Journal of Health System Research
Year:2021 | Volume:17 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

Background: Self-efficacy of childbirth has an important role in increasing the ability of the mother to adapt to normal childbirth and decreasing the tendency for cesarean section. The aim of the present study was determining the selfefficacy status of normal vaginal delivery and related demographic variables in pregnant women in Lenjan City, Iran. Methods: The study population consisted of all pregnant women in Lenjan City at 20 to 37 weeks of gestation. Using simple random sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study as well as ethical considerations, 87 people were selected from Lenjan comprehensive health centers. All participants completed the Maternal Self-efficacy Questionnaire (MSQ) and demographic variables assessment questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as correlation and regression tests in SPSS software. Findings: The mean self-efficacy of normal vaginal delivery in pregnant women in Lenjan City was 101. 8 with a range of 17-170, that was in the desired range. In addition, results of correlation analysis and regression analysis showed that among demographic variables, only preparation classes for childbirth could significantly explain selfefficacy of normal delivery (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The results of this study play an important role in formulating the content of special education for pregnant women and increasing their empowerment and adjustment to childbirth.

Background: Obesity in childhood can be a predictor of a variety of disorders in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between birth weight and breastfeeding pattern with obesity in children at the beginning of elementary school. Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 84 obese children as control group and 84 children with normal weight as case group. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: There was no significant relationship between obesity in childhood with birth weight and breastfeeding pattern. However, there was a significant relationship between the father’ s body mass index (BMI) and the child obesity (P = 0. 011). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the obesity of children with birth weight and breastfeeding pattern. Since obesity has a very complex relationship with environmental, genetic, cultural, and lifestyle factors including nutritional habits and physical activity in the years after birth, birth weight and type of feeding pattern in the first year of life cannot be a strong predictor for assessing the incidence and prevalence of obesity during this period. Therefore, further studies are recommended to identify the factors influencing children's obesity.

Background: Education on scientific evidence can decrease the consumers' concerns toward new foods such as genetically modified foods (GMF). In the present study, the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practices of students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, toward GMF was evaluated. Methods: In this study, 298 students from 6 schools of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of students toward GMF were examined based on completion of the researcher-made questionnaire. Afterwards, the education was performed in person and in group with presentation of pamphlet. In the period of one month, questionnaires were refilled out by students to determine the effect of education. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS software. Findings: Before education, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice in case group of education were 4. 83 ± 1. 97, 28. 50 ± 2. 68, and 6. 97 ± 3. 57, respectively. In parallel, these scores increased to 7. 97± 1. 28, 31. 01 ± 2. 59, and 10. 21 ± 3. 09 after education. These scores were evaluated in group of control, too. Before education, mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of control group were 5. 47 ± 2. 46, 28. 50 ± 3. 44, and 6. 40 ± 4. 64, respectively. The scores improved to 5. 69 ± 2. 37, 28. 73 ± 3. 39, and 6. 95 ± 4. 55 after education. Significant differences in the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of students of education and control groups were observed after education (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Education of students about GMF leads to improvement of their scores of knowledge and attitude. In addition, it has positive effects on their practices in choosing these groups of products.

Background: The women’ s health guarantees the health of the family and the society. The physical and mental health of the postpartum women is affected and their marital intimacy decreases. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive-based intervention on the marital intimacy of the postpartum women in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all postpartum women referring to counseling centers in Isfahan in 2019. The sampling method was voluntary and 30 people were randomly assigned to two groups of control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15). The research instrument was the couples, parents, and colleagues’ intimacy questionnaire (2010). Eight ninety-minute sessions of metacognition intervention were administered for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS software. Findings: The results of data analysis through ANCOVA method showed that metacognitive-based interventions were effective in postpartum women’ s marital intimacy. In other words, the mean scores of postpartum marital intimacy in the posttest phase in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group after controlling the pretest effect. Conclusion: Metacognitive-based interventions have positive effect on the intimacy and lead to the increase of the marital intimacy in the postpartum women. Therefore, it is suggested to provide facilities for holding the mentioned courses with the cooperation of hygiene and counseling centers to improve postpartum women’ s physical and mental health.

Background: Schools play a key role in promotion of health education. This article analyzed the factors affecting the education to prevent non-communicable diseases from the viewpoints of educational and executive factors in schools of Isfahan City, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted using qualitative approach with conventional content analysis. Participants were 19 staff working in schools of Isfahan City in educational year of 2017-2018, who were selected through purposive sampling with the highest variation. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using deductive content analysis. Findings: Obtained codes were placed in 8 main categories and 23 subcategories. The main categories included "the effect of macro health policymaking on the efficacy of education", "strategic health system", "the role of the educational system in promoting health", "informal learning", "the role of schools in healthy nutrition models and physical activity development", "preventive strategies in health promotion", "lifestyle as a multi-factorial phenomenon with mutual interaction", and "the effect of stress and depression on health". Conclusion: Life style modification and updating school educations are effective factors in the efficacy of education to prevent non-communicable diseases.

Background: Nutrition is one of the factors affecting children’ s health and empowering mothers is the most important way to prevent underweight. This study is conducted to compare the effectiveness of health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior on the nutritional education of mothers with underweight children aged 6-36 months in Gonabad City, Iran. Methods: The study was of a field trial type carried out on 93 mothers with underweight children aged 6-36 months. The mothers were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The data collection instruments included two researcher-made questionnaires whose validity and reliability were established and were self-administered. The intervention was performed based on the above-mentioned models. The data were collected immediately and three months after the intervention and were analyzed through SPSS software (version 22, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA), using analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, Fisher’ s exact test, Bonferroni test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, and Shapiro Wilk test at 0. 050 level of significance. Findings: The mothers’ mean age was 31. 24 years old in the three groups and they were homogeneous with regard to other demographic variables. After the intervention, all the constructs of both models, except for the perceived barrier construct, in the two experimental groups showed a significant increase in comparison with those of the control group. Conclusion: The educational intervention based on the theory and model had a considerable effect on increasing mothers’ nutritional knowledge and the factors affecting underweight. The results also showed that the theory of planned behavior was more effective than the health belief model.

Background: In recent years, an increasing number of young women have tended to smoking. Current study aimed to find the smoking addiction pattern. Methods: To achieve the pattern of smoking addiction, the participants were selected through purposeful sampling method. Finally, 20 people were interviewed by structured interview method, and the data were analyzed based on the Grand Theory method. Findings: The context conditions included family history of smoking, widespread distribution, easy access, and lack of family surveillance, and the causal conditions included start smoking by friends' persuading, accompanying cigarettes with other violations, the distinguished position of cigarette brands for women, the apparent attractiveness of cigarettes, lack of proper recreation, criterion of choosing friends, having tension in life, and gaining prestige by smoking cigarettes for fun, and mediating causes included experiences of high-level behaviors in childhood, disrupting personality traits, neglecting negative social views on smoking by women. Smoking as support, cigarette as tool for getting rid of loneliness, and cigarette as relaxing tool recorded as problems and consequences of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: The results show that in addition to the effects of marketing and advertising on being drawn young women to smoking, psychological factors such as loneliness, personality disorders, and family relationships, and also social factors such as peer pressure and lack of influence from negative social perspectives on smoking are effective too. So, in order to prevent young women from becoming addicted to cigarettes, multidimensional look and applications are required.

Background: Investigating the effect of environmental factors, such as parental guidance and upbringing, on the individuals’ growth during their childhood and adolescence requires a long-term longitudinal study. So that, its effect on the individual cannot be sought immediately after an educational or psychological intervention. This article describes the designed protocol for the longitudinal survey of the development of Iranian children and adolescents. Methods: After performing a comparative study and reviewing similar global experiences in designing such surveys, the Iranian longitudinal survey on the development of children and adolescents was designed for five waves with a two-year interval. The longitudinal sample at the beginning of the study comprised children aged 0 to 11 years. Several questionnaires were designed for families, parents, children, adolescents and young people, teachers, and principals of schools in which the child was studying, as well as caregivers at home and kindergarten. In this survey, a three-stage probability sampling method with stratum at the provincial and national levels with two different scenarios was proposed. Findings: A roadmap for longitudinal study on the development of Iranian children and adolescents was designed and presented. Thirteen questionnaires were prepared and also, the sampling method and the method of implementing survey in different waves was determined. Conclusion: In this survey, for the first time, Iranian longitudinal studies of children and adolescents’ development have been designed with the aim of in-depth and comprehensive study of the children and adolescents’ development process and the effect of individual, family, and educational factors on their growth and development.

Background: The aim of this pre-experimental study with control group was to assess the effect of group mindfulness-based cognitive counselling on life satisfaction of the elder women referring to a Senior Adult Day Care Center in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: The study population of this quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was the older women referring to a Senior Adult Day Care Center in Gorgan, Iran. In order to select the study sample, the life satisfaction of 142 old women over 60 years was evaluated and the ones with the lowest life satisfaction (n = 50) were selected and finally 40 women randomly divided into equal groups of intervention and control. The instruments were a demographic data sheet and the life satisfaction questionnaire compiled by Neugarten BJ and Havighurst RJ. The intervention was eight sessions of group mindfulness-based cognitive counselling. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Software. Findings: The results showed that the mean of life satisfaction between the pretest (9. 16) and posttest (14. 09) stages in the intervention group was significantly different (P ≤ 0. 0001) while it was not the case for the control group. Conclusion: Thus, in addition to enough medical and welfare facilities, we recommend holding group mindfulness-based cognitive counselling workshop to prevent elder women from rumination and finally to improve their life satisfaction.

Background: Infectious diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), have affected human societies today, and no cure has yet been found. The disease is caused by a virus that infects the immune system. Our goal is to establish a relationship between mathematics and the impact of the virus on the immune system. Methods: In this study, several mathematical models have been studied and their relationship with the function of the HIV virus has been investigated. In these models, the contamination of immune cells, virus proliferation, production of infected cells, and the role of cellular and humoral immune systems in reducing cell proliferation have been considered. Findings: Studies show that the process of infection of immune cells and macrophages with the virus and even treatment to control the disease can also be mathematically illustrated. After writing the mathematical model and analyzing the model in manual and computer forms, one could find important parameters in reducing or increasing the speed of this disease and controlling it, in addition to reducing the spread of the disease and delaying the deaths. Conclusion: In order to better analyze this disease, all the effective factors in the model can be introduced and expressed as a broad mathematical model, but with the increase of these factors, it will be much more difficult to analyze them. However, by assuming some factors of the model to be constant, it will be easier. The purpose of this article is to simplify the process and mathematical modeling of AIDS and its general understanding for those interested in modeling.