looties, soldiers, and menservants, about whom there are numerous reports of thievery acts. In this research, the author intends to study the robbery of the manservants and its underlying factors. Based on this, the paper will try to answer two questions: First, what factors have been the cause of the robbery of the manservants during the Naserid period? Secondly, what methods and means of stealing did they use? Findings of the research indicate that the factor of migration and social inequality and low income, as well as the notion that servants considered theft as a certain right, can be considered as the underlying factors behind their robberies.

Cultural and social policies of the first Pahlavi era were in accordance with the will of the designers to change Iran traditional society to a modern society and women were as an important part of Iran traditional society more than other stratums of society subject to these policies. According to the designs done by point of view agents of cultural and political society, women should be changed in upbringing, education, social and apparent. These changes were causing the generation gap, concerning the role of the family in Iran, the whole society could be affected. Cultural changes of government cultural policies in the women society to cause was change in social situation and consequently generation different formed from the generation before Pahlavi. The Ettelaat newspaper that from 1927 as a government newspaper published and in numerous articles and reports wrote on the subject of women and reflecting generation gap and cultural change society can be traced in it. In this research, with the content analysis approach, the social status of the women of the first Pahlavi era, based on the content of articles related to women in the Ettelaat newspaper, has been investigated. Findings of the research show that reflects this subject in Ettelaat newspaper, cultural change women was to participate in society and the promotion of women's reactions.

The formation of Uniformed Army by Reza Khan was The beginning of a fundamental development in Iranian history. Although contemporary history researchs Have been examined in detail the political and military role and function of Reza Shah's army, but so far research has been made the internal conditions of the army, as well as the relationships between soldiers, officers, Generals and as well as its social status. The present study, for the first time, seeks to examine the internal situation of the army, using the descriptive-analytical method, relying on reliable sources, especially the narratives of the military, and to determine to what extent the September 1941 incident was affected by the military situation. In this regard, the research shows that despite the apparent authority, the army had serious problems and crises within it, including insecurity of soldiers, the gain wealth of officers, theft, bribery and even rape, and although Reza Shah made his efforts He tried to control the army but not only failed, also in some ways was the main cause of parts of these problems and the officers and generals of the army, with the assurance of his support, proceeded to prosper, plunder, embezzle, and plunder, and only a limited proportion of them have patriotic doctrines, and as a result, the Iranian army was The lack of sufficient patriotic commanders failed to deliver the expected performance in September 1941.

Zahedieh religious way, as the representative of Sohrevardieh religious way, with definite and predetermined missions in North West of Iran and Guilan province, had been using a specific lifestyle, livelihood, actions, and activities. This religious way was based on principles and educational methods of Soho religion, and in high compatibility with Islam religion and with loyalty to unity of existence, has started its activity by having great achievements during this period of time. One of these achievements is training several disciples (morid) that Sheikh Safi-e-Aldine Ardabili was one of the greatest ones. This study aims to investigate the organization and human, conceptual, and educational structure of Zahedieh religious way, also to scrutinize the effects of followers, rulers, and leaders’ communities in its era. This research through analyzing historical data and utilizing social morphological factors reveals that Sheikh Zahed Guilani with his disciples and religious way not only had some great influences in its own epoch, but also this influence had been continued by his community of disciples, leading followers especially Sheikh Safi-e-Aldine Adabili – the founder of Safavieh religious way-. Zahedieh religious way, in spite of its rural morphology, was the pioneer of being regional even prior to Safavieh religious way that later by means of a great region could be developed all around the Islamic world.

Continuity of a family business has a direct relation to heritage capital and family class. Low percent of family businesses trans to the next generation. Khojasteh family business which is active in texture and wooling termeh, nowadays enter the 4th generation of it’ s life. This family business launched in 1885 by hossein abbas and followed by his son khalil. After khalil, his sons: mohammadreza and mohammad sadegh continue his way. And now zeinab, mohammadraza’ s daughter has an important role in family as 4th generation. The main question is: why and how this business continue? And what family class and heritage capital do about this continuity? . In this article we focus on heritage capital and it’ s role on continuity about this business, by supposing other elements. And we investigate some types of family management models on this family and also analyze the role of family about this question. Oral history & documents has basic role in this article.

In the solar 40s, a book titled Nations' Spirit, on the national features of 6 nations, was translated in Iran. Then it was republished including a chapter by Mehdi Bazargan titled "Iranian Compatibility", in which "compatibility"-which is mostly rooted in the hardship of agricultural life-is recognized as Iranians' long-lasting and outstanding feature. This theory considers some blameworthy moral and cultural features of Iranians arising from "Iranian compatibility", and seeks for the root of some dictatorships' stability in people's this very culture. This viewpoint has been employed by most Iranian enlightened writer to criticize Iranian culture. The present article tries to show that a correct criticism and interpretation of this theory can help rectify misunderstandings about Iranian culture. Following that, after interpreting this theory, and validating its reasons, the research methodology and its findings have been reconsidered and criticized, and some of them have been challenged. At the end, through the criticism and correction of the theory of "Iranian compatibility", the two-way theory of "Iranian compatibility-reconciliation" (useful-harmful) has been suggested. This theory can be a more efficient pattern for the analysis of Iranians' historical behaviors.

The Kavolis were nomadic tribes in Iran and some other parts of the world. Their presence in Iran dates back to the ancient Persia. In the Islamic era they lived in Iran under Z. T, Kavoli, Sozmani and other titles. They belonged to Iran’ s society in the Islamic era. They lived among the Lors, Kurds, and Laks, in western Iran, and there are still descendents of them in various places especially in western parts of Iran. The present study attempts to deal with their presence in the social and historical activities of Iranians especially in the western parts of the country. This study employs descriptive – analytical approach. The historical researches assert that the Kavolis had active and long lasting presence in western parts of Iran and they had dominant roles in farming and herding cattle. Some cultural activities such as feasts, ceremonies and mourning were undertaken by them.

One of the sources of government revenue during the Pahlavi era was the sale of flying tickets. Government agencies have been selling lottery tickets. People who wanted to sell lottery tickets should be allowed by the government. How to Sell, Governmental Organizations responsible for Selling Lottery Tickets and the type of revenues generated by the sale of lottery tickets in the community has responded differently and has led to the formation of different and sometimes conflicting views on the purchase and sale of lottery tickets. This research has investigated the process of publication, operation and sale process, as well as, different viewpoints on lottery tickets in the first and second Pahlavi period. The question is what were the reasons for the release and operation of these tickets in this historical period, and why and how did they cause to the opposition of some social strata? This paper attempts to answer this question by descriptive-analytical method and using archival documents, press and main sources. The findings reveal that selling the tickets caused contradicting reactions. Some religious figures such as Ayatollah Khomeini and Ayatollah Taalaaghani turned against them and considered the tickets as gambling. Ayatollah boroujerdi believed that if the tickets are not via gambling, the revenue can be spent on charities. Jalal Al-Ahmad contradicted the tickets as a western phenomenon.

Occurrence of constitutional revolution in foreign press, particularly Caucasian press had reflections. The present study is on the content analysis of Iranian constitution from Modernizing Mollanasreddin magazine point of view. In Mollanasreddin belief Iranians did not have a clear comprehension of the constitution concept due to its importation, absence of background on western modern meanings and Iranians’ special intellectual conditions. Mollanasreddin with awareness on Iranians constitutionalists’ replication, frankly, emphasized on its western origin. This was based on Iranians understanding of constitution while they wanted to execute a pattern in their traditional society without considering that constitution was a conclusion of a long process in western history and corresponded with intellectual platforms arisen from requisite knowledge and awareness. Therefore, attempts for western constitution conformity with Iranians society was like misfit trousers that could not endure for a long time in the immature constitution of Iran. Iran was a country that everything was reshaped and had a change from constitution and parties to separation of powers. The domain of presented alterations in Iranian constitution and its contrast with western constitution was too much that Iranians could be considered as constitution-fanciers and thus Iranians society required a long way to reach the constitution.

The main purpose of this article is to study the relationship between civilization and the socio-political structures of the Safavid state. The significance of this issue is that the rise and fall of any civilization is the result of the cumulative, reproducible, and degenerate mechanisms formed in the socio-political system of its constituent societies. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the political structure in the process of civilization of the Safavid government acted? Moreover, what was its structural and functional nature? The results show that social mobility and the possibility of transitioning from the lower classes of society to the upper classes and the interconnectedness of opportunities and their ability to concentrate, had several consequences for the endogenous development of Iran in Safavid era and consequently the development of civilization. The Safavid political rule sought to change the social classes in order to achieve a new order in relation to the political system. In the new social order of two important classes, one new military aristocracy (Georgian slaves) and the other the religious class-who formed alongside the literati group-took advantage of the power and position that led to the weakening of the Sufis and Qizilbash Turks and it gave rise to the concept of the Iranian nation-state. This descriptive-analytical research has been organized with attention to the necessity of using sociological approaches in analyzing historical phenomena and based on library resources.

City as the most important hub of human societies has been the center of civil life and great changes in human civilization. Cities have mainly been formed due to factors such as economic, political, military, and religious geography. But contemporary changes have brought about new variations in the nature and the way cities are formed. Development of machinism and the need for energy are both considered among these new factors. Oil explorations to provide energy resources is considered as one of the new factors in formation of cities in the contemporary world. This factor has created cities with new identities and structures. This article with historical and analytical-descriptive method and by inspecting geographical and environmental factors, appellation, historical geography and the way Naft Shahr/Naft Shah was formed as a new city in the contemporary history of Iran has shown that the emergence of a new city in Tine and Kan Gavkosh on the border strip and the western borders of Kermanshah province was based on an oil seep and energy resources harvested from it. So we must call it an oil based city.

We know that the horse had high position in the indo-Iranian tribes and played a very important role in the indo-Iranian tribes. This high position of horse reflected in Iranian and Indian sacred text such as Avesta and Vedas. These reflections are seen both in old texts such as Rigveda of Vedas and Yasht in Avesta and latest pahlavi texts such as Bundahishn and Minooye Kherad. Moreover, in Scythians tribes horse had Great importance. In the ancient era, some of cultural features of each tribe were important. Scythians had a special funeral ceremony for dead Kings those reflected in Herodotus history. They had buried those kings with horse, golden and silver and bronze goods and other things. This funeral ceremony reflected in ancient graves of Scythians sites. Nevertheless, the horse's position as a magnificent, glorious, Venerable and respectable beast is transformed in the long run. Authors in this research, at first review horse position in Iranian and Indian sacred text and then based on Cultural materialism theory that introduced by Marvin Harris, pay attention to the evolution of the ritual, economic and practical status of the horse for the Indo-Iranian people and examine and explain the changes the position of the horse after Indo-Iranian migration and we showed how the horse is gradually losing its ritual role and only its warring role had remained.