JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SPORT TECHNOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:3 | Issue:2|Papers Count:18

The main purpose of this project was to design a web-based health document automation program for fitness clubs. This research was carried out using information such as fitness features of the clubs and the types of users. The existing literature on this subject was reviewed to reflect the limitations and suggestions of previous studies in the program design. The types of services and required processes were identified by field surveys, and program designing continued in both the database and user sections. Creating a Webbased context, predicting user education and the possibility of developing a smart phone app were among the factors that were considered by previous reviews of similar healthrelated software. The results of this design can help improve specialized services. This design can also be employed at the University Health Center to determine the essential characteristics of each level of user.

The visual system collects the information of the surroundings of the individual and plays a significant role in taking and maintaining balance and stability and planning the course of the movement. This study aimed to compare muscle activity of gait among blind and persons with full-sight and investigate the effects of closing the eyes on muscle activity of gait in persons with full-sight. In the present study 20 male (blind and persons with full-sight) were participated. Muscle activity of gait was measured in blind subjects without a cane and in normal subjects with and without vision. The differences between the two groups and the two walking conditions were determined through repeated measure ANOVA at a significance level of P<0. 05. The results showed that eye closure did not cause a significant change in the activity of the selected muscles. Also, the intensity of activity in the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis muscles on the right side in open-eye condition was significantly different in persons with full-sight compared to the experimental group in both walking phases. Comparison of the intensity of muscle activity in blind and persons with full-sight in closed-eye condition showed a significant difference of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis in the right foot and the biceps femoris in the left foot (p<0. 05). The findings imply that blind people have been able to increase their motor efficiency by changing the pattern of gait and using other sensory systems.

Heart Rate Deflection Point (HRDP) is a downward or upward change from the linear HR-work relationship evidenced during progressive incremental exercise testing which is reported to be coincident with the anaerobic threshold (AT). The aim of this study was to design and introduce a new fitness-dependent maximal treadmill test protocol according to the subjects’ status for determining HRDP. Sixteen active young males (Vo2max mean ± SD = 48. 31± 8. 12 ml· kg· min− 1) completed a fitness-dependent HRDP maximal treadmill test protocol to volitional exhaustion (GXT) with continuous respiratory gas measurements. Polar Vantage Sport Tester XL was used to monitor heart rate performance curve (HRPC) throughout the protocol. Mod-Dmax method in light of parallel straight-line slope (PSLS) mathematical model used for determining HRDP. The Bland and Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess the agreement between the HRDP and gas measurements. The results showed that fitness-dependent test protocol results in HRDP in all of the subjects. High agreement revealed between HRDP and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCo2) (± 1. 96; 95% CI =-3. 0 to +3. 5 b/min; ICC=0. 88). According to this study results, designed treadmill time fixed fitness dependent protocol via Mod-Dmax method is an accurate approach for determining HRDP.

Many practitioners and trainers advise designing and executing resistance training programs that include free weights and machines for strength training. The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency spectrum of lower limb muscles during weight training with traditional and novel equipment. Fourteen healthy power lifters (age: 26± 7 years) were participated in this study. A portable EMG system with six pairs of bipolar surface electrodes was used to record the electrical activity of the selected lower limb muscles at a sampling frequency of 1200 Hz. Participants had enough experience to perform Free Weights Squat, Smith Machine Squat, Smith Machine Squat with one leg and the Dead lift movements. Participants carried out each movement, 5 times at an intensity equal to 50% of one-repetition-maximum level. The results showed higher median frequency of the vastus lateralis muscle during free weight single-leg squat than those that in the free weight squat (p=0. 001) and dead lift (p=0. 000) movements in lifting phase. Also, the median frequency of vastus lateralis muscle in single-limb squat with smith machine was significantly higher than that in the dead lift movement (p=0. 021). The median frequency spectrum of the gastrocnemius muscle in the free weight squat movement showed a significant increase during the downward phase relative to the free weight single-leg squat movement (p=0. 039). In order to strengthen vastus lateralis muscle in athletes or individuals with weak vastus lateralis muscle, free weight single-leg squat movement is more effective than those that in the other movements.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the immediate effect of various foot orthoses on muscle co-contraction around the ankle and knee joint of the dominant leg during single-leg drop jump task. Thirteen healthy males participated in this quasi-experimental study. The electromyography activity of vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), semi tendinus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles was recorded during single-leg drop jump movement. The relevant variables in pre-activation, eccentric, and concentric phases of single-leg drop jump task were calculated for each subject in four conditions: wearing shoe only, soft, semi-rigid, and rigid orthoses. There was no significant difference among four condition for the overall lower extremity muscle activity values during pre-activation, eccentric and concentric phases (P>0. 05). No significant differences were also observed among the conditions in co-contraction values in the concentric phase. A significant difference was observed for the ankle joint muscles co-contraction between soft/semi-rigid and soft/rigid conditions in the pre-activation phase. There was also difference in medial muscles co-contraction of the knee joint between shoe only/semirigid conditions in the eccentric phase (P<0. 05). We concluded that during single-leg drop jump in the competition or rehabilitation situations, awareness of changes caused by different types of foot orthoses can be beneficial and improve performance.

Nowadays recording the performances and body activities of the athletes during the exercises and the matches have noticeable importance which is the reason for growth of the sports wearable’ s technology, for the past few years. Accordingly, we designed new wearable equipment on the basis of internet of things, using Arduino Boards and different kind of sensors for recording the performance and physical activities of the athletes. The process data of the sensors are available in real time and could be displayed in the PC through the internet connection which makes the coach capable of analyzing the performance of the athlete during or after the activity. The weight of this equipment is less than 100 gr and works with a frequency of 5 Hz (the data will be updated every 200 ms). The advantages of the designed equipment comparing to similar imported ones are the smaller size and the less ultimate cost.

The purpose of this research was to consider and study the presence of new technologies affected on ticket sales management among Sport mega events around the world. Based on the objectives of this research, the research methodology has been applied and it was according to mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). In qualitative part, statistical society was consisting of all countries around the world and statistical sample was: United States of America, England, China, South Korea, Australia, Finland, Canada, Qatar, Germany, Turkey and Iran. In quantitative part, 12 sport elites were selected. Research tools were library study, official websites, and data banks, notes and documents observation records. In Quantitative part, first of all, an AHP questionnaire designed for dual comparison of criteria and it was distributed among 12 sport marketing elites and it was analyzed by AHP method. Results showed that Digital and multipurpose ticket with 0/138 points was in the first place and ticket sales via ticket-office with 0/02 points was at the last place. Result in qualitative part showed that in the selected countries what new technologies used for managing, distributing of tickets as well as each of these factors have different outcomes such as facilitating in ticketing, preventing of black market, spectator security, control and event security, data security of participants, moneymaking and other benefits which had been mentioned in the research.

Nowadays, advertising has become a vast field that does not let go of humans even when they are asleep. Every organization seeks to select and use advertising to reach its target market. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate of the impact of sport celebrity endorsement on advertising attention. This research is applied and has been carried out using a quasi-experimental method. The study population consisted of students of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 80 of whom were selected as the sample. This study used an eye-tracking device to record the data as well as Begaze and SPSS 24 to analyze the data. The results showed that the endorser’ s fame had a significant effect on attention to ad elements in both “ number of fixations” and “ fixation duration” indices. Besides, the results showed that there was a significant difference between attention to the endorser's face and body. According to this research, the endorser acts as an attention grabber in advertising and the endorser's fame and face also play a significant role in increasing the attention.

Mechanisms of assistive mechanical-movement and therapeutic devices are derived from treadmill, walker and manual sliding and sliding movements, where a person is placed on a skeleton of a cubic-shaped rod and rotates the front wheels by 180 degrees by moving and sliding one of the handles and by moving the second batch, the remaining 180 degrees of forward rotation is made and the device moves in successive motion. The technical background of the invention is in the field of rehabilitation engineering or assistive devices for people with movement disorders and disabilities. The wheels are elastic, and the electronic eye in front of the walker collides with the brakes. The lower part is mounted independently of the treadmill for each leg, with the simultaneous application of different loading mechanisms for the lower limbs, which allows the person to move through the rear wheels and move the machine forward. In addition to ease of movement for the person with a variety of disabilities and lower extremity abnormalities, this device does not apply pressure to the injured foot or both legs.

Full body swimwear is one of the women's swimming suits. It has been designed based on full coverage as well as hijab. Swimwear has a great influence on the swimming speed and quality. Hence, it is important to study the design of swimwear according to the swimming biomechanical principles. The current study investigated the effect of the sleeve design of the full body swimwear on the tensile behavior in the swimmer’ s shoulder area. Accordingly, two different full body swim suits with drop (or set-in) and raglan style sleeves in the size of 38 were designed and produced using a polyester/lycra knitted fabric. To investigate the tension variations induced by the hand movements during swimming, a metal yarn containing 80% stainless steel fibers was sewn in armpit and near the armhole seam. The sleeve extension and consequently, the swimmer's shoulder tension were measured by the metal yarn. The metal yarn functioned as a sensor in an electronic circuit, detecting the extension. The voltage difference between the two ends of the metal yarn was measured during the hand movement and converted to resistance. The results showed that the tension variation induced by the swimmer’ s hand movements was lower for the raglan sleeve (0. 26± 0. 031 ohm and 0. 09± 0. 025 ohm), as compared to the drop one (0. 35± 0. 034 ohm and 0. 21± 0. 015 ohm), in both tested positions. Reducing the tension variation at the shoulder area of the full body swimsuit could increase the swimmer speed and freedom of action. This is the reason why the raglan sleeve could be used for most sport suits, including the full body swimsuit.

Research, science production and technology are the most important elements of the development of countries. The main purpose of the research is to determine if the model of barriers to research and technology in sports sciences is appropriate in terms of the goodness of fit indexes. The study employed a descriptive-correlational method, which is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in nature. To collect data, field survey method was used. The statistical population consisted of all faculty members in the field of physical education and sports sciences at Iran state universities in 2017 (n=1100). Based on the Morgan table, 320 individuals were selected using the simple random sampling method. Finally, 246 questionnaires were chosen to analyze. To collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 44 items across a five-point Likert scale was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on Lawshe's table of critical values (CVR = 0. 85); and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α =0. 82). To analyze data, exploratory and confirmatory analyses were performed using SPSS 20 and LISREL 8. 5 software. The results showed that development or modification of seven factors including research and technology culture in the society (0. 65), management and policymaking in the research system (0. 53), research rules and regulations (0. 60), the commercialization of research results (070), budgeting and research facilities (0. 78), and the researchers' status (0. 51) were identified as barriers to research and technology in physical education and sports sciences. In total, this model had a 65. 966% predictive power on the basis of total aggregate variance percentage. It was indicated that the model of barriers to research and technology in the field of sports sciences is appropriate in terms of the goodness of fit indexes. Obstacles and efforts to develop relevant strategies in this area could accelerate the process of developing research and technology in the field of sports sciences.

Sedentary lifestyle is one of the factors causing pathophysiological problems such as the impairments in coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. The present study aimed to examine the effect of 4-week whole-body vibration training on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and adiponectin in overweight women. The research was an applied quasi-experimental study with an experimental group and a control group using pretest-posttest design. In this interventional study, 45 employed women with the age range of 25-40 years and body mass index of 25-29. 5 kg/m2 were introduced by the National Olympic Academy. The participants who met the inclusion criteria were then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The vibration training was performed for 4 weeks. Paired and independent T-test was used to statically analyses. The tPA level significantly increased in the vibration training group (P = 0. 01), and there was a significant difference between the tPA levels of the two groups in the post-test phase (p = 0. 01). Furthermore, PAI-1 value also decreased significantly in the vibration training group (P = 0. 004), and the tPA / PAI-1 ratio also dropped significantly after 4 weeks of vibration training (P = 0. 03). With 4 weeks of vibration training, adiponectin increased meaningfully (P = 0. 02), and there was a significant difference between the two groups in this regard in the posttest phase (P = 0. 01). Vibration training decreases tPA / PAI-1 so that the vibration training plays a critical role in increasing adiponectin, enhancing blood flow of the muscles and adipose tissues, and decreasing fat percentage.

Electromyography is a common method to calculate muscle’ s function. But it has some limits. Musculoskeletal modeling is an indirect method to consider muscle’ s function, by using kinematic and kinetic characteristics of subject’ s movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare some selected muscles of prefer leg during performing two different kick patterns which consist of subject kick pattern and optimal kick pattern which created from same subjects by mechanical model. OpenSim 3. 2 platform and Computed Muscle Control (CMC) tool were used to simulate muscles function. After selecting a 3D model of leg which consists of six degree of freedom and nine vital muscles, biomechanical parameters of two kick patterns, entered into model and run. Afterwards data were normalized and filtered. Paired sample t-test was used to analyze data. After compared two kick patterns, there were significant difference in contraction force of iliopsoas, biceps femoris long head and biceps femoris short head, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior. In addition, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, iliopsoas and tibialis anterior were must important muscles in forward swing phase of two patterns of soccer kick. Also, iliopsoas and quadriceps were more active in subjects and optimal pattern, respectively. The results revealed that, the interaction of muscles stimulation, joints motion and more activity of quadriceps, were main factors to increase the speed of optimal kick. Results from the musculoskeletal model, had a great similarity with the results of previous experimental studies. Incidentally this apparatus can simulate muscles activity, with high precision and considering the advantages of that, this method can be used in sports biomechanics and medicine research.

The importance of weight loss and fitness are considering as crucial issue during lifestyle. Therefore, wearing walking shoes can help to reduce plantar pressure in the high-risk areas of the foot. However, safety increasing of muscular activity and consequently energy consumption when using walking shoes are desirable. The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity and timing between a custom shoe with hydrodynamic mechanism and regular Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate shoe. Twelve healthy men were selected for this quasi-experimental study. The custom hydrodynamic shoe was including outer sole with light Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and also an inner silicon capsule was embedded in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate sole. Moreover, there was some pathway with the special configuration on the silicon capsule to provide ways for flowing fluid. The shoemaker software version 2016 was used to make the final design of the shoe sole. Electrical muscle activity of the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, palmaris longus, and tibialis anterior activity at 1000Hz sampling rate were measured using the Myon electromyography system. Subjects randomly wore standard Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate sports shoes and hydrodynamic shoes and then go through the end of the pathway five times with self-selected speed. Onset and offset of muscle activation and an average of the smooth signal during the gait cycle were calculated and normalized based on maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The results indicated that gastrocnemius have significantly higher amplitude and the activation time when walking with the hydrodynamic shoe (P=0. 02). Because of the important role of this muscle during walking, it seems that hydrodynamic shoe could an important effect for appropriately and safety increase walking economy.

Due to insufficient attention paid to the bicycle sharing system infrastructure, a lack of culturalization on its proper usage as well as poor planning of construction, preservation, and development of this system, the present study was carried out to represent a functional model for developing a bicycle sharing system in Shiraz, a populated city located in the Southwest of Iran. The present study also is a fundamental research in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of data collection and was carried out by applying the data-based theory method. Data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. Snowball technique as a purposeful sampling was used for a statistical population including experts and professionals. The data were analyzed by using open, axial and selective coding to extract the final pattern. The final model consists of a set of axial categories, causal conditions, and essential contexts, confounding variables, strategies and consequences of the bicycle sharing system in Shiraz. However, each of these conditions and factors has its variables and categories. In this study, the motivations behind sport activities, environmental efficiency, cutting urban traffic, flexibility, security and easy use of bicycle sharing system in Shiraz with highlighting barriers (infrastructures and equipment, educational culture, individual barriers, poor government strategy, social, economic and environmental barriers), and the necessary contexts (climatic conditions and appropriate landscape diversity, easy integration of bicycles and the internet, entertainment and leisure facilities, and gaining the support of many stakeholders) have been studied. Results show that the enhancement of health and happiness among citizens, promoting users’ cooperation and satisfaction, overcoming the transportation and traffic problems, enhancing environmental qualities, creating employment, increasing the sustainable efficiency and attracting more investors from private sectors could be achieved by formulating sustainable urban mobility policies, promoting the lure of using the bicycle, developing the smart bicycle sharing system, technical infrastructures of designing of the bicycle sharing system, integrating and alignment of policies of public and private sectors, management of connecting with users, building a trading model and targeted advertising.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of inter-joint coordination in lower joints of osteoarthritis patients and compare them with healthy subjects. 10 patients with knee osteoarthritis and 10 healthy individuals volunteered to participate in this study. A Vicon 3D Motion Analysis System was used to record kinematic variables during walking under three conditions: (a) bare feet walking, (b) walking with shoes with a 5-degree lateral wedge insole and (c) 0-degree insole. In this research, the vector coding method was used to estimate inter-joint coordination. Repeated measurement and ANOVA were used for within and between group comparisons, respectively. The significant level was set at p<0. 05 for all analysis. Within group comparisons in the osteoarthritis group showed that the overall use of insole did not significantly change the inter joints coordination (p> 0. 05). The results showed that difference between the control group with the injured foot in the osteoarthritis group occurred only in the mid-stance phase, and in the barefoot walking condition and walking with the 5-degree lateral wedge insole. According to the results of the present study, in addition to the necessity of treatment for the injured foot, the healthy foot should also be used treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Change of direction speed is globally assessed through temporal measurements. The underlying biomechanical mechanisms affecting Change of direction speed performance, however, could not be fully understood using performance duration. A more precise biomechanical analysis of change of direction speed performance in different phases of movement, including the deceleration, turning maneuver and reacceleration could cast a light on the importance of each phase during movement. This study investigated a new approach to Change of direction speed drill analyses using three factors of the radius of curvature, accuracy and speed. Twenty-four collegiate athletes (Age: 21. 67± 2. 29years, Height: 1. 79± 0. 07m, body mass: 71. 38± 3. 12Kg) performed 6 trials of 5-0-5 Change of direction speed test with both dominant (n=3) and non-dominant (n=3) legs at the turning point. Paired sample T-test was run to determine the differences between biomechanical characteristics of the center of mass, such as radius of curvature (Rc), deviation, length and speed, as well as the performance time in both dominant and non-dominant legs. Data acquisition took place using 6 optoelectronic cameras (Vicon motion capture system – 240Hz). Outcomes indicated that the time difference between dominant and non-dominant leg performances was negligible; however, measurements of distances travelled and the associated speeds were significantly higher with non-dominant legs (p≤ 0. 01). Rc and deviation were also higher in non-dominant legs (p≤ 0. 03). It was shown that when the Change of direction speed was approached using the non-dominant leg, athletes performed the test with higher velocities and utilized more muscular engagements to compensate deficits in their performance. Measurements of time for drill duration however, failed to reveal such performance characteristics.

The components of the Ground reaction force are of clinical importance. The use of braces can be effective in reducing harmful factors. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of the using air braces on the variables of the ground reaction force in people with ankle sprain. Material and methods: 10 female with ankle sprain complication participated in this study. Using a force plate (1000 Hz), the components of the ground reaction force were measured when walking in two conditions with and without braces. Then, the peak variables of the ground reaction forces, impulse, and loading rate were extracted. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the data (α =0. 05). Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two conditions in the synchronized reaction force in the direction of Fx1 (p = 0. 03), Fx2 (p = 0. 008) and Fy1 (p = 0. 02), but in the other components there was no difference between the two conditions. Conclusion: The increase in horizontal ground reaction force as a result of the use of air braces indicates greater instability. Also, increasing the posterior reaction force of the ground due to the use of braces is one of the risk factors for knee injury. It seems that the use or non-use of this type of brace depends on future research.