International Police Studies Quarterly
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:39|Papers Count:6

One of the crimes that has slowly taken on a global form is environmental crime, and international organizations are working to bring nations together to tackle crimes against transnational environmentalism by formulating a global consensus and by enacting laws between them.-Internationals are trying to protect the environment. In the future, environmental resources will bring about war and violence between nations. Because environmental crime focuses on crimes and damages to the environment and animals, it also includes sustainability and climate change. The concept of transnational crime therefore encompasses at least two different conceptual considerations. First, crime must involve the movement of people, objects, or decisions across borders. Second, the injury must be recognized internationally as a crime. This study utilized documentary and library method and data analysis was qualitative and based on researcher inference from sources and texts. The environment and the future of work are two of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and one cannot be tackled without the other. Because environmental degradation can act as a cause or an accelerating factor in violent conflict. This paper attempts to examine the dimensions of environmental crime that limit the outcome of the conflict to address its specific causes.

The prevalence of dust in some parts of the world, injuries, diseases and deaths of humans and animal species due to it has become transnational, so much so that the disruption in human life has led to the study of this phenomenon from different biological, geographical perspectives, It has become hygienic and medical. This article deals with the phenomenon of fine dust from the perspective of criminal law, relying on the role of governments in dealing with the resulting damage in a descriptive-analytical manner, and this issue has been considered as an international issue based on their criminal responsibility. The exercise of international responsibility is possible when a rule of international law has been violated; therefore, it is necessary that an illegal act be carried out at the international level. The research findings show that a distinction must be made between the action resulting from the exercise of state sovereignty and the exercise of its tenure, such as between the damage (whether human or financial) caused by particulate matter and the behavior of the state (including actual abandonment). If there is no reason to prevent or reduce particulate matter, the government is criminally liable for damages caused by particulate matter. If the causal relationship is complete: one is the relationship between injury and fine dust and the second is the relationship between fine dust and government behavior, crime is a document documented by the government, provided that the causal relationship is caused by a deliberate factor such as deliberate behavior.

The article is to study and understand the weaknesses and strengths of international law in dealing with challenges ethnic minorities confront. Accordingly, the writers of the article attempt to understand the roots of challenges Rohingya minority of Rakhin face in Myanmar. Some questions are designed in order to accomplish above mentioned goal in which the focal point is to understand why international law was not able to support Rohingya rights in Myanmar. The result of the article emphasizes that the main reason is the ambiguity in defining conditions of Rohingya ethnic group in international law and Meyanmar domestic law. The article also explains how large number of Rohingya ethnic minority are left behind because of deficit in international law to include and support them. The result is based on analysis of treaties, regulations and conventions of international law regarding minority's rights with regard to the conditions of Rohingya ethnic group in Myanmar according international institutions' reports.

Background & Target: The theory of right-wing criminology, in the 1970s, following the widespread financial crisis in the West, based on neoliberal economic policies, has brought about changes in the criminal policy of countries. Criminal policy emphasis under this criminology model is a socio-economic prevention strategy and efforts are being made to increase the costs of committing crimes and reduce the opportunity for criminal offenses, in this criminal policy model, Determining punishment from the traditional form of proportionality to crime shifts to defining proportionate punishment for risk. Methodology: It is analytically descriptive in nature and methodology, where necessary information is collected and analyzed in a citation and library manner. Findings: This theory of criminology did not appear in the Islamic Republic of Iran's justice system two decades after the Islamic Revolution. Political developments in Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution, paved the way for tougher criminal reactions to safeguard the revolution's achievements. From this perspective, punishment is a manifestation of the life and identity of a society that tends to respond strongly to an attack on norms and values.