Green Development Management Studies
Year:2024 | Volume:3 | Issue:2|Papers Count:14

Introduction:One of the important topics in the field of organization and management is the introduction of the concept of green human resource management. Green human resource management was proposed from the integration of environmental management with human resource management. This concept was introduced in the 1990s by Vermeer in the book Green Management, but in 2001, the first topics related to green human resource management were organized by Schuler and his colleagues. Green human resource management aims to involve human resources in environmental decision-making, create environmental awareness and promote environmentally friendly behaviors. Several definitions have been proposed regarding the green human resource management, and most of these definitions emphasize the three elements of developing the green ability of organizations, motivating green human resources, and creating green opportunities. One of the best definitions is related to a researcher named Shah (2019). He proposed that green human resource management is "the combination of green management elements in job design, training and development, motivation and maintenance of human resource management to improve the environmental protection behavior of employees, meet employee expectations and achieve organizational goals." In this regard, it is necessary to mention the green human resources management factors that include; Green job design and analysis, green recruitment and selection, green training and improvement, green performance management, green pay and rewards, green job involvement and green organizational culture management. Studies show that the theoretical foundations of green human resource management are gradually evolving in different countries of the world, including Iran, and public and private organizations are seeking to establish and implement this concept. One of these organizations is the Tax Affairs Organization of the country. The most important solution that managers of this organization can take advantage of is the design of a green human resources management model in the country's tax affairs organization. Because Article 90 of the Fifth Plan Law, Article 48 of the Sixth Plan Law, and 11 Articles of the Seventh Plan Law emphasize the necessity of implementing green management in government institutions. Methodology:In terms of purpose, this research is developmental-applicative and in terms of data collection, according to the nature of the research, it is of qualitative type. In this research, the grounded theory with the "systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin" was used; According to these causal conditions, the main phenomenon of green human resources management, the contextual condition, condition of the intervener, strategies (actions and reactions) and finally the consequences of green human resources management were investigated. Three types of open, axial and selective coding were used to check and analyze the data. In order to collect data, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used with 15 human resources experts in the headquarters and provincial units of the country's tax affairs organization, who were identified by purposeful sampling and snowball methods. The statistical population of the research included all senior managers, consultants, managers and experts of the Human Resources Unit of the Tax Affairs Organization of the country, as well as university professors, and the sampling continued until theoretical adequacy was achieved. In this research, three criteria of believability, transferability and reliability were used to evaluate the validity of the interviews. Findings:The findings show that the research data were reviewed and analyzed using three types of open, axial and selective coding. Based on the conducted interviews, 112 open codes were obtained. After open coding, axial coding was done, in which distinct categories were placed next to each other in a meaningful framework, and 25 axial codes were obtained, in which the diagram, the necessary foundation for the 10 selected categories, and the creation of theory were prepared. Selective coding means integrating and refining the theory, which is possible through the discovery of the axial category, which was obtained in the form of diagrams and propositions in this article. A diagram in which green human resource management was proposed as an axial category. The causal conditions related to the axial category proposed the appropriate and desirable scheme of green human resources management as an axial category that requires the identification of its characteristics and dimensions, which was done based on the modeling of green human resources management. The aforementioned modeling prepared the basis for the formation of the green human resources management reservoir. This reservoir requires design and optimization, selection of green human resources management style and skills of applying green human resource management styles. On the other hand, the intervening and contextual conditions affected the axial category of green human resource management and shaped individual, organizational and social consequences. At the same time, the findings obtained from the green human resource management chart created 9 research propositions. Discussion and Conclusion:The results confirm that in causal conditions; targeting green human resources, in the main phenomenon; Green human resources management, in condition of the intervener; green internal and external green organizational factors, in the contextual condition; Green organizational climate and green organizational culture, in relation to strategy (actions and reactions); actions related to the design and institutionalization of the green human resources information system, and in relation to the consequences; Individual, organizational and social consequences are effective. The findings and results of the current research are in agreement with the researches of foreign experts such as Erkantan and Ayupoglu (2022), Priyashanta and Priyanka (2022), Kumar et al. (2022), Faisal and Naushad (2020), Mukerchi et al. , Shah (2019), Wallens (2019), Schumacher (2018), Metcalf (2018), Renwick et al. (2018), and Vermeer et al. (2018), Opata and Arul Raja (2018), Longoni et al. (2018). , Gupta (2018), Manu (2018), Zibras (2017), Donohue (2017), Bangwal et al. (2017), Tank et al. (2017), Norton et al. (2017), Kumar and Parharch (2017), Masri and Jaron (2017), Renwick et al. (2017), Apata (2017), Stocklapp and Dell (2016), Gholami et al. (2016), Gurchi et al. (2016), Opata and Arul Raja (2014), Masri and Jabour. (2013), Jabour (2013), Jabour (2011) and Jabour et al. (2010) and domestic authors such as Lizran Esfahani et al. Row et al.(2011), Janalizadeh Qazvini et al.(2020), Shahnoushi and Abdulahi (2018), Mohammadnejad Shoorkai (2016), Fayazi et al.(2015) are consistent. However, the results of this research are not consistent with the studies of Yu et al.

Introduction:In the modern marketing era, emotional concepts related to branding have become the core of many marketing activities. “Brand attachment” refers to the emotional connection between people and brands. What creates attachment is unique between each brand and consumer. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in environmental protection around the world. In this sense, green packaging is very important to reduce the effects of waste and pollution and promote sustainable development. Green packaging, also known as “environmental green packaging”, “eco-friendly packaging”, “sustainable packaging” or “recyclable packaging”. An important area of research is the study of ways in which consumers demand the use of green packaging strategies to reduce the negative impact of packaging on the environment. The role of consumers in green packaging is very important, as modern lifestyles often demand a longer product shelf life. Green packaging affects different aspects of branding. Packaging has various functions related to product protection, transportation efficiency, and consumer evaluation of a product based on its packaging. A brand identity is a set of tools or elements used by a company to create a brand image. Brand image is customers' perception of the brand, which includes various associations related to it and memories associated with interacting with it. Brand identity and its elements derive from the company's mission, brand value proposition, long-term goals, competitive position in the market, and connection with the values and interests of the audience. According to the theory of planned behavior, the normative beliefs that ultimately cause a person's mental involvement in a phenomenon include two dimensions: command and description. A normative belief is the subjective expectation or likelihood that a given individual or reference group (e.g., friends, family, spouse, colleagues) will approve or disapprove of performing the behavior under consideration. Descriptive normative beliefs, on the other hand, are beliefs about whether significant others would perform the behavior themselves (Brado et al., 2022). Marketing professionals have repeatedly emphasized that green marketing practices do not happen in a vacuum; rather, their effect is through the effect they have on the attitude of customers. According to the theory of planned behavior, attitude is a component that plays an effective role in customer behavior. Customer attitude is a combination of people's beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions towards a business (or a brand). All actions taken in the field of green marketing are done to create a green and environmentally friendly image for the brand. A green brand image leads to green brand equity—a company with a green brand image will be positively viewed and trusted by environmentally conscious consumers. If the company has a green brand image that is supported by green practices and shown to customers, those customers will trust the company's commitment to environmental responsibility. Therefore, green brand image can be considered a potentially effective variable for attachment to green brands. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of green packaging on brand attachment. Materials and methods:This study is applied in terms of its purpose, which was carried out in the form of descriptive survey research with a cross-sectional approach. The statistical population includes all food consumers in Tehran. Considering the unlimitedness of the statistical population, a sample of 384 people was randomly selected. In this study, a questionnaire containing 7 dimensions and 36 questions was used to collect information to test hypotheses. The necessary data to answer the research questions was collected through an adapted questionnaire. To measure green packaging from the questionnaire of Chen et al. (2017); to measure brand attachment from Lee et al.'s (2023) scale, including 5 items; to evaluate brand awareness from the Barima questionnaire (2015), to measure brand image from the 6-question questionnaire of Chen et al. (2017), to measure brand identity from a three-question questionnaire Basra et al. (2023), Mahmoud et al.'s (2022) questionnaire was used to measure environmental interest, and Salehzadeh et al.'s (2023) questionnaire was used to measure the quality of environmental attitude. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the methods of content validity and convergent validity, and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used to test the hypotheses. Findings: To check the normality of the data in this research, the valid Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The significance level of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for all research variables is less than 0.05. As a result, all research variables have a non-normal distribution. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that green packaging has a positive and significant effect on brand awareness, mental engagement, and brand identity. It was also found that customers' environmental attitude moderates the relationship between green packaging and mental involvement, brand awareness, and brand identity. It was also found that brand identity, brand awareness, and the mental involvement of customers all have a positive and significant effect on brand image. Finally, it was found that brand image has a significant effect on brand attachment. Discussion and Conclusion:Finally, the results of this research show that brand image has a positive and significant effect on brand attachment. Attachment is the degree of perceptual connection between a person and a specific object. Brand attachment is the result of a long-term relationship between the self and the brand. The closer the relationship, the stronger the brand attachment. When a brand is considered part of the self, it becomes the brand-self relationship. The result obtained in this hypothesis shows that in order to realize attachment to a green brand, an environmentally friendly image of that brand must be formed. Firms adopt greening for various reasons, such as regulatory compliance, competitive advantage, stakeholder pressure, and top management initiatives. As companies take on social responsibilities and face intense competition, they gradually realize the importance of creating a green image to highlight their environmental awareness and social responsibility. In addition, green consumers care about environmental issues, and their purchasing decisions will be based on green considerations. Therefore, many companies have started to develop a green marketing strategy to create a green image for their brand. As it is clear from the definition of brand attachment, attachment is a highly emotional-psychological category. Therefore, it is highly influenced by the image formed in the customer's mind. Based on the results obtained in this research, managers of food industry companies are recommended to pay attention to the following considerations to realize brand attachment: implementation of environmental standards in the production unit, use of recyclable material in the packaging of food products, and use of ecological labels. Packaging to influence the attitude of customers and participation in environmental programs to improve the company's brand image.

Introduction Iran possesses 0.3% of the world's renewable water resources, while hosting 1% of the global population. Over the past few decades, water consumption in Iran has consistently exceeded the initial water stress threshold (i.e., one-fourth of total renewable water) by nearly four times. Currently, the average annual water consumption in Iran is estimated at around 96 billion cubic meters, which is approximately 8% more than the total renewable water resources of Iran (89 billion cubic meters) and about 50% higher than the scarcity threshold. More than half of the rural population (10.4 million people) lives in areas of high-water stress (4 million people) and in regions of acute water stress (6.4 million people). If the current conditions persist, in addition to the aforementioned economic and social issues, further harm will be inflicted on the environment, making it increasingly difficult to restore the environment to its normal state. On average, 90% of the country's water consumption is allocated to the agricultural sector, 7% to urban-domestic use, and 3% to industry. Consequently, the increase in national water consumption is often justified by the rising water usage in agriculture. Thus, urban and industrial water consumption, despite having relatively higher allocation priorities based on necessity, constitutes only one-tenth of total water consumption. Therefore, transformative measures in the urban and industrial sectors inherently cannot have a significant impact on the national water crisis. Therefore, reducing water consumption in agriculture is considered the only viable option to address the water crisis in Iran, a situation that contradicts the country's goal of food self-sufficiency. A decline in agricultural activities in Iran may have significant repercussions, not only for food security but also for the employment of approximately four million farmers, the majority of whom are over fifty years old and lack other professional skills. Furthermore, a reduction in agricultural activities will lead to unemployment in other sectors of the economy. The objective of this research is to study the available water resources and water needs of the country in relation to food requirements, utilizing documentary data and qualitative analysis. Subsequently, potential solutions to address the national water crisis will be explored. Finally, the study will address the question of whether food self-sufficiency is achievable for Iran without depleting its water resources.   Methodology This research employs a qualitative and analytical approach to examine the challenges of food self-sufficiency and water resources in Iran. The necessary data were collected from documentary sources and previous studies and were utilized to analyze the current state of water and food needs in the country. In the first phase, information regarding renewable water resources and water consumption across various sectors, particularly agriculture, was reviewed. Using climatic and hydrological data from historical documents, the current situation and future projections were analyzed. Subsequently, the country’s food needs were studied based on demographic and economic variables through analytical models. In the second phase, potential solutions to address the water crisis and food security were explored from the perspectives of governance and policymaking. This examination included an assessment of modern irrigation techniques, greenhouse development, and virtual water trade. Data analysis was conducted using statistical and modeling software, and the findings were discussed to provide practical recommendations for improving water resource management and food security in Iran. This approach aims to identify existing barriers and offer effective strategies to achieve food security objectives and sustainable water resource management in the country.   Findings The long-term average annual rainfall in Iran from 1980 to 2010 (1359-1389) is approximately 236 millimeters, equivalent to 382 billion cubic meters of water. Between 1980 and 2010, the average rainfall decreased by 1.5 millimeters per year. However, not all regions have been affected equally, with the western and northwestern parts of Iran showing the most significant reductions in rainfall. Overall, about a quarter of the country has experienced considerable rainfall decline. In addition to this decrease in rainfall, the average annual temperature in Iran has increased by 0.4 degrees Celsius per decade, leading to greater water loss through evaporation and transpiration. As a result of the combined effects of these two factors, the available water in Iran has decreased from an average of 125 billion cubic meters to 89 billion cubic meters. Currently, 23% of Iran's total area is under critical groundwater stress, and 24% is under high water stress. Furthermore, 34% of the irrigated lands in Iran (including agricultural and horticultural products) are located in areas classified as experiencing critical stress, 19% in areas with high stress, and 47% in areas with no stress or minimal groundwater stress. Over the past three decades, despite a significant decline in the total fertility rate, Iran's population has increased by nearly one million people per year, and it is projected to exceed 87 million by 2025. This indicates that the annual population growth rate (P) will decrease from 1.1% in 2018 to 0.7% by 2025. Based on expected population trends, per capita income, and future food prices, it is anticipated that Iran's total food demand in monetary terms will reach $46 billion (in constant dollars) by 2025. Consequently, it can be inferred that a significant gap will exist between the country's water needs and the requirements for food production, a challenge that cannot be easily overcome without careful planning.   Discussion and Conclusion Considering the realities of Iran's water and soil landscape, it can be concluded that the hope for long-term self-sufficiency is an unrealistic notion. Instead of focusing on self-sufficiency, policymakers should prioritize ensuring the country's food security, which can be achieved through the optimal utilization of water and soil resources, alongside strengthening other sectors of the economy and increasing food imports. In today's world, possessing implicit knowledge is fundamental to competitiveness and the success of nations. Relying solely on physical capital for sustainable economic growth will not yield desired outcomes; rather, emphasis must be placed on educating human capital and fostering a knowledge-based economy. The total food requirements of the country (amounting to $46 billion overall, with $18 billion in annual imports) cannot be compared to the losses incurred from the decline of surface and groundwater resources in various aspects. Therefore, a strategic approach that integrates food security with sustainable resource management and economic diversification is essential for overcoming these challenges.

Introduction:Ecotourism is an activity that takes place in natural and pristine destinations and one of its important goals is to gain knowledge about natural life, enjoy local cultures, and of course preserve the quality of natural environments. This area has gained some importance and due to its role in sustainable development, the United Nations named 2002 as the year of ecotourism. One of the ecotourism destinations of Khalkhal county is Andabil resort. This resort is one of the pristine and scenic areas of this city, which is located near Khalkhal. This resort has trees such as oaks and has been attracting the attention of local people and tourists since the early 80s with the road construction done by the relevant bodies. From the point of view of tourists, effective key components play a role in ecotourism destinations, among which we can mention the perceived value, appropriate experience, attachment to the destination and memory of the destination. In consumer behavior, loyalty is considered the concept of commitment to a specific product. Therefore, it can be said that in the field of tourism, tourist loyalty to a destination means the tourist's commitment to a specific destination. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to explain the role of these factors in the loyalty of tourists to this ecotourism destination.materials and methods:This article is a descriptive-analytical article that is included in applied research. This research, from the point of view of philosophy, is among positivist research. The research strategy is survey research and the research method is quantitative. The statistical population is tourists who have visited Andabil resort. 300 questionnaires were completed electronically. The research questionnaire includes various items, including perceived value (3 questions), experience (4 questions), destination attachment (4 questions), destination loyalty (3 questions) and destination memory (3 questions). The tool used for data analysis is Smart-PLS structural equation software. Andabil resort, which is known as Mir Adel Balaghi among local people, is located in the east of Khalkhal city. Its distance from Khalkhal center is five kilometers. This resort is surrounded by different Talash mountains and therefore has given it a special visual appeal. It has given historical and cultural value due to the existence of some historical monuments such as the foundation of the castle and the fire temple (Jafarnejhad, 2016: 140). This area is popular with many tourists in spring and summer. Local people use it as a natural ski resort in winter and in case of favorable snowfall.Findings:The results show that the questionnaire questions have factor loadings with high scores. Another result presented in this table is reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity. Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used to evaluate the reliability, because the values of these two indicators are greater than 0.7, and therefore the reliability of the research tool is confirmed. The average variance extracted was used to check the convergent validity and because the results are greater than 0.5, therefore the convergent validity is confirmed. This study used Forner and Larcker's ratio to check divergent validity. Divergent validity is also used to ensure the absence of collinearity issues. In this method, it is necessary that the values on the main diameter of the matrix are greater than all the values in its corresponding column, and the results of the research show that such an issue has been achieved in the current research. According to the results, the divergent validity has been confirmed and the structures have the feature of non-collinearity. According to the results obtained in the field of research hypotheses, the results have been obtained as follows. The perceived value and its effect on the memory of the destination were confirmed so that its path coefficient is 0.562 and its significance is 6.45. On the other hand, the hypothesis of the effect of perceived value on destination attachment was rejected with a path coefficient of 0.071 and a significance of 0.636. The hypothesis of the effect of experience on attachment to the destination was confirmed because the value of the path coefficient is 0.699 and the significance is 7.10. Two other hypotheses of the research, i.e., the effect of attachment to the destination on loyalty and the hypothesis of memory of the destination on loyalty, respectively, were confirmed with different coefficients. According to the results of the research, the coefficient of determination or (R2) which determines the degree of predicting the changes of the dependent variable by means of the independent variable(s); It can be seen that the coefficient of memory of the destination is 0.315%, attachment to the destination is 0.568 and loyalty is 0.658. Except for the memory of the destination, which has obtained an average coefficient, two other dependent variables have a high predictive power. Finally, the Q2 values, which represent an evaluation criterion for the cross-validity prediction relationship of the PLS path model. In fact, this criterion shows the quality of the prediction of the dependent variables; Based on the results, the value of Q2 for the memory of the destination is 0.230, which is the lowest value among the dependent variables. Also, attachment to the destination with a coefficient of 0.369 and loyalty with a coefficient of 0.405 obtained a higher coefficient than the memory of the destination. Discussion and conclusion:The results of this research show that there is no significant relationship between the perceived value and attachment to the destination, which is inconsistent with the results of some researches such as the research of Ahn and Kwon (2020) and Faridi Foshtomi et al. (2019). In their research, these two researchers concluded that the perceived value of green hotels had a positive effect on repeat visits. In explaining this issue, it should be mentioned that unfortunately, because this area is pristine and natural, not many services are provided by the local people, even the previous investments in this area have damaged the visual quality of this resort. The interesting thing is that there is not even a toilet and basic services in this resort. The results of this research showed that the tourist experience has a positive and significant effect on attachment to the destination, which is in line with Cifci's research (2021). In this regard, it should be said that the tourist experience in this area is the result of the high quality of this resort. So that according to field studies, many tourists who traveled to this region from hot and dry regions have mentioned this region with surprise. The presence of fog has been interesting and surprising for the tourists who traveled to this region from the scorching heat of the southern regions.

IntroductionThe world faces sustainability challenges in economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Unsustainable consumption and production are causing serious social and economic crises, threatening life on Earth. Changing consumption and production patterns can protect natural resources. Green technology is crucial for sustainable development, but adopting it in business operations is challenging.  The rise of green branding has prompted companies to adopt eco-friendly practices. Research by Khandelwal et al., 2021 highlights increasing interest in green branding, emphasizing its importance in organizational strategies, including technology selection. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) helps resolve problems with multiple conflicting criteria. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), designed by Saaty (1980), is preferred for technology selection. This research introduces a framework to integrate green branding goals into technology selection strategies. It uses multi-criteria decision-making methods and the analytic hierarchical process. A case study from the copper industry examines how these methods align technology selection with green branding at Babak Copper Company, known for its tank bioleaching method for copper production. Materials and MethodsThis paper presents a framework for technology evaluation, using the Iranian Babak Copper Company's adoption of Tank Bioleaching Technology to assess its alignment with green branding goals. MCDM, a field within operations research and management science, focuses on evaluating and selecting alternatives under conflicting criteria based on decision makers' preferences. It offers a structured process to evaluate multiple criteria simultaneously, aiding decision-makers in ranking and prioritizing alternatives. Common MCDM methods include AHP, which helps structure complex decisions hierarchically using pairwise comparison and consistency tests. MCDM and AHP support organizations in making strategic, responsible technology choices, enhancing operational efficiency, and fostering market competitiveness. A study by Sitorus et al. (2019) found that MCDM methods are frequently used in mining, with AHP being the most common. Among 90 reviewed articles, AHP was used in 26, and 17 of 41 hybrid MCDM articles combined AHP with other methods. The Iranian Babak Copper Company (IBCCO), based in Kerman province, aligns its technology choices with green branding goals, employing tank bioleaching technology to reduce environmental impact. This study evaluates bioleaching methods using AHP, considering IBCCO's green branding and business objectives. Five main copper ore bioleaching technologies are identified. Six key criteria for evaluation including sustainability, feasibility, efficiency, profitability, scalability, and innovation are selected based on literature review. Six mining experts provide pairwise comparison matrices, which are normalized and assessed for consistency using Expert Choice software. ResultsFor our final step, we are going to calculate the criterion weight by multiplying each criterion priority by the corresponding option priority. Then, we sum all the weighted criteria by option, having a final score for each option over the main goal. Discussion and ConclusionAfter evaluation utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), it becomes evident that the tank bioleaching technology stands out as the optimal choice aligning with the objectives of the Babak Copper Company. The calculated AHP score for tank bioleaching, 0.366117, unequivocally supports the notion that the chosen technology resonates harmoniously with the company's mission. Illustrating through the case of IBCCO, which holds green branding as a paramount objective, this research deals with a comprehensive evaluation of the choice of copper cathode production technology within the company and its alignment with green branding aspirations. To facilitate the evaluation of manufacturing alternatives, this study introduces a comprehensive framework leveraging MCDM and AHP methods. The selection of this method is rooted in its prevalence in technology selection, particularly within the mining sector. Through the existing literature, bioleaching stands out as the environmentally preferable choice for copper extraction in contrast to other hydrometallurgy options, given its commercial and sustainability considerations. The subsequent step, involves the assessment of various bioleaching methods, including tank bioleaching, heap bioleaching, dump bioleaching, vat bioleaching and in-situ, all conducted through the AHP technique. This paper delves into the intricate interplay between green branding objectives and technology selection strategies. Through reviewing the existing literature on green branding, sustainable technology and technology selection strategies, this paper investigates their relationship. Moreover, future research avenues could delve into exploring the impact of green technology adoption on intangible assets and legal benefits. Furthermore, investigating the willingness of businesses and governments to pay a premium for green products could provide valuable insights. Lastly, assessing the long-term implications of reduced production costs in the tank bioleaching method is another area warranting exploration. In conclusion, the prioritization of green branding within the production sphere underscores the escalating significance of green manufacturing within the industry. Nevertheless, it's imperative to recognize that the pursuit of green branding objectives isn't devoid of challenges, and in some instances, a trade-off between profitability and sustainability may emerge. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates that enterprises can effectively integrate environmental and green aspirations alongside their core business objectives, signifying a progressive approach to confront the mounting imperative of green production within the industry.

Introduction:According to Article 8 of the approvals of the Supreme Energy Council of the country, all executive bodies subject to Article (5) of the Civil Service Law are required to provide five percent (5%) of their annual electricity needs through the construction of renewable power plants, and this amount at the end of the fourth year reach at least twenty percent (20%), at the same time, due to the restrictions on electricity consumption in the hot season of the year and power cuts in industries, the use of energy production equipment has become very important, and organizations are required to use of these equipments, in this research, optimization of the combined system consisting of solar photovoltaic panels and diesel generator as two independent decision variables and 7 responses or optimization objective function including system electricity consumption, system gas consumption, diesel fuel consumption, The reduction of environmental pollutants, the cost of maintenance and repairs, the cost of stopping production lines and also the return on investment are investigated as dependent variables of the research, an optimization method is used to achieve the best possible design in Transis software, in addition to finding To best combine the selected factors in the system, the response level method is used, the main purpose of the response level is to estimate and predict the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results show that the effect of the change in the area of solar panels to produce electricity and the power of the diesel generator on the utility function has been selected to the optimal state, its value is 0.740, and it means that the combination of variables planned in the optimization section in The best optimal state has been reached, whose number is close to the highest possible value in the ideal state with a value of 1. Also, strategy 1, which includes the direct purchase of the total electricity demand from the grid and the direct sale of the total electricity produced by the system, is economically It seems more economical. Materials and Methods:The precise design of parallel systems including solar panels and distributed generation devices is very important so that all parameters are in their optimal state. Therefore, in this research, an optimization method is used to achieve the best possible design in Transis software. In this research, the experiment design method is used with the help of the response surface method, the response surface method is a statistical method that is used to investigate the interactions between independent variables in the processes and optimize them. The main purpose of the response level method is to estimate and predict the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. For this purpose, mathematical models are used that describe the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In general, the system is first implemented in the Transis software, then the output obtained in the Design Expert software is performed using the response level design method. and again, these outputs are entered into Transis software and model optimization is done. According to the selected factors, the test design method (response level) designs and proposes a set of tests or simulations, which in the conducted research, 13 tests are performed, and these responses are a quadratic equation for pre The analysis of the relationship between the energy-economic responses will be chosen and will form the independent optimization factors that are used from equation 1:     y is the considered energy-economic response, z is the selected factor (factor) to optimize, i and j are the counters of the number of independent factors and N_f is the number of factors. Also, β's are unknown coefficients that will be obtained by regression analysis. de_i is the desirability of answer i and N_r is the number of answers. It is necessary to explain that the purpose of multi-objective optimization is to maximize the combined utility.The power consumption of power generation equipment, including pumps, compressed air compressors, production presses, welding equipment, determines the annual power consumption of the system. This is obtained through equation 3. N_t is the number of time steps in the numerical solution for the entire duration of the simulation. PC is energy consumption in kJ h-1, f is a coefficient that indicates the on or off status of each component. When the consumer device is on, f is equal to one and when it is off, f is equal to zero.Considering that an auxiliary boiler with natural gas fuel has been used to support the solar system and to recover the desiccant wheel, in order to increase the temperature of the working fluid to a certain temperature (T_set), the annual consumption of natural gas (ANGC) is obtained from equation 4 comes:   η_boiler is the efficiency of the boiler and LHV is the lower calorific value of the consumed natural gas. Findings:The response level method is used to obtain the best combination of the selected factors, the values predicted by the response level test design method for the factors in order to achieve the optimal system.The highest value of the utility function or CD is equal to 0.725. This result shows that by using the optimal combination of the mentioned factors, the system reaches an optimal state (optimal system) and the value of the utility function approaches 0.725. By increasing the power of the diesel generator from 0 to 3000 kilowatts, the amount of total electricity consumption will decrease from about 7000000 kilowatt hours per year to about 2500000 kilowatt hours per year. In order to optimize the system, the test design method (response level) has been used. The most optimal point is in the area of solar panels equal to 16143.5 square meters and in cchp power equal to 2328.29 kilowatts. At this optimal point, the total electricity consumption is equal to -1327920 kWh per year. Increasing the power of cchp from 0 to 1600 kW leads to a sharp reduction in gas consumption, in this model gas consumption is reduced by 77.4%, which is equivalent to 1310000 cubic meters per year and will reach about 300000 cubic meters per year. Changes in gas consumption and cchp fuel consumption have opposite trends. In fact, it is not possible to reduce gas consumption and fuel consumption in CCHP at the same time, and their trends are opposite to each other. The payback period is less effective with the increase in the area of solar panels. On the other hand, increasing the power of cchp up to about 2000 kW will lead to a sharp decrease in the payback period. Also, increasing the power of cchp to more than 2000 to 3000 kW will lead to the return on investment period will increase. Due to the use of solar panels and cchp, the operation of energy production equipment is reduced and this will lead to a reduction in the time used in maintenance and repairs, as well as a reduction in the purchase of spare parts. Due to power cuts in industries during peak times and the problems of lack of support for production lines due to the stoppage of production lines, with the implementation of the plan to use solar panels and cchp, production line stops will be zero. Discussion and Conclusion:According to the simulation results of the multi-source system using the test design method (response surface), it showed that the solar panels and cchp in the optimal state are equal to 16143 square meters and 2328 kW, while the best performance is in optimal conditions. The optimal system has a total electricity consumption of 13,227,920 kilowatts, a total gas consumption of 559,488 cubic meters, a total diesel fuel consumption of 2,228,300 liters, an amount of environmental pollutants of 4,842 kilograms, and an investment return period of 2.29 years, maintenance and repair costs of $1,813, and production line shutdown costs. It is 4891880 dollars. From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the optimal combined system with cchp and solar panels is able to provide the total electricity required by the complex not only during peak hours (when the demand for electricity is high) but also during off-peak hours (when the demand for electricity is lower). is) is This system shows the ability to generate excess electricity at certain times that can be sold to the public power grid.

Introduction:Digital transformation has had a significant impact on all elements of business, and the field of marketing is no exception to this rule. The development of businesses based on information technology, the presence of online shopping channels, changes in customer behavior, and the introduction of digital innovations every day have led business conditions in the right direction. According to the World Economic Forum, environmental degradation is a major global issue that must be addressed, and the importance of environmental orientation is increasing. However, the organizational trend towards green marketing for sustainability requires a fundamental revision in production and sales practices. While digital marketing and green marketing are key concepts in the modern era of marketing, not many attempts have been made to provide a model that integrates both concepts. In this regard, presenting a comprehensive and coherent model to explain how to align green marketing actions and digital marketing tools makes perfect sense. The main problem of the current research can be conceptualized in terms of the following: 1) the small contribution of digital marketing studies in the B2B field compared to the research conducted in B2C businesses; 2) focusing on the concepts of digital marketing and green marketing in the form of separate concepts in previous research and the lack of models that connect these two categories at the same time; and 3) the problems of the country's industrial companies, both in the field of digital marketing and in line with environmental measures. According to the above content, it is clear that there is a need for a model to explain how to use digital marketing tools in line with environmental goals in the B2B field. With these explanations, the current research is conducted with the aim of presenting a model of green digital marketing development in the business sector. The knowledge-enhancing contribution of this research is that it not only examines “digital marketing” in the B2B field, but also explains the concept of green marketing in the form of digital tools, a category that is really lacking in domestic literature. This research has been done with the aim of providing a green digital marketing development model in the business sector. Methodology:Considering that the main purpose of this research is to present the development model of green digital marketing in the trade-business sector, it can be said that the current research is in the scope of development research in terms of its purpose. In terms of approach, this research is an exploratory study. Using the qualitative approach, dimensions, components, and indicators affecting digital marketing in the business sector and the research model are designed. In the following, the interpretive structural modeling (IS) method has been used to stratify the variables. In order to design the model, a group of marketing experts, including university professors and managers of industrial companies, have been selected and interviewed. Sampling has been done using the snowball method. The sampling of experts in this research has continued until the discovery and analysis process reaches the theoretical saturation point. This research has reached theoretical saturation by conducting 15 interviews. In the present research, according to the topic and research objectives, a semi-structured interview method was used. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of re-testing and double-coder agreement were used. In this research, thematic analysis methods were used to analyze qualitative data. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative section using MAXQDA software. Findings:Data analysis was done in the qualitative phase with the thematic analysis method and in the quantitative part with the interpretive structural modeling method. Based on the results obtained in the qualitative phase, overarching themes, including organizational factors, socio-cultural factors, legal factors, marketing factors, and financial factors, were identified. Based on the results of interpretative structural modeling, competitive advantage at the first level, variables of capital attraction and cost and income performance at the second level, customer orientation variables at the third level, variables of social networks and digital channels at the fourth level, rules and regulations, organizational culture, and education. And learning is at the fifth level, and finally, the organization's green orientation is at the sixth level. Discussion and Conclusion:In confirmation of this finding, Shaukat & Ming (2022) also introduced the green orientation of industrial companies as a key factor in improving the performance of these companies. In confirmation of this finding, Shaukat & Ming (2022) also introduced the green orientation of industrial companies as a key factor in improving the performance of these companies. The results obtained in this research in relation to organizational factors agree with the findings of Setkute & Dibb (2022); Srivastava et al. (2022); Matt et al. (2015); Behra et al. (2022); and Dunakhe et al. (2022). Socio-cultural factors have been among other overarching themes identified in the green digital marketing development model in the trade-business sector. While many business organizations focus on the technological aspects of digital transformation, there is no doubt that culture is the most important key to digital marketing success. Culture represents a common set of accepted values and behaviors of an organization that defines how to make decisions and implement strategies. The results obtained in relation to socio-cultural factors with Varshani's findings (2020), Roth et al. (2020), Wright et al. (2019), Cartwright et al. (2021), Zamani et al. (2022), Mesibi et al. (2022), and Rostamzad (2021) agree. Legal factors have been among other overarching themes identified in the development pattern of green digital marketing in the business-to-business sector. To explain this finding, we can refer to the results obtained in one of the research studies last year. According to Lau (2022), only 27% of consumers fully understand how companies use their personal information, and 86% want more transparency. The results obtained in relation to the legal factors of B2B digital green marketing with the results reported by Hein et al. (2022), Jones et al. (2022), Pandey et al. (2020), Behra et al. (2022), Safavi and Mousaviyan (2019); Noami, Yazdanfar, Azad (2018), and Donake et al. (2022) are consistent. Marketing factors have been among other overarching themes identified in the green digital marketing development model in the business-business sector. In relation to these factors, we can mention components such as customer orientation and the use of social media channels as a tool to develop B2B digital green marketing. In fact, this result indicates the priority of customer-oriented and customer-oriented market orientation for all strategies of the organization in line with the development of B2B digital green marketing. This research, with the findings of Varshani (2020), Roth et al. (2020), Wright et al. (2019), Cartwright et al. (2021), Li et al. (2022), and Joss (2022), is consistent. Financial factors have been one of the other overarching themes identified in the green digital marketing development model in the business-to-business sector. Financial management has a central role in companies and is effective in budgeting, financing in financial markets, and evaluating capital and marketing projects. This finding is consistent with the results of Srivastava et al. (2022); Cartwright et al. (2021); Ghorbani and colleagues (2022); Zamani et al. (2022); Saura et al. (2020); Shankar et al. (2022); and Setkute & Dibb (2022).

IntroductionAlthough there are many expectations of the role of tourism in the development process of the local and rural economy, tourism in rural settlements has not played its main and key role as a tool to achieve sustainable rural development. Weak attention to the appropriate approaches of rural tourism marketing is one of the most important factors of little success and sometimes the lack of success of tourism in the process of sustainable rural development. Meanwhile, marketing is one of the important elements in the sustainable development of rural tourism. By applying tourism marketing methods, while identifying and selecting target markets, it is possible to introduce the village and its unique features, along with creating competition for the sale of local, cultural products and other services. Also, with the increase in the number of tourists in tourist destinations, he used the many economic and social benefits of tourism in a favorable way.Palangan village, as the center of one of the exemplary tourism areas of Kurdistan province and also one of the target villages of Kurdistan province, is one of the most spectacular villages of Kurdistan province. This village, with its amazing and unique staircase architecture and beautiful and pristine natural landscape, has been registered in the country's national heritage list and has been given the titles of "Lost Paradise" and "Kurdistan Masuleh". According to the results of the last population and housing census of Kurdistan province, this village has 809 people (405 men and 404 women) in the form of 215 households. Because of the natural and human attractions of this village, thousands of domestic and foreign tourists visit this village every year. Considering the important role of marketing in the development of tourism as well as rural development, studies in this field can provide the basis for the prosperity and prosperity of tourism in the studied area. Surveys show that so far, few studies have been conducted regarding the state of rural tourism marketing and the factors affecting it, and this has received less attention from researchers. Meanwhile, rural tourism marketing is one of the essentials of sustainable tourism development. Therefore, the main questions of the current research are: What is the state of rural tourism marketing indicators separately and also the general state of tourism marketing in rural Palgangan? And what are the most important factors affecting the development of tourism marketing in Palangan village?Materials and methodsThe main purpose of the present quantitative and applied research, which was carried out with a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods, is to evaluate and measure the state of rural tourism marketing and identify the factors affecting it from the point of view of tourists. This research has been conducted as a case study in Palangan village (located in Kamyaran county). Considering the time constraints and high costs of questionnaire distribution, as well as tourists' unwillingness to cooperate with researchers, 165 questionnaires were distributed among tourists in the study area. Due to the distortion of 15 of them, the data collected from 150 tourists have been analyzed. The main research tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire, which is designed in three main parts. To check the validity of the mentioned questionnaire, the opinions of tourism researchers and experts were used, and to check its reliability, a pre-test with 30 questionnaires was used. To analyze the collected data according to the main purpose of the research, one-sample t-test, frequency distribution table and exploratory factor analysis have been used.:FindingsThe results showed that among the 11 key indicators of rural tourism marketing, the average indicators of attractions, infrastructure, environmental situation, culture, travel cost and skilled manpower are respectively with the values of 3.54, 3.35, 3.8, 3.588, 3.381 and 3.981, more than average and The average indices of accessibility to facilities, rules and regulations and investment are at the average level respectively with values of 2.938, 2.945 and 2.937 and The average of the two indicators of promotion and training with the values of 2.491 and 2.304, respectively, has been lower than the average. The results of factor analysis showed that the most important factors affecting rural tourism marketing are: Efficient advertising and marketing (20.677 percent), attractiveness of the destination and improvement of infrastructure quality (16.807 percent), Financial support and incentives (10.33 percent), Active participation of the local community (9.014 percent) and entrepreneurship development in tourism (8.859 percent).:Discussion and conclusionDespite the large number of domestic and foreign tourists from Palangan village, which is one of the most important tourist target villages in Kurdistan province, no study has been conducted on tourism marketing and its influencing factors in this geographical area. Dealing with this category can provide the background and platform for the development of rural tourism and through that the local community can benefit from the benefits of rural tourism. According to the results obtained in order to strengthen and develop the marketing of rural tourism in the studied area, the implementation of strategies such as Effective and efficient advertising in local media (Kamiaran city) and Kurdistan province regarding the attractions and tourism capacities of Palangan village, Formation of groups/channels specific to the development of rural tourism in various internal and external virtual networks, Holding specialized workshops to familiarize the local community with rural tourism marketing, Respecting tourists as capitals for the sustainable development of the village, Forming a staff to welcome tourists at the entrance of the village, Holding various local festivals such as fish kebab festival, Nowruz Eid, taking into account effective information about them, Launching as many tourist tours as possible and welcoming and serving them properly, providing a platform for tourists to use free internet, Construction of ecotourism residences, Considering the opinions and tastes of tourists in the design of accommodation spaces and their decoration, Improving the quality and variety of welfare and health services in accommodation places, Repair and widening of communication roads to Palangan village, Variety in the price of services and products offered to tourists, Providing discounts to tourists in various fields, All-round support of the government sector for the development of rural tourism, especially in the field of allocating loans and credits and physical infrastructure, Holding local competitions among tourists and allocating cash and non-cash prizes to the winners of the competitions, etc., Along with the development of rural tourism marketing, they can provide the basis for the sustainable development of tourism and rural development.

Introduction: A large part of the sustainable marketing literature is devoted to the concept of “green”, which implies the environmental aspect of sustainable development, and it seems that the social aspect of sustainable development is less considered. Meanwhile, the company's social actions are very important, not only in terms of achieving sustainable development goals (this can be seen by referring to the 17 goals of the sustainable development program); they also have a positive impact on the image of the company and can attract customers' trust to social brands. However, in domestic literature, not much research has been done in relation to social branding. On the other hand, in many cases, the two concepts of social media branding and societal branding are confused with each other. The first refers to the use of social networks in branding activities, while the second basically refers to the social responsibility considerations of the company in branding operations, which is the subject of the present research. This research has been done with the aim of providing a branding model for Iran's dairy industry. Materials and methods:The main purpose of this research is to model social branding in the direction of sustainable development, so the current research is in the scope of developmental research. Since in this research we arrive at a general pattern from the data obtained from interviews and questionnaires, therefore, the approach of this research is inductive. Qualitative data analysis was done with the methods of exploratory and interview-based data theory, and quantitative data analysis was based on the nature and method of descriptive survey research, which is a questionnaire for data collection. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included university professors and managers of dairy companies. The selection of the statistical sample was continued using the purposeful snowball sampling method until the level of theoretical saturation and data sufficiency. A total of 19 experts were selected as samples in the qualitative section. The population studied in the quantitative research are the managers, supervisors, and employees of the livestock company (N = 730). To calculate the sample size, Cochran's formula for limited communities was used, and the statistical sample size reached 252 samples, which we distributed 300 questionnaires among them for more certainty. The main tool of data collection in the qualitative part is a semi-structured, in-depth interview. In the quantitative part, to test these research hypotheses, a researcher-made questionnaire containing 47 items was used to collect information. The items of the questionnaire have been formulated exactly based on the indicators identified in the qualitative phase of the research. In order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, and two methods of form-content validity (CVR-CVI) and construct validity (convergent validity and divergent validity) were used to check the validity. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of re-testing and double-coder agreement were used. Qualitative data was analyzed using the foundation data method. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative section using Maxqda software. Inferential statistics and the partial least squares technique (PLS) were used to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses. Findings:A questionnaire was provided to the statistical sample based on the results of the qualitative analysis of six categories of factors, including causal factors, mental paradigms of managers, optimization, organizational culture, and social responsibility. The results obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability, shared reliability, and AVE showed that the questionnaire has good validity and reliability, and finally, the model has a good fit. Discussion and conclusion:In relation to the causal conditions of social marketing categories, the mental paradigms of managers, social responsibility, optimal mining, and organizational culture were identified. The statistics of the “social marketing” category as one of the causal conditions of social branding are quite expected, because one cannot expect success in social branding without social marketing activities. An important category that was identified under the causal factors is the mental paradigms of the managers. Social branding is not just a category of communication and directives, and it is realized when the company managers (especially the senior managers of the company) are really concerned about society mentally and intellectually. This result is consistent with the findings of Al-Hosseini et al. (2014), Amiboor et al. (2021), and Kaur et al. (2020). The microenvironment and competitive environment were identified as contextual categories. This finding shows that even if the managers of an organization do not have much desire for social affairs, it is the general trend of society that leads organizations towards public benefit and social responsibility actions. For example, changes in consumer income levels can affect their purchasing habits and preferences for certain brands. This result is consistent with the findings of Al-Hosseini et al. (2014), Amiboor et al. (2021), and Kaur et al. (2020). Regarding the intervening conditions, the categories of employee participation and sustainable competitive advantage were identified. Sustainable competitive advantage refers to the unique strengths and resources that a dairy company has that allow it to outperform its competitors in the long run. In the dairy industry, sustainable competitive advantage can be obtained from various factors such as product quality, production efficiency, distribution channels, brand reputation, etc. Dairy companies rely on employees to ensure that their products meet high quality standards. When employees work together and communicate effectively, they can quickly identify and address production issues and challenges, resulting in better-quality products. These findings are consistent with the results of previous researchers (Rojas et al., 2023; Zahedi et al., 2020). Based on the results obtained in relation to the central category of the research, the category of social branding management was identified. Social branding management refers to the process of creating and maintaining a “community-oriented” or “community-friendly” brand image for a company's products or services. The role of social branding management is vital to the branding model of dairy companies. Social branding management can help to create a unique and convincing brand “social identity” that connects with consumers. The results are in line with the findings of Shafiq et al. (2023) and Wu et al. (2024). Charitable marketing, cooperative branding, and target market selection were identified as strategic categories. Brand development through joint branding and the formation of economic clusters can also be a suitable solution for small domestic dairy companies. On the path of progress, many small and start-up businesses face challenges that larger businesses usually do not face. This can lead to higher conversion rates, increased customer loyalty, and higher profits. These findings are consistent with those of Christiansen (1922), Dumont and Oates (2020), Dhaka et al. (2022), and Iskanderpour et al. (2023).

Introduction: Brand is one of the most valuable assets of any organization, and green human resource management can pave the way to achieve more market share and more profitability in any industry. In the meantime, this valuation from the customer's point of view is very important for companies. Family companies are a type of business enterprise in which decisions are made by family members (different generations). These companies have played an influential role in the economy for a long time and are considered one of the fundamental organizations that make up the overall economy of a country. While many studies have been conducted in relation to co-creation and family branding, in most of the previous studies, these two concepts have been studied in the form of two separate areas. Not much research has been done on the investigation of value co-creation in the framework of family branding, which is one of the main motivations for this research. On the other hand, green social capital is one of the very new and emerging concepts in management literature and has not received much attention from domestic and foreign researchers. According to the review conducted by the authors, so far there has not been a single internal article related to green social capital and its potential role in the co-creation of brand value. Meanwhile, with the increasing importance of the environment from the customers' point of view. The companies focus on considering the green approach in branding, which can play an effective role in creating a relationship between the company and a wide network of customers who are enthusiastic about the environment. This creates the basis for creating a brand. To provide green products adhering to environmental principles. With these explanations, the present study presents a value co-creation model based on green social capital in family businesses. Materials and methods:The purpose of this research is in the field of developmental research. Also, based on the nature and method, the current research is research with a mixed approach, which is conducted cross-sectionally in terms of time. The statistical population of the qualitative phase of the research includes the professors of Islamic Azad University and several university units in marketing fields. Customers of the leather industry customer club, managers, and expert experts in matters of family brand and social capital. They are familiar with the topics of family brand and social capital. To determine the samples for this research and to determine this group of experts, the purposeful sampling method was used. The sampling method was snowball, which was achieved with 15 theoretical saturation interviews. The statistical population in the quantitative section is equal to 4000 employees and experts of sales, marketing, and commercial management of companies active in the leather industry and active representatives of leather brand companies whose headquarters are in Tehran. This population is limited to 384 people through the Cochran formula for communities. We have received a sample, and the questionnaire has been provided to these people in the form of a link and through the online website that was designed by Poress Line. Coding of the data obtained from the interviews in this study was done with the database approach: open coding, central coding, and selective coding. All stages of qualitative analysis were done using MAXQDA software. The partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the questionnaire data. Findings:Data integration is very important in fundamental theorizing. In the research process, after collecting data, analyzing it, and interpreting it, it is time to present the model, conclusion, and summary of the research. In the first step, by examining the current situation, the obtained data are classified into 6 main categories. According to the opinions of professors and experts, 14 categories and 29 indicators have been used for the value co-creation model based on green social capital from all the indicators obtained from the qualitative data analysis of the Interview Foundation. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, community environmental concern and communication are causal conditions; economic factors and green brand culture are contextual categories; green marketing management and market orientation are intervening conditions; green social capital is a central phenomenon; green orientation, maintaining brand value, shared brand, and emotional brand are strategies and active loyalty. Brand resonance and meaning. The brand was identified as the most important consequence of value co-creation based on green social capital in family branding. In the quantitative part and before testing the research hypotheses, the validity and reliability values of the questionnaire were checked. The average value of shared values was obtained as 0.789. The average value of (R^2) ̅ was calculated to be equal to 0.618, and the standard value of GOF was equal to 0.698. Obtaining the value obtained for these criteria shows the strong fit of the overall research model. The results of the quantitative part, while confirming the research hypotheses, showed that the proposed model has good validity. Discussion and conclusion:Community environmental concern and communication were identified as causal conditions in the value co-creation model based on green social capital. Human activities are changing the world and the environment in which we live. Global environmental changes—such as pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, and fresh water depletion—affect people worldwide, findings consistent with results from other researchers (Manoz-Bolon et al., 2022; Afford et al., 2021; Sarasov et al., 2022). Economic factors and green brand culture are the main contextual categories in relation to value co-creation in family branding. The success of family companies in the business market largely depends on the economic strategy and methods used to finance business processes. The results obtained in this research are consistent with the results of previous researchers, including Javashi et al. (2019), Suzan et al. (2020), and Boni et al. Green marketing management and market orientation were chosen as the categories of intervening conditions in formulating a value co-creation model based on green social capital. Green marketing includes all activities that help improve the environment. The results obtained in this research are consistent with the results of other researchers (Liu et al., 2024; Form and Tychon, 2021; Dressler and Panovich, 2021). Green social capital was identified as a central phenomenon in the current research. Small-scale business sectors with limited capital can improve business performance by creating linkages between entrepreneurs. The results obtained regarding the axial phenomenon are consistent with the findings of Hay et al. (2021), Singh et al. (2021), Schmiller et al. (2023), and Alola et al. (2023). Green orientation, maintaining brand value, shared branding, and emotional branding were identified in relation to the main strategies in the value co-creation model based on green social capital. The results obtained in this research are consistent with those of Sarasov et al. (2022), Chu et al. (2024), Sisvanti et al. (2024), and Hasani et al. (2018). Brand resonance, brand loyalty, and brand meaning were identified as the most important consequences of value co-creation based on green social capital in family branding. In explaining this finding, it should be mentioned that customer loyalty is undoubtedly the main key to success and higher profitability. The results obtained in this research are consistent with the findings of Suzan et al. (2020), Boni et al. (2020), Manoz et al. (2022), and Sajider et al.

Introduction:Government policies are a major driver of food production and consumption patterns, both locally and globally. In developed countries, government subsidies have stimulated overproduction, while imports of politically sensitive products remain heavily protected using tariffs and other measures. Such policies have, in turn, undermined developing countries’ ability to promote rural development and develop their export sectors. The reform of the global agriculture trading system initiated during the Uruguay Round attempts to correct these inefficiencies by requiring heavily subsidizing countries to decrease their level of support over time. However, the round also established a special category of subsidies that are exempt from reduction commitments. International rules on domestic support include a reduction in all payments in the Amber Box, whereas those in the Green Box are exempt from the reduction commitment. According to the Agreement on Agriculture of WTO members, green box subsidies should not distort production or trade, or at most cause minimal distortions. Agra-environment measures are currently the main instrument for the integration of environmental goals into the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and for meeting society's demand for environmental outcomes provided by agriculture. Agra-Environment Payments are part of the green box programs and the main tool to enhance the positive side effects of agriculture on the environment. The main purpose of this study is to examine the dimensions of green box subsidies, practical measures, and related policies, and compare the trend of change between developed and developing countries. Efforts have also been made to examine the extent of Agra-environmental measures in different countries, the effectiveness of these payments, and the overall effects on agricultural production and trade. By reviewing the actions taken by other countries in this regard, it is possible to draw suggestions for improving policy measures in this area. Materials and methods:This research is descriptive-explanatory based on cross-sectional and time-series data. The research method used in this article is critical realism. Critical realism claims that it can lead us to a deeper understanding of phenomena and their generative mechanisms through stratified ontology, which considers reality in three empirical, actual, and real layers. In this paradigm, by delving into reality step by step, the veil is lifted from the hidden and dormant aspects of the phenomena, allowing for a more profound and enhanced comprehension of them. To conduct the research, through a systematic literature review in several specialized scientific-information databases, related articles and reports were identified. The obtained information content was then categorized and ranked on three axes as follows: a) box shifting in the European Union, the United States, and many developed countries. b) the available evidence of the effects of the production and trade distortions of green box subsidies. c) Agra-environmental measures carried out in different countries. Since in developing countries, agra-environmental payments are very rare, most of them are mandatory, and the amounts of compensation payments proposed by governments are insignificant, the current research is focused on developed countries.Findings:Following the AOA, there has been a significant reduction in subsidies under the Amber Box and Blue Box in the developed countries. However, this decline has been more than compensated for by substantial increases in GB domestic subsidies following extensive ‘box shifting’ of subsidies. In the EU, domestic support in the green box increased from €21.92 billion in 1999 to €68.52 billion in 2020. Similarly, in the US, green box subsidies increased from €55 billion in 2000 to €160 billion in 2020. The research findings indicate that developed countries have dramatically increased their green box support, while in developing countries, paid subsidies as a percentage of agricultural GDP are very low. Evidence also shows that, despite the allegations made, subsidies paid by developed countries have led to significant production and trade-distortion. These subsidies have been associated with influencing producers' decisions by reducing production costs, increasing wealth, reducing investment risk, and creating domestic demand for their products. It is well established in the theoretical literature that the channels through which the decoupled payments under the green box can affect production are (a) risk effects; (b) land price effects; (c) credit effects; (d) labor participation effects; and (e) expectations effects. Literature provides sufficient evidence of the favorable impact of GB subsidies on the production and competitiveness of developed countries. Furthermore, impacts from agra-environmental payment programs in regions such as the US and the EU could be negative for farmers in developing countries, with cumulative effects in the long term, creating a competitive imbalance between the two worlds once more. Discussion and Conclusion:The above results indicate that GB subsidies have increased agricultural production in and exports in developed countries, and thereby put developing countries and other efficient producers at a disadvantage. Although developed countries have over the years attempted to decouple their domestic support in GB from production, they have increasingly coupled it with producers’ behavior. Box shifting in developed countries has substantially increased the amount of GB subsidies. The sheer volume and nature of subsidies provided by some developed countries, in particular the EU countries and the USA, have led to significant production and trade distortions. Since the green box subsidies were allowed to be retained and no maximum limit was imposed on them, they can easily be abused and would be a tempting option to canalize subsidies. The conclusion is that any WTO activity must be consistent with its principles, such as predictability, transparency, and non-discrimination. There is an urgent need to bring GB subsidies under international disciplines. The criteria and operation of the green box, including environmental measures, definitely need a major overhaul and clarification. The goal is to determine a specific set of rules so that all countries have the same understanding of these rules and can survive within them. Some of the broad principles that can be followed include: identifying an upper bound for the extent of subsidies that can be provided by developed countries under the GB; allowing direct payments only in cases of natural disasters and/or where production loss has otherwise been above a threshold level. Also strengthening the review mechanism.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize supply chain strategies for date products processing in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The statistical population of the research was managers and experts of the Agricultural Jihad Department, Faculty of Agriculture and gardeners of Saravan city, who were surveyed. The research method is descriptive-survey and practical in terms of purpose. The research tool is a preference questionnaire. This questionnaire had three main criteria and six sub criteria. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The inconsistency rate of all indicators was less than 0.1. Then this questionnaire was distributed among the sample members and the resulting data was analyzed by AHP method and Super Decision software. The results of the research showed that the field of supply and distribution is in the first place with a weight of 0.086, the field of supply and production is in the second place with a weight of 0.053, and the field of supply and procurement is in the third place with a weight of 0.043. The production support sub-criterion with a weight of 0.361 was ranked first, transportation to distribution centers with a weight of 0.296 was ranked second, and storage of raw materials, storage of manufactured goods, and packaging were placed in the next ranks, respectively. Therefore, the most attention is directed to the field of supply and distribution.

Introduction:In previous research, scholars found that when interacting with leaders, employees' efforts to achieve balance and regulation are influenced by emotions, which mediate the relationship between movement regulation and employee happiness. Using resource conservation theory, this study will contribute to the literature in several ways. First, it adds to the body of knowledge on green behavior in the workplace by clarifying the role of leaders in promoting green behavior among their followers. Second, it investigates the underlying mechanism through which green leadership affects employees' green behavior via green attitudes and emotional exhaustion. Third, this study employs resource conservation theory to support the development of hypotheses regarding the direct, mediating, and moderating mechanisms by which green leadership and human resource management interactions influence employees' green behavior. Finally, the findings will provide new evidence and insights on green leadership, green human resource management, and their outcomes in the construction sector of emerging economies, which have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the impact of green leadership on employees' green behavior through green attitudes and green human resource management in manufacturing companies in Shahrekord. Materials and methods:This study is applied in nature and employs a descriptive correlational method for data collection. The statistical population comprises 660 employees working in manufacturing companies in Shahrekord, from which a sample was drawn. Given the limited size of the population, the sample size was determined to be 244 individuals using Cochran's formula. A stratified sampling method proportional to size was utilized. The research instruments included standard questionnaires: the Green Leadership Scale by Su, et al. (2020), the Green Behavior Questionnaire by Block et al. (2015), the Green Attitude Scale by Shah (2023), and the Green Human Resource Management Questionnaire by Shah (2023). The validity of the questionnaires was assessed through expert opinions and feedback from a subset of the statistical population. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding values of 0.90, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.90, respectively. To assess the validity of the content, the questionnaires were reviewed by experts and professors for localization before implementation. For face validity, the questionnaires were evaluated by 30 individuals from the statistical population, and after conceptual revisions, they were approved. In terms of construct validity, all items were analyzed using LISREL software, with fit indices above 0.90, indicating that the items are acceptable.Findings:The results indicated that green leadership has a positive and significant impact on employees' green behavior through green attitudes, with a coefficient of 0.76. Additionally, green leadership positively and significantly affects employees' green behavior through green human resource management, with a coefficient of 0.65. Furthermore, green leadership directly influences employees' green behavior, with a coefficient of 0.66.The findings also showed that the lower bound of the confidence interval for green attitudes, as a mediating variable between green leadership and employees' green behavior, is 0.770, while the upper bound is 0.110. The confidence level for this interval is 95%, with a bootstrap sample size of 5000. Since zero falls outside this confidence interval, the mediating relationship is significant; thus, green attitudes play a mediating role in the relationship between green leadership and employees' green behavior.Similarly, the lower bound of the confidence interval for green human resource management, as a mediating variable between green leadership and employees' green behavior, is 0.885, and the upper bound is 0.225. The confidence level for this interval is also 95%, with a bootstrap sample size of 5000. Again, since zero is outside this confidence interval, this mediating relationship is significant; therefore, green human resource management also serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between green leadership and employees' green behavior. Discussion and conclusion:This study aimed to investigate the impact of green leadership on employees' green behavior through green attitudes and green human resource management, with all hypotheses being confirmed. The findings align with previous research in this field (Afsar, Badir, & Kiani, 2016; Khan & Khan, 2021; Khan, 2023; Saleem et al., 2020; Zeng & Starik, 2017), which tested these relationships across various industries. However, the current study specifically focuses on manufacturing companies in Shahrekord.In interpreting the first hypothesis, it is noted that this is one of the first studies in management literature to measure the impact of green leadership style on employees' green behavior. It also aims to assess the mediating effects of employees' green attitudes and green human resource management on the relationship between green leadership and green behavior. While there is a substantial body of literature on leadership styles and green behavior in other industries (Afsar, Badir, & Kiani, 2016; Zeng & Starik, 2017), studies that integrate these three constructs are scarce.Ultimately, this research demonstrates that green leadership and green human resource management have both direct and indirect positive effects on employees' green behavior. This can assist researchers in gaining a better understanding of how two types of contextual factors related to green practices influence employees' green behavior, thereby enhancing scholars' knowledge regarding the formation processes of green behavior.Previous research has focused on the effects of leadership on employees' green behavior (Olorunsola & Alola, 2021; Khan & Khan, 2021) or the impact of green human resource management on employees' green behavior (Choudhary, 2020; Mishra, Sarkar, & Kiranmay, 2014). However, they have overlooked the combined effects of these two critical situational factors. The existing findings are insufficient to provide a comprehensive overview of "how to effectively encourage employees' green behavior." Employees are not solely influenced by leadership behavior or human resource management; rather, their workplace behaviors are often affected by various resources in the work environment (Aburamadan, Kundi, & Farah, 2021).As a result, this study is the first to combine green leadership and green human resource management as organizational resources for employees when examining the mechanisms of inducing green behavior. The depth of understanding regarding the mechanisms of employees' green behavior is enhanced by exploring the combined effects of these two sources of green management on employees' green behavior.

Introduction:In today's knowledge-based economy, focusing on intellectual capital is vital for maintaining competitiveness. Intellectual capital serves as a foundation for new resources that organizations can leverage to compete effectively. Its significance stems from the need for skilled employees, the rising value of customers, and an emphasis on learning and innovation, which drive organizational performance and value creation. This value manifests through innovation, productivity increases, cost reductions, and enhanced customer loyalty. Effective management of intellectual capital is crucial for organizational productivity and business performance. Moreover, there has been a growing focus on environmental protection and sustainable development principles. Green absorptive capacity, which includes acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation, enables companies to adapt to changing environments. Organizations with higher green absorptive capacity can better identify and utilize knowledge to develop valuable business strategies, promoting sustainable practices internally. A green business strategy is formed when companies integrate environmental regulations into their operations through ethical guidelines. Strong environmental ethics guide organizations to reduce pollution and invest in green initiatives. As noted by Chen and Kyung (2019), corporate ethical laws incorporate environmental concerns into decision-making, fostering green competitive advantages. Dena Tire Manufacturing Company should prioritize green intellectual capital, green absorptive capacity, and ethical regulations in its business strategy formulation. This approach is essential for achieving sustainability in manufacturing, especially given increasing public and policy pressures. Since no prior studies have focused on this area within Dena Tire Manufacturing Company, this research is both important and necessary. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the impact of green intellectual capital on green business strategy, considering the roles of green absorptive capacity and organizational environmental ethics. Materials and Methods:This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of its nature and method. The statistical population of this research consists of all managers and supervisors working at Dena Tire Manufacturing Company, totaling 365 individuals. To determine the sample size of this population, Cochran's formula was used, resulting in a sample size of 187 individuals. The sampling method used in this research is simple random sampling, and the data collection method is both library-based and field-based. The tool used in this research is a standard questionnaire derived from the work of Bagham and colleagues (2023), consisting of 35 questions. The questionnaire is designed in two sections: the first section collects general demographic information for descriptive statistics, while the second section contains questions related to testing hypotheses. The questionnaire is designed based on a five-point Likert scale, and to maintain the confidentiality of personnel information, the questionnaires were distributed anonymously among employees. The green intellectual capital section of the questionnaire includes three dimensions: green human capital, green structural capital, and green relational capital. The green intellectual capital scale consists of 14 items and was initially developed by Chen (2008) and validated in many studies (Yang et al., 2019). Green absorptive capacity includes 10 items and is adapted from the work of Pachakoo and colleagues (2018), which has also been validated by Wang et al. (2022) and Zhang et al. (2020). To measure green business strategy, 7 items developed by Bikaksioğlu and colleagues (2019) were used, which were previously validated by Banerjee et al. (2003). Additionally, to examine and evaluate ethical laws, a scale developed by Chang (2011) with 4 items was used, which was validated by Han et al. (2019) and Gu et al. (2020). To assess the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used. For determining the validity of the research tool, both face validity and content validity were employed, and for examining and confirming convergent validity, the average variance extracted was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics indicators reflect the current status of the statistical population regarding various variables, and inferential statistics were used to generalize the research results. In the inferential statistics section, structural equation modeling was employed, and Smart PLS version 3 and SPSS version 19 software were used for data analysis. Findings:The results of data analysis indicate that green intellectual capital has a positive and significant impact on green business strategy and green absorptive capacity. Green absorptive capacity positively and significantly affects green business strategy. Green absorptive capacity serves as a mediating role in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy. Organizational environmental ethics does not have a moderating role in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy. Discussion and Conclusion:This research explores how green intellectual capital influences green business strategy, focusing on the roles of green absorptive capacity and organizational environmental ethics at Dena Tire Manufacturing Company. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, highlighting its importance in reducing environmental degradation and promoting sustainable practices while ensuring economic profitability. Additionally, green intellectual capital significantly enhances green absorptive capacity, which helps the company absorb and manage green knowledge from external sources. This capacity acts as a mediator in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, facilitating the development of effective environmental policies. The study also indicates that corporate ethical laws positively moderate the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, although their impact was not statistically significant. Amid growing environmental concerns, companies are encouraged to adopt strong ethical principles, which can attract green talent, boost productivity, and enhance brand reputation. However, Dena Tire Manufacturing Company struggles with insufficient enforcement of environmental ethics, limiting the effectiveness of its green strategies. Without a strong commitment to these ethical values, the potential of green intellectual capital to drive sustainable practices remains unfulfilled.