JOURNAL OF BORDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2021 | Volume:10 | Issue:1 (36)|Papers Count:7

Countering drug trafficking at sea, as one of the international organized crimes, requires access to information, which is now referred to as intelligence dominance. The present study was conducted to identify the priorities and intelligence challenges of I. R. I. Police in combating drug trafficking at sea. In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is descriptive-survey and exploratory. A semi-structured interview and a questionnaire were used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative phase was 30 individuals, of which 28 individuals were selected according to Morgan Table, but due to the limited statistical size and taking into account the research considerations, they were selected as a whole; and in the qualitative phase 15 individuals collaborated as research participants until they reached theoretical saturation. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts using face validity method and its reliability has been measured by reviewing the indicators and components extracted from the open data by experts. After implementing the interview text and analyzing them, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were extracted according to the SWOT matrix. SPSS software was used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results show that the first priority is manpower and organizational structure, and the second priority is to pay attention to environmental opportunities, including the intellectual support of the Supreme Leader and the existence of advanced technologies in other security institutions and. . . should be considered. In the first group, the challenges were identified as the lack of organizational structure appropriate to the organization's naval missions, and in the second group, cultural weakness and the general tendency of society to abuse drugs were identified.

Today, the tourism industry as a fledgling industry, with its distinctive and unique features, has wide economic effects. Increasing employment, reducing unemployment, improving people's living standards and improving infrastructure are among the most important positive economic effects of tourism. And because of the role and importance of the tourism industry, many development planners and policymakers today refer to it as the principle of sustainable development. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytical in nature, which examines the role of tourism in the economic development of border areas. The required data were collected using descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included university professors, public and private experts active in the field of tourism and local managers. The statistical population was selected (174 individuals) using purposive sampling method and the measurement tools were questionnaire and interview. Content validity method was used to determine the validity of the instrument and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to examine the reliability of the instrument. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and Chi-square test and one-sample t-test were used to prove the hypotheses. According to the results, the inference is that there is a significant and positive relationship between tourism and the creation of new job opportunities in the border areas of Oramanat, tourism and increasing the income of border residents, tourism and the development of indigenous handicrafts of Oramanat border region, and the tourism and reduction of unemployment rate in the Oramanat border region in 99% level of significance.

Recent developments in the economic situation and characteristics, especially in the rural economy, have led to the discussion of employment, especially women's employment, to one of the most important issues that can be influenced by many factors. In this regard, this study was conducted in order to analyze the factors affecting the optimal employment of women in agriculture in border villages of Sardasht city in West Azerbaijan province in 2019 in which the survey method and questionnaire techniques were developed and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The statistical population in this study was women working in the field of agriculture in the study area between the ages of 15 to 65 years. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 370 individuals from 30 selected villages in Sardasht city was selected using cluster sampling method. Based on the theoretical foundations and literature of the research, the factors affecting the optimal employment of women in the field of agriculture in the region are: individual factors (psychological), cultural factors and organizational factors. Data analysis was performed using Spearman correlation and linear regression tests. The results showed that among individual factors, women's age, education, marital status, and the number of children had the greatest impact on women's employment, respectively. Among cultural factors, motivation to achieve social status, cultural beliefs, religious and belief factors and financial motivation are the most important, respectively, and finally among the organizational factors, indicators of administrative and educational structure are important. In total, based on the results of the linear regression test, the three factors studied at the rate of 0. 566 are effective on women's employment in agriculture in the border city of Sardasht.

One of the conditions and necessities of providing security in a country is securing the international borders of that country. Border security is a precondition for the country's internal security. Iran has many borders with its neighbors, whose insecurity has raised concerns for border residents and the central government. West Azerbaijan Province due to its proximity to three important countries, also, due to its sensitive geopolitical and geostrategic position as a gateway and bridge between Iran and Europe, is considered one of the most troubled border lines in the country. Numerous socio-military and political problems such as smuggling of goods and fuel, alcohol, narcotics, weapons and ammunition clashes between security forces and Kurdish nationalist groups, and ethnic-religious tensions and challenges between minorities are among the most common causes of insecurity in the area. In terms of research method this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, which has evaluated the role of geopolitical indicators in border security of border cities of West Azerbaijan province. The statistical population is 30 professors, specialists and experts in the field of security and military-security personnel and the Pearson correlation coefficient method has been used for data analysis. The results show that the most important geopolitical factor affecting border security is political factors and the most effective component is the presence of foreign forces opposed to the Islamic Republic in neighboring countries. There is also a direct relationship between geopolitical factors and human factors affecting border security; but the intensity of this relationship varies among variables.

Anti-narcotics criminal policy is the measures, actions and activities that are carried out within the framework of the government's duties in order to combat the supply of these drugs. Analysis of various criminal policies after the revolution in the face of drugs due to its vast damage in society and also the pivotal role of prevention in the discussion of social harms and challenges in society and decision makers in relation to the assessment of failure of the countermeasures that are made by offering suggestions to minimize the harmful effects of drugs through demand prevention that with the help of the community and the family, this problem is largely eradicated in the community. The purpose of this study is to present and prioritize supply-oriented criminal policy against drugs. The statistical population of the research is the group of experts and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The SWARA method has been used to analyze the data. The results showed that the general policies of social measures to combat drug supply weighing 2. 3755 is in the first place (the most important strategy in this policy is the implementation of preventive policies by strengthening the family institution), the policy of preventive measures to increase the difficulty of drug trafficking weighting 1. 65769 is in the second place (the most important strategy in this policy is to strengthen the targets and control access to drug distributors), the general policy of preventing drug trafficking by increasing the risk of committing with a weight of 1. 20999 is in the third place (the most important strategy in this policy is developing protection and strengthening official supervision), and finally the general policy of acting through the law enforcement force with a weight of 0. 9994 is in the last rank (the most important strategy in this policy is the strategy of monitoring public places and controlling entrances and exits in parks, street intersections, restaurants, etc. ) in terms of importance and prioritization.

Considering that the law enforcement force, especially the border guards, as the main custodian of the fight against smuggling of goods in the country, is responsible for identifying, detecting and dealing with smuggling of goods, therefore, this study has been conducted aiming at identifying and extracting the factors affecting the empowerment of border guards in dealing with the phenomenon of trafficking, and in order to increase the capacity, effectiveness and efficiency of staff. In terms of its objective the present research is of an applied type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a quantitative study that has been conducted using survey method. The statistical population of the present study includes employees working in the border headquarters of Kurdistan province and related areas, which is a total of 120 individuals, as the sample size of this study. Data collection tool was a researchermade questionnaire, which was formulated after library study, field research and interviews with experts. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Summarizing, and analyzing the results indicated that in the dimension of individual factors, reducing greed and extravagance-solving financial problems-promoting beliefs and strengthening the adherence to religious norms; in the dimension of organizational factors, preventing long-term presence in border units-providing the necessary facilities for units to prevent dependence on native people-employing committed and motivated managers; in the dimension of external factors, preventing the activities of organized smuggling gangs-decisive action against smugglers by the judiciary and security authorities-reducing economic problems and eliminating poverty and unemployment of border residents were the factors affecting the ability of border guards to combat trafficking, respectively. The results indicate that (respectively) external factors, internal organizational factors and then individual factors are effective on the empowerment of border guards in combating smuggling of goods in Kurdistan province.

The formation of the Safavid state in Iran, in the form of a Shiite state of twelve Imams, is one of the longest and most attractive chapters in the history of Islam and Iran. Because the followers of this religion continued their unrelenting struggles for nine centuries until the Shiite religion was declared the official religion of Iran. Since the Safavid period is a turning point in the history of Iran, many phenomena of political geography in Iran underwent changes. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of religious identity in objectifying the geographical borders of Iran in Safavid era and to study the interaction of political borders with religious identity. This article seeks to analyze and ask questions such as: "how did the political borders of Iran before the Safavid dynasty differ from the borders of the Safavid period? " What a substantial change in religious identity has taken place in the political-geographical borders of Iran which scholars consider as the beginning of Iran's politicalgeographical integration. The results show that it is in this period that for the first time a cultural-political factor called religious identity has been able to separate the borders and peripheral areas of Iran from non-Iran alone and more or less guarantee their existence until the formation of a modern state in Iran.