Political International Researches
Year:2021 | Volume:12 | Issue:45|Papers Count:7

Russia's direct military presence in the Syrian civil war since 2015 has made one of the most important strategic changes in the Middle East equation. Russia has been embroiled in a geopolitical conflict with the United States since the strengthening of its eastward rotation policy in 2012, then annexation of Crimea to its territory in 2014, and finally in 2015, with military intervention in Syria to the worst of relations between the two. A global actor will emerge after the end of the Cold War. The rivalry between Moscow and Washington resumed in the Middle East after the Cold War, as the Islamic Republic of Iran sought to maintain and strengthen itself in the wake of the Arab Spring. Due to Iran's general policies in the region, which are based on undermining the American order, Tehran has expanded its relations with Russia in recent years. This relationship has reached an overlap of interests in "keeping Bashar al-Assad in power. " This article uses a qualitative and analytical method to consider the relations between Iran, Russia, and the United States in the form of an interconnected cycle and to evaluate the impact of the Russian-American competition to show that such competition has helped increase Iran's influence in the Middle East over the past decade.

Turkey is one of the developing and emerging countries that has been economically and politically successful among the countries of the region. The geographical location of this country in its proximity to Europe and the Middle East, has led to a mutual impact on both regions. Turkey's growth and development path has been such that it has sought to achieve European political, economic, behavioral and value standards, and has always applied to join the European Union over the years. Today, however, we see that Turkey has chosen a different path and, with less attention to European standards, is trying to present itself as an active player in the Middle East and North Africa. The present Study seeks the reason for this change in Turkey's approach between 2000 and 2020 and tests the hypothesis by descriptive-analytical method that the policy of Turkish leaders is based on the existence of great and influential powers in the European Union, Turkey could have been a second-rate player in Europe at best, but these capabilities of Turkey in the Middle East could make it one of the most important and influential players in the first level of the region, and therefore in a strategic choice, Turkey has chosen the second path.

Shortly After the Discovery of Genes, and Especially the New Findings and Achievements in Genetics, it Became Clear that in Addition to Some Appearance and Physical Characteristics, Human Behavior is also Influenced by the Nature of his Internal Genetics. Hence, a New Interest and Motivation was Created Among a Group of Thinkers and Researchers in the Humanities to Study, Research and Defend the Genetic Foundations of Human Behavior, as well as to Combine their Knowledge with the Science of Genetics. Meanwhile, a New Generation of Thinkers and Researchers in Political Science and International Relations, with the Aim of Explaining Political Behaviors Based on the Nature of Human Genetics, began a Series of Studies and Researches that Eventually Led to the Emergence of New Interdisciplinary Knowledge Called "Genopolitics". However, so Far, Scientific Identity and their Achievements have not Been Carefully Studied in Domestic Research. This Study, by Using Tendency as Method, seeks to Snswer the Question: "What Intellectual System and Discourse, Historical Background, Founders and Influential Scientific Figures, Achievements and Challenges does Genopolitics Have? " The Findings of this Study Show that "Genopolitics is A Combined, Naturalistic, Empiricist-Rationalist and Justified Positivism Knowledge that has been Explains Political Behavior Based on the Genetic Nature Over more than Four Decades from the Beginning, with the Efforts of Researchers such as Hatemi, Dawes, Hibbing, Eaves, Dermott and Alford and Uses Behavioral Methods, such as the Study of Twins and Adoption, as a Coherent Interdisciplinary Knowledge.

Threat is defined as an axis role in designing security doctrines. Should threat be considered as a blend of possibility for an event and its negative results, the concept of threat in the mental model of Russian analysts refers to a set of situations that have somehow endangered, harmed, or targeted Russia's short-term and long-term national interests, values, and priorities. By prioritizing security developments and addressing key threats in this environment, this paper raises the main question of what is the definition, perspective, dimensions and components of Russian governmental and non-governmental think tanks on the two concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus? The main hypothesis of the article is that governmental and non-governmental think tanks in Russia have defined and developed the concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus based on their historical experiences, national geography, natural and cultural identity, interests and material priorities. In the framework of structural theory, this article explains Russian perceptions of threat and its impact on the concept of environment, especially in Central Asia and the Caucasus. To achieve the desired results, this article has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources (written and electronic).

The Trump administration has promised to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Middle East by implementing the Deal of Century. Given the lack of acceptance of this plan, not only by the Palestinians but also by the United States, the main question of this research is: to what extent implementation of Deal of Century can be successful? The hypothesis of this study is as follows: due to lack of attention to the real roots of the conflict, special attention to Israeli interests, disregard for Palestinian rights, drafting a plan without negotiating with the Palestinian side, the inability of the United States to implement some provisions of the plan, the opposition of the Arab League and the European Union, this plan is not feasible and if some of its provisions are implemented unilaterally, it will only increase tensions in the Middle East. The authors have used the model of "resolving territorial disputes" to analyze the probability of success of this project using analytical and descriptive methods. Finally, the authors conclude that to achieve peace in the Middle East, an alternative plan must be considered that would ensure the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The formation of the Republic of Turkey after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of political parties in spite of the one-party atmosphere in the first year of the Turkish Republic created an atmosphere of democratic competition between the parties. The Republican People's Party, the first political party in Turkey, is currently the largest opposition in the ruling party. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the Republican People's Party towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. Accordingly, the main question of this research is: what role do the Republican People's Party's identity ideas play in its position towards the Islamic Republic of Iran? The author of the article hypothesizes that the Republican People's Party's identity approaches influence the party's positions. This article analyzes the role of identity paradigms in the positions of the Republican People's Party by using descriptive-analytical methods and using library documents. This research is of practical purpose. The findings of the article show that the behavior of the Republican People's Party towards the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on cooperative policies.

Hegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emergent properties, nonlinear dynamics, adaptation, downward causality, network diffusion, non-equilibrium order, and self-regulatory mechanism. In the present study, the question was addressed as what the effects of structural complexity are on new patterns of hegemonic warfare in the modern international system. This research method consisted of two steps; in the first step, a theoretical and analytical model of structural complexity based on deductive inference was presented; in the second step, the time series analysis method was used to examine the historical trend of hegemonic wars as experimental data. According to the hypothesis of this research, the situation of structural complexity in the international system has caused profound changes in an important variable such as international order. The intellectual hegemony of the United States with the dimensions of productive, institutional, structural, and compulsory power in the war against the networks of civilization and identity is challenging in Russia, Iran, and China. Hence, hegemonic wars occur in the discourse, military, economic, and technological dimensions.