GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Year:2018 | Volume: | Issue: |Papers Count:19

Introduction: Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need of all people, therefore, its supply and demand is continually increasing in human societies. Population growth, its expansion and distribution, along with the ever-increasing human need for new and more efficient energy, have forced man to turn to natural renewable energies. The sun is considered to be the largest energy source in the world, which can be used in many ways. Being non-polluting, clean, free and accessible, are the important features for using renewable solar energy.....

Introduction: Paying attention to sustainable urban physical development in urban development programs indicates the importance of this issue in strengthening the cultural, social and physical aspects of the city. Developers in developing countries have deeply realized that infrastructure services and facilities have also played a major role in improving the development of urban and rural areas in these countries, and emphasizes this. Finding out that improving the access of urban and rural communities to basic services is an important tool in accelerating regional development, and accepts that location-based services, in addition to impacting costs in Efficiency and utilization and their quality are also effective....

Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used for monitoring and observation of dynamic phenomena. A sensor in WSNs covers only a limited region, depending on its sensing and communicating ranges, as well as the environment configuration. For efficient deployment of sensors in a WSN, the coverage estimation is a critical issue.Probabilistic methods are among the most accurate models proposed for sensor coverage estimation. However, most of these methods are based on raster representation of the environment for coverage estimation which limits their quality. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic method for estimation of the coverage of a sensor network based on raster models, and 3D vector representation of the environment. Then, the performance of global approaches are evaluated, and the 3D vector model is used as an appropriate model....

Land subsidence is a vertical movement of the earth surface relative to a stable reference level. It occurs as a result of plate tectonic and human activities. The common causes of subsidence from human activities are pumping underground water, oil and gas from overlying reservoirs. Withdrawal of fluids from hydrocarbon reservoirs causes their pressure to decrease. This pressure reduction rises the stress of reservoir’s overburden sediments which was previously controlled by the pressure of inside fluids before exploitation, and consequently increases the density of their porous surroundings. If the reservoir’s density exceeds a specific threshold, overburden rocks start to subside because of their weight. Therefore pressure drawdown leads to reservoir compaction, movement of the overburden and subsidence over the reservoir. This subsidence can prove costly for production and surface facilities. So study of the subsidence caused by hydrocarbon exploitation is an important task which needs precise considerations. Several methods are available to monitor land subsidence.....

Introduction: In recent years, the growth of urbanization in Iran and the increase of migration to the major cities have led to the sudden and abnormal expansion of these cities, degradation of fertile lands and natural resources, and irreparable damages to the nature. As the population of the city of Shushtar has increased, there has been a lot of growth in the built lands in the region, causing a large change in the use of the lands around the city and the degradation of the fertile lands in the suburbs; so that, the continuation of this process could cause irreparable damages to the environmental resources of the region. Land-use prediction models are essential in planning for sustainable use of the lands (Kamusoko et al., 2009: 435, Mas et al., 2004: 94, Sohl and Claggett, 2013: 235)....

Global warming and its consequence which occurs as climate change are of the world's major problems in the current century. Climate change and the warming of the earth have adverse effects on resources such as water, forests, pastures, agricultural land, industry and ultimately human life. The initial effect of climate change is on the atmospheric elements, particularly on the precipitation and temperature. Through evaluating long-term temperature trends we can be provided with a better insight as to how to plan for the upcoming years.....

Introduction: Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices are key drivers behind more effective efforts to use renewable energy sources. Renewable energies include diverse sources of natural and accessible energy. Given that these energies are not ideal, their use reduces the consumption of oil products and creates jobs and reduces the amount of environmental pollution. The prospect of using this energy in Iran, as well as other developed countries, has become significant in the way that the government has made the necessary planning in the fifth development plan.....

Introduction: The Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) of the seas is a quantity which comes from subtracting the Geoid Height (GH) from the Mean Sea Surface (MSS) at every point on the sea. The direction of geostrophic currents is obtained through the calculation of the MDT slope relative to the Geoid. In this research, a series of GOCE geopotential coefficients resulted from the 4 year collection of GOCE observations was used to estimate the reference geoid height in the Persian Gulf, the Oman Sea and the Indian Ocean, i.e., in the area of interest....

Introduction: Land degradation process that affects the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones of the globe has been interpreted as desertification that great many debates have grown up around the concept. A fundamental debate has been whether desertification actually exists? If so, how it might be defined, measured and assessed (Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005). In fact, the term "desertification" was used by Aubreville (1949) to describe the change of productive land into desert, which was the result of human activities in the tropical forest zone of Africa (Tavousi, 2010).However, the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD), held in Nairobi in 1977, launched the desertification issue into the global arena (Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005).....

Introduction: The prediction of the occurrence of floods and the reduction of damages caused by it is strongly influenced by the modeling of physical phenomena and the spatial-temporal distribution of precipitation. The purpose of the research was to optimize the rainfall gauging network in Kurdistan province using Kriging estimation variance and taking into account the topography of the area. In this study, to optimize the rain gauging network in Kurdistan province, rainfall data of the rain gauging, synoptic, and climatology stations were used. In order to reduce the costs, stations close to each other that are located in the same height range and also have the same error variance, were removed from the existing network. In order to reduce the maintenance cost of the stations, after clustering of the area, 8 stations whose removal had little impact on the accuracy of the data, were identified in the province. Then. In order to strengthen the network, the optimization of new stations was put on the agenda and 28 points were set as the proposed stations....

Introduction: One of the practical indices in determining required energy for providing climatic comfort is the degree day index.The total mean deviation of daily temperature of human comfort temperature (threshold temperature) is called degree day temperature that provides many applications in estimating required energy in cooling and heating section. It is notable that various studies around the world have used different temperatures to calculate HDD and CDD considering their climatic and geographical location. In Iran, 18 degrees centigrade is used for HDD and 24 degrees centigrade for CDD calculation, while climatic and geographical diversity of Iran causes new base temperatures to be recommended for HDD and CDD calculations. The present study plans to present a proper base temperature for calculating HDD and CDD with regard to specific characteristics of each city's climate.....

Introduction Investigating the spatial and Translation error Investigatingiiiii temporal variations of soil salinity plays a major role in managing the watershed and preventing the development of salinity (Mohammadi, 2007).Also, the study of groundwater salinity due to the complexity of hydrological processes, characteristics of the aquifer, and their variability is a difficult task. However, these problems exacerbate by external factors such as atmospheric conditions and human activities affecting the permeability and hydrological processes (Mirzaee and Hassan-Nia, 2013)....

Introduction: Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations in northwest of Iran which attracts many tourists during all seasons.This province possesses noteworthy capabilities and potentials to create and develop tourism. Climatic condition is vital information for tourists. It is crucial to pay attention to climate features of an area and the impact that these features have on tourism formation.

Introduction: The worn out textures are one of a variety of urban textures that are spatially unstable due to physical deterioration and inappropriate enjoyment and the existence of vulnerable infrastructures and are one of the main challenges facing most cities and especially metropolises. Currently, 53 spots of worn-out texture spots have been identified in 15 regions of Esfahan which now have 350, 000 inhabitants living in these areas. Meanwhile, the extent of the worn out texture in the Isfahan’s region 5 is 69.75 hectares. This article seeks the extent to which the identification and prioritization of worn out textures within the scope of the study area can affect the revival and reduction of their vulnerability....

Introduction: Urban heating is one of the most well-known forms of local manipulation of the climate by mankind, so that changes in the use of land cover in urban areas can lead to an increase in urban temperatures relative to the air temperature in rural areas. This phenomenon has been quantified in the form of the Urban Heat Islands (UHI) and has been studied and recorded for over 150 years in various cities of the world. The effect of the Urban Heat Island refers to an increase in the temperature of each man-made area, with respect to the surrounding surfaces. This phenomenon in urban areas refers to an increase in the temperature of cities with respect to the rural and suburban areas....

Introduction: Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations in northwest of Iran which attracts many tourists during all seasons.This province possesses noteworthy capabilities and potentials to create and develop tourism. Climatic condition is vital information for tourists. It is crucial to pay attention to climate features of an area and the impact that these features have on tourism formation.

Introduction: Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over tens to thousands of years. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.....