JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES OF MOUNTAINOUS AREAS
Year:2021 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 (6)|Papers Count:8

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of institutional change in economic development. In this study, first the question is answered what changes the institutions in the country have accepted during the last 40 years, then by studying the mountainous region of Rudbar, the role of these institutional changes on the economic development of the region is analyzed. Epistemology governs the study of critical realism, in the sense that there is a world independent of the mind, but that understanding and experience of the outside world do not fully correspond to it. The data required for the research were collected through two methods of documentation and local study. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, based on which 379 households were selected as a sample. The study showed that in the beginning and the first decade of the revolution in society, informal institutions and social beliefs based on humanist views and strengthening beliefs in support of national and social interests prevailed. After the revolution, following the imitative policy of economic adjustment, there was no ground for the expansion of inclusive economic and political institutions. Thus, institutions of personal interest, speculation, and amassing wealth peaked, resulting in the elimination and weakening of productive activities and the expansion of speculation and real estate firms. Therefore, the relationship between institutions and economic development is a two-way relationship, and until positive economic developments in society, one can not expect the existing institutions to change to inclusive and developmental institutions.

The objective of current study is to investigate the temperature variability caused by emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) and changes in precipitation in Bamyan center at 34. 75 degrees north latitude and 67. 75 degrees eastern longitude. To this end, maximum, minimum, and range of annual temperature were obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the period of 1987-2016. The statistical-graphical Technics and liner regression was used to analysis the data. Our findings showed that during the recent three decades there were noticeable changes in maximum, minimum, and range of annual temperature by 0. 71, 0. 34, and 0. 36 degree Celsius, respectively. The annual mean, maximum and minimum precipitation of under investigation region are 256, 559 (in year 1991), and 90. 9 (in year 2011) mm, respectively. During the under study period the precipitation decreased by 6. 9 mm

Global warming and the heat islands of cities is one of the biggest challenges in the world today, as many conferences are held annually at the national and local levels to prevent, address and moderate this phenomenon around the world. Despite the considerable attention of the scientific community to this issue, in practice, the unbridled growth of cities undermines all equations and efforts of the scientific community. Due to the expansion of the city and consequently the expansion of the heat islands, the cool (cold) islands have received more and more attention. In this study, in order to understand the effect of spatial distribution of land uses in the spatial distribution of cool islands, first the surface temperature was calculated using Landsat 8 image processing and single channel algorithm and then the maximum land use map similarity was obtained using the algorithm. Finally, the impact of land use on the formation of cool and warm islands was investigated. According to the results, the lowest number of cool islands was in Baharan, Niavaran and Darband, respectively, and on the opposite side, the highest amount of heat islands were in Bustan neighborhood, Shahid Bagheri town and airport, respectively. The results showed that the highest average temperature among the uses was related to cement / paved areas (48. 3 ° C) and the lowest average temperature was related to water use (32. 4 ° C). Based on the results and comparison of the percentage of each land use in areas with thermal islands and cool islands, in cold areas the share of vegetation and in warm areas the share of cement / paving is significant. With these interpretations, one of the most efficient ways to turn heat islands into cool islands is to use low-water plants in greenhouses called greenhouses.

Participation is recognized as one of the important indicators of sustainable development. Over the past decades, women's participation in the process of development programs has been significantly on the agenda. Because experts believe that without the active participation of women in all areas, there will be no complete and sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the most important obstacles and challenges facing women's participation in the management of rural villages in Lavasan Kuchak. This article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. In this research, in order to collect information in a combined way, library and documentary methods and field methods and completing a questionnaire according to the extracted indicators from theoretical studies have been used, which shows the scientific validity of the indicators. Cronbach's alpha (0. 78) was used to validate the questionnaire items. The statistical population in this study includes the population of women in 15 villages living in Lavasan Kouchak sub-district. The population of women in Lavasan Kouchak village was equal to 2595 people. From this number, 334 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula and based on the sample size; the number of questionnaires in each village was determined and distributed. Factor analysis method was used in SPSS software to analyze the data. The findings show eight factors; Social structures, individual characteristics of women, lack of skills and awareness, limited access, culture and tradition, inequality of opportunity, limited travel and coercion and dependence have been identified as the most important obstacles and challenges of women's participation in rural management of Lavasan Kuchak village.

Climate is one of the most important factors in the development and restriction of the tourism industry, with any change or fluctuation leading to a change in the tourism industry. In this study, RayMan model and PMV and PET bio-climate were used to identify the tourism calendar in Poldokhtar, which has unique historical and natural attractions. Also, using nonparametric tests ManKendall and Sen’ s Estimator and ITA model the uniform and Non-uniform trend of tourism climate change in this city was evaluated. The results of the RayMan model show that the favorable conditions of the tourism climate are only available in April and October, thus human does not need to change the ambient temperature conditions in this month and is satisfied with the ambient temperature. Also in November and March there are more or less favorable conditions for tourism in spite of very low heat and cold stresses. No severe cold stress was observed in any of the months. In case of extreme heat stress, corresponding to PMV index exceeding 3. 5 and PET index exceeding 41 degrees Celsius from June to September, unbearable conditions will occur in Poldokhtar tourism climate. Evaluation of trends in meteorological and tourism climate changes indicates that temperature and bio-climate indices have increased, on the one hand, the thermal stresses of Poldokhtar have increased and on the one hand, the amount of cold stress has decreased. On other hand, results of ITA model show, which Non-uniform is changes of PET in April and March. Also, in more month is different internal the intensity of slope.

Tourism prosperity in a city or region is like walking on a blade's edge, because tourism, in addition to its benefits, can also have negative consequences. Therefore, the tourism situation of a city can be evaluated as successful only if it does not harm the stability of the region and the host community while satisfying the tourists. Therefore, the present study tries to identify the factors of sustainable tourism in mountainous cities by extracting and analyzing tourists' opinions. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field survey. Subject variables have been collected from valid internal and external sources and they have been used to compile questionnaire questions. The target population is tourists visiting the city of Khansar in April 2021. According to the number of variables in question, which was 34, the sample size of 170 people was selected, which is 5 times the number of variables (which ratio is suitable for the factor analysis model). Therefore, after examining the validity and reliability of the questions, the data extracted from the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using the Exploratory factor analysis model. Findings show that sustainable tourism factors in cities in mountainous areas include "Urban Services", "Basic Needs", "Recreational Attractions", "Culture of the Host Community", "Economic", "Natural Ecosystem", "Cultural Attractions" and "Sustainability". Also, in the case of Khansar city, the greatest weakness is manifested in the two factors of "Sustainability" and "Basic Needs", based on which, strategies have been proposed to respond to these weaknesses.

One of the important consequences of climate change is its effects on crops and the agricultural economy. Hamedan province as one of the provinces with major agricultural products has always been affected by this outcome. This study was conducted to reveal the consequences of climate change on rapeseed cultivation in Hamadan province using new data mining models (RF and SWM). The study period is 2020-2001. In addition to the trend of climate change, the yield and area under cultivation of this crop and the effects of climate change on it have been studied. According to the obtained results, it was found that the most effects on rapeseed yield are related to changes in sunshine and rainfall hours, which is more seen in the southwestern and northern regions of the province. It was identified in the drawn maps of RF and SWM models. The results of both models are largely consistent and based on the outputs of the stochastic forest model and the support vector machine; it was found that these models have the necessary efficiency to investigate the relationship between crop yield and climatic parameters. According to the results, the highest correlation between canola yield and changes in sunshine hours and the lowest is with the minimum temperature. According to the SVM model, sunny hours have the greatest impact on the performance of canola. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between rapeseed yield and climate change in Hamadan province. The results of this research can be useful in agricultural planning and economic development of Hamedan province.

Today, after decades of planning and policy-making efforts, informal settlements are still a major concern for urban management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to Analysis of the Physical status Informal settlements and the position of urban management in its organization (Case study: Jafarabad town, Kermanshah). The approach governing the research space is qualitative and quantitative and the type of research is applied. Software (SPSS) and model (Fuzzy VIKOR) were used to analyze descriptive and inferential information. The statistical population of the present study, including heads of households in Jafarabad town (68000), the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, 384 people. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the physical condition of Jafarabad town in Kermanshah is unsuitable. The results of Chi-square test (according to the level of significance obtained more than 0. 05), show a lack of significant and positive relationship between urban management and physical regeneration of Jafarabad town. The results of multiple regression in all indicators with Beta coefficient and a significant level of more than 0. 05, indicates the lack of proper performance of urban management in the physical reconstruction of Jafarabad town in Kermanshah. Finally, the ranking results of urban organizations involved in organizing Jafarabad town using fuzzy Victor model showed that the municipality with a weight of 0. 682 is in priority.