PAZHUHESHNAME-YE ZANAN (WOMEN’S STUDIES)
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (24)|Papers Count:8

In early twentieth century with the advent of new technologies, changes in the architecture of kitchen, as one of the most important areas of the presence of women in a residential unit, were made. T The main aim of this paper is to understand the process of appointing employees with a gendered approach, and the chosen conceptual metaphor to clarify it is glass escalator phenomenon. The research method in terms of its purpose is practical and in terms of its nature is a qualitative, based on lived experience approach. All female education managers of Ilam province were selected as the target community and through chain sampling method 16 interviews were done to reach the data saturation stage. The output of the interviews was coded in the form of 3 main categories, 17 sub-categories and 78 code concepts. The results showed that extra and intra-systemic factors and individual personality factors affect the development of glass escalation phenomena. The results showed that gender has an influential role in the appointment of managers in Ministry of Education and the existence of glass escalation phenomenon leads to ineffectiveness of women in implementing and playing organizational roles and results in numerous individual, social and organizational repercussions. hese changes in the structure, layout and architecture of the kitchen’ s space were in line with the cultural, economic and social characteristics of women which have been evolved over time in different ways. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lifestyle in the form of technology components and women’ s gender role as independent variables on architectural features and spatial organization of kitchen as a dependent variable, and in this study Pahlavi period is the control variable. Research methods in this research are descriptive-analytical, historical-interpretative and field-oriented methods. The data collection was done by library, documentary, direct and field observation methods. The results of the research show that the gender indices in this period have led to the equality of men and women, especially in the middle classes of the community. As a result, the houses’ interior and exterior spaces are gradually removed and the kitchen has been transported from the courtyard and basement into inside the house and was located as an intermediate space (common area) in relation to other spaces. The advent of modern architectural achievements made it possible the changes to be taken place.

In early twentieth century with the advent of new technologies, changes in the architecture of kitchen, as one of the most important areas of the presence of women in a residential unit, were made. These changes in the structure, layout and architecture of the kitchen’ s space were in line with the cultural, economic and social characteristics of women which have been evolved over time in different ways. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lifestyle in the form of technology components and women’ s gender role as independent variables on architectural features and spatial organization of kitchen as a dependent variable, and in this study Pahlavi period is the control variable. Research methods in this research are descriptive-analytical, historical-interpretative and field-oriented methods. The data collection was done by library, documentary, direct and field observation methods. The results of the research show that the gender indices in this period have led to the equality of men and women, especially in the middle classes of the community. As a result, the houses’ interior and exterior spaces are gradually removed and the kitchen has been transported from the courtyard and basement into inside the house and was located as an intermediate space (common area) in relation to other spaces. The advent of modern architectural achievements made it possible the changes to be taken place.

Family is the foundation of every society, and it strengthens the romantic relationships of its couples. Accordingly, this paper by the principles of descriptive phenomenological method, seeks to describe the lived experience of love in the early years of marriage from the perspective of the actors themselves. The data were collected, by purposive sampling, from among married people living in Isfahan who had been married for less than seven years, and from deep interviews with them. The results of the multilevel phenomenological analysis in this study showed that the experience of marital love from the perspective of the actors includes temporal and non-temporal phenomena. The temporal phenomena under the title of ‘ changeable love’ refer to the transformation of love over time from ‘ true love’ at the beginning of marriage to ‘ logical love’ with the onset of common life. Sex is also constructed as part of a ‘ changeable love’ experience through two patterns of ‘ non-acceptance-acceptance’ and ‘ acceptance-acceptance’ . Non-temporal phenomena, i. e. love experiences that do not belong to a specific time, refer to the experiences of ‘ popular love’ , ‘ memories’ , ‘ unity’ , and ‘ spousal approval’ .

‘ Political empowerment’ is an opportunity for a large number of citizens to address political affairs; one of its most important indicators is the increase in ‘ political participation’ at decision-making level. The present paper aims to answer the general question that what is the empowerment of women in the field of politics and by what contextual variables it is formed. The statistical population of this research is elite women in the field of politics. The methodology is based on using quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques and semi-structured interview technique in collecting data and texts of interviews. In order to organize the extracted data and present final model, MaxCoD data quality analysis software has been used. According to research findings, political empowerment has two main dimensions of ‘ political participation and activism’ and ‘ political elitism’ , and women elites in the path of empowerment are affected by four individual, family, political and social settings, among which, family environment has the most impact on these women and their abilities. After that, the political environment affects the formation and extent of empowerment of these women. The researcher has identified 18 categories of first and second rates, and 522 semantic terms and used them in presenting a field-based theoretical model.

Smart phone access and rapid increase in Internet penetration rate in Iran, along with an increase in the number of mobile social software and their communication applications have led users, including housewives, to pay special attention to smar phone massagers. Since women are half of society and play an important role in the development of societies, a research was needed to determine the nature and extent usage of these communication tools by housewives and to identify factors such as the duration of use, the desired uses, and the number of mobile communication networks that housewives are attending. The research is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study is women living in Tehran, selected by multi-stage stratified sampling method. The sample group, according to Morgan's table, is 384 housewives. For data collection, a researcher-made questionnaire was used after its validity and reliability. Findings of the research showed that 25. 5% of housewives, although have mobile messengers, are less familiar with this tool. Also, the results indicate that there is a relationship between the variables of communication messenger variety, communication with others, and the level of mobile massager usage. Women play a central role in family consolidation and future generation education, and they have the most impact on family health and well-being. Therefore an appropriate culturalization is a necessary in this filed.

World War I had significant effects on women’ s participation and presence in various cultural, political, social and economic spheres. The present paper, based on historical-analytical method, while examines the place of women during World War I in Western countries intends to study the influence of women's participation on the process of war and their functions in this field. It also examines the post-war period conditions mainly based on their achievements in obtaining the right to vote. Understanding the pre-war women's issues one can find out that their global effort was to reach the right to vote in the first place, which the outbreak of war prevented them from pursuing this matter. Since women were active alongside men in battlefield and struggled to maintain home front, they proved their loyalty to country and were recognized as citizens enjoying civil rights

Considering an increase in the number of women – headed families and the problems associated with these types of households in recent years, the present study seeks to understand and narrate the lived experience of divorced family-headed women. This research has been done by qualitative and descriptive phenomenological method on 10 divorced family-headed women in the city of Farsan. Participants were selected through a purposive sampling and snowball method from divorced women covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. The lived experience of female-headed households was classified under the three main themes of ‘ supervision as redefinition of relationships with community’ , ‘ supervision as an unpleasant emotional experience’ , and ‘ Supervision as another form of social life’ . The results showed that female-headed women are faced many challenges in their family and social life, requiring the policy makers to address their social problems and reduce the social imbalance of these households

The purpose of this research is to identify and explain socio-cultural determinants of women's clothing orientation. The statistical population of the study is women in the age group of 15 to 49 years old in Shiraz in 1396. In a multi-stages cluster sampling, 550 women were selected as sample. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 53 items with construct validity (65%) and reliability (79%). Structural equation modeling and Amos software have been used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that 38% of the surveyed women tended to Islamic fundamentalist clothing, 50. 5% had a moderate orientation and 11. 5% had a secular clothing orientation. In this process, the determinants of development worldview with load factor of 0. 36 and new communication media with load factor of 0. 63 (at the global level), consumerism with load factor of 0. 56, socio-economic base with load factor of 0. 41 and family with load factor of 0. 37 (at the local level), and hedonism with load factor of 0. 53 and the need for confirmation with load factor of 0. 42 (at the individual level), form and direct women’ s clothing in a structural relation