Journal of Inflammatory Diseases (The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Science)
Year:2006 | Volume:10 | Issue:2 (39)|Papers Count:20

Background: The processing procedure influences the degree of density and contrast of the resulting radiograph. Objective: To determine the effect of changes in processing solution and exposure times on Dentus M2 and Ektaspeed intra-oral films. Methods: This was an analytical study in which 44 samples of each type of the films were used. The distance between the source and the film surface was 28 inches. The exposure was performed using 11 different times, vertically, with maximum voltage of 70 and 8 mA. Processing was carried out at days 1, 5, 10 and 15 using an automatic machine. Later, the density of each film was measured by Digital Density Meter. Data were analyzed by T-Test and paired T-Test. Finding: Longer exposure time caused an increase in density of both types of the films. The mean density of either type decreased through days 1 to 15. The mean density was 0.92±0.09 for Dentus M2 and 0.75±0.09 for Ektaspeed in all processing time. However, a significant difference was found between two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The Dentus M2 is recommended asboth result in a intra-oral film showed to have higher density with lower variability than the Ektaspeed film.

Background: During growth and development, mandible may have a protrusive or retrusive rotation in relation to cranial base which may cause different types of malocclusion. On the basis of cephalocaudal growth pattern, mandibular growth potential is higher than the other craniofacial counterparts and hence, the evaluation of its normal pattern is critical.Objective: To assess the mandibular growth in 9-11-year Iranian children with normal occlusion in Qazvin.Methods: This was a longitudinal descriptive study on mandibular growth of sixty (20 ineach age) with normal occlusion in Qazvin city. The cases were selected by means of stratified random sampling and were followed for an average of 607.5 days. Mandibular structures and SN plan were traced from two cephalograms superimposed by Athanasiou's method. Nine landmarks and four measurements were identified and further calculations on their mean, SD and mean differences were made. Statistical analyses including T-test, ANOVA and MANOVA were used to evaluate gender and age differences within and between groups.Findings: In all samples mandible rotated forward, Changes of gonial angle was negligible and maximum horizontal and vertical changes occurred in condylion, and articular.Conclusion: In 9- to 11-year old children the growth increments were statistically significant during the two-year period. The only difference between genders was in growth of articular and condylion.

Background: Salivary alterations in patients with End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) may result in dental and oral problems. Objective: To determine oral manifestations and salivary alterations in patients with ESR D.Methods: This case-control study was performed on 20 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis and 20 control subjects. Salivary concentrations of urea and calcium and pH level were measured for all subjects. Moreover, paleness of the skin and oral mucosal, symptoms of xerostomia, halitosis, uremic stomatitis, taste sensitivity and radiographic changes were studied. Findings: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the average value of salivary urea concentration between two groups (48.7 mg/dl in patients' group and 14.85mg/dl in control group). Also a meaningful statistical difference (p<0.05) was noted while comparing the level of salivary pH between two groups (7.905 in patient group and 6.64 in control group. Statistically, no significant difference for calcium concentration between two groups was found. The majority of patients (95%) had signs of skin and mucosal paleness and 80% complained of xerostomia while there was no sign of such symptoms in control group. There were also meaningful differences in intensity of halitosis and urmic stomatitis between the two groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: ESRD can lead to an increase in the level of salivary urea, pH, xerostomia, skin and mucosal paleness, and also results in halitosis and uremic stomatitis.

Background: Anterior Open Bite (AOB) is one of the most severe orthodontic diseases to treat and often with poor prognosis. However, an early diagnosis accompanied with proper evaluation of etiological factors may lead to a shorter therapeutic period and also a better prognosis.Objective: To determine the prevalence of AOB and the associated clinical and cephalometerical changes in 9-14 -year-old students of Qazvin.Methods: 1461 students (males: 701, female: 760) were evaluated and AOB was found in 56 students (32 boys and 24 girls). Thirty students out of 56 were referred to the School of Dentistry for a lateral cephalometric radiography. Thirty lateral cephalogram x-rays were also taken from students with normal occlusion as control group.Findings: The prevalence of AOB in 9-14-year-old students in Qazvin was 3.83% which was significantly higher in girls than boys. From a cephalometric point of view, the articular, gonial, sum of post, SN-MP and basal angles significantly increased but UAF/LAFH and UAFH were decreased.Conclusion: Patients with Anterior Open Bite showed a downward backward lower jaw rotation with a growth pattern in their faces more vertical than horizontal. The posterior upper teeth in patients were also over-erupted which must be considered in treatment plan.

Background: Dry socket is one of the complications occurs following tooth extraction. The prevalence of such condition is reported to be highly different ranging from 0.5-68.4%. The etiology and pathogenesis are not clearly known but many related predisposing factors have been discussed.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of dry socket after tooth extraction.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Qazvin university of medical sciences (Jan 2002 to Jan 2003). Out of 1402 patients, those having their teeth extracted and returned with dry socket were chosen. Characteristics such as, age, sex, site of extraction , extracted tooth, trauma during extraction, periapical lesion, oral hygiene, smoking, systemic diseases, and OCP in women (oral contraceptive pill) were determined. Findings: Over the one-year period of study, 1402 teeth were extracted and in the meantime, 12 patients returned with dry socket. Our results showed that the incidence of dry socket was 0.85% and the ratio of females to males was 2.5 to 1. Dry socket in mandible was two times higher than maxillae (1.12% versus 0.57%). Mandibular third molars were more often involved than other areas. Periapical lesion, trauma, poor oral hygiene and OCP increased the incidence of dry socket.Conclusion: Prevalence of dry socket after tooth extraction in Qazvin oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic was not higher than other centers. Seemingly, application of atraumatic techniques, aseptic procedures, ability of surgeon, oral hygiene and so on can lead to a lower prevalence of dry socket.  

Background: The menarcheal age can be considered as an indicator of puberty. There is little information on the age of menarche among Tehranian daughters to compare with their mothers.Objective: This study was aimed at comparing the age of menarche in two generations.Methods: In this cross-sectional study 812 subjects (406 daughters and 406 mothers) out of 15005 participants in the longitudinal Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were investigated. Demographic information and the age of menarche were recorded using a questionnaire. A minimum of 25-year period was considered as one generation. Distribution of the menarcheal age and the linear regression were performed for analytical studies. Findings: The mean age of menarche in daughters and their mothers were 13.2±1.4 and 13.6±1.5 years, respectively. There was significant correlation between mothers and daughters menarcheal ages (r=0.25, p<0.002). 25th, 50th and 75th percentile for menarcheal age in daughters and their mothers were 12.2, 13.1, 14/1 and 12/7, 13.5, 14.5 years respectively. Minimum and maximum ages of menarche were the same (10 and 18 years) in two groups.Conclusion: In agreement with other studies, a reduction in the average of menarcheal age was found over a 25-year period (one generation) .The health system must therefore focus on educational programming and also encouraging adolescent girls for changes in their present lifestyles.

Background: An adequate vitamin intake is necessary for proper body function.Objective: To determine vitamin (A, C, B6, B12 and folic acid) intakes among people from two areas of Rasht and Qazvin.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1100 cases over 30 years in Rasht and Qazvin in 2003. Dietary assessment was performed using questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test.Findings: Over 70% of people in Rasht and more than 60% in Qazvin received less than 1000 IU vitamin A. Two percent of cases in Rasht and less than 10% in Qazvin didn’t receive adequate vitamin C. However, three quarter of subjects in Rasht received vitamin C intake at level higher than recommended intake. Regarding vitamins B6 and B12, no deficiency was observed. In these two cities, only 20% of men and less than 10% of the women received adequate folic acid.Conclusion: Most people particularly women received lower levels of both vitamin A and folic acid compared to recommended intakes.

Background: Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla) administration could improve the activity of antioxidant systems such as gluthatione and has a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic property.Objective: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of chard on the contractile reactivity of isolated aorta in diabetic rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the School of Medicine, Shahed University in 2003. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, chard-treated control, diabetic, and chard-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotcin (STZ) was intraperitoneally administered (60 mg/Kg). Chard-treated groups received chard mixed with standard pelleted food at a weight ratio of 1/15. After one month, contractile reactivity of aortic rings to KCl and noradrenaline was determined using isolated tissue setup.Findings: Serum glucose level showed a significant increase (409/4 and 401/3 mg/dl) in diabetic group at 2nd and 4th weeks (P<0.001), while this increase was less obvious in chard-treated diabetic group (274/5 and 161/2 mg/dl) (P<0.01 and P<0.001 for 2nd and 4th weeks, respectively). In addition, the latter group showed a lower contraction to KCl (P<0.05) and noradrenaline (P<0.01) as compared to diabetic group (0/76 and 1.41 g/mm2 of the aortic ring). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between control and chard-treated control groups regarding contractile reactivity.Conclusion: Oral administration of chard for one month could attenuate the contractile responsiveness of the vascular system and may prevent the development of hypertension in diabetic rats.

Background: The post-thaw embryo survival has been shown to depend on different factors such as type of cryoprotectant. Ethylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol and glycerol are among the routine cryoprotectants widely used for embryo cryopreservation in different animals and human as well. Objective: To investigate the effects of different cryoprotectants on viability of blastocysts produced in vitro and also determining a suitable cryoprotectant for embryo cryopreservation. Methods: A total of 197 porcine blastocysts produced in vitro )at days 6 and 7 post-IVF( were randomly divided into control and cryoprotectant (CP) groups. The CP groups were exposed to 10 % CP solutions (Ethylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol and glycerol) in 3 steps for 1 hr at room temperature (23-25°C). The survival rate was measured as the proportion of recovered embryos following a 24-hr culture in NCSU-37 media. The survival rate was further compared with the data obtained from the control group (cultured in 0.3% BSA in PBS with the same conditions).Findings: The results showed that the survival rates of blastocysts exposed to PD and GLY were similar to those exposed to EG (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in survival rates between the EG and control groups.Conclusion: The data indicated that the exposure of porcine blastocysts to cryoprotectant causes a reduction in survival rate and that the ethylene glycol produced the least detrimental effects.

Background: Cyclic mastalgia is a common cause of anxiety among women who visit health care centers. Due to some characters, the administration of proper drugs in treating of cyclic mastalgia is of prime importance.Objective: To compare the two-month and four-month effect of vitamin E on cyclic mastalgia in 20 years-old to premenopausal women.Methods: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial performed on 150 women who visited three different clinics in Qazvin. The cases were divided into two study and control groups, each consisting of 75 women. Duration and intensity of pain was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and breast pain chart. Daily vitamin E and placebo as chewing pills (200 IU) and for duration of 4 months were given to study and control groups, respectively. The cases were followed up for two and four months. Duration and intensity of pain and drug side-effect was evaluated afterward.Findings: The two-month and four-month administration of vitamin E and placebo caused a reduction in intensity of breast pain. But the four-month consumption of vitamin E in study group was more effective than in control group. The two-month and four-month intake of vitamin E and placebo caused a decrease in duration of breast pain. Again the four-month administration of vitamin E showed a greater effect in study group than in control group.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the administration of vitamin E for four months is an effective therapeutic protocol for cyclic mastalgia with no obvious side effects and could be considered as a suitable substitution for other types of treatment in case of cyclic mastalgia.

Background: Umbilical granuloma is a common inflammatory reaction which occurs during falling of umbilicus. Some treatments include use of daily alcohol, burning with silver nitrate  and granuloma ligator.Objective: To compare the therapeutic effect of common salt and alcohol in infants with umbilical granuloma.Methods: This was a clinical trial carried out on 105  infants with umbilical granuloma. The cases were randomly divided into three groups. The first group received common salt for three days (once every 12 hours) and  the second group treated with 70% alcohol  twice a day (0.5 ml each time). In the third group (control) the umbilicus was washed with pure water twice a day (0.5 ml each time). The data  was analyzed using Chi-square test and the One-way analysis of variance.Findings: The recovery rates among infants were 100% (common salt), 34.3% (alcohol) and 14.3% (pure water) following 3 days. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.0000). However, in 25.7% of infants treated with alcohol and 60% of control group, who were cured before 3 days, the umbilical granuloma recurred after an average of 8.3 days and 4 days, respectively. There was no recurrence among infants treated with common salt. All infants in control group and those who were treated with alcohol for 3 days, either with no cure or with  recurrence, went under treatment with common salt. Follow up for two months in infants treated with common salt  was indicative of no recurrence among them.Conclusion: Our data showed that the use of common salt in treating umbilical granuloma was more effective than 70% alcohol. So, it is suggested that the technique using common salt to be substituted for other procedures  due to low price and lack of any complications.  

Background: Intrauterine fetal death accounts for more than half of perinatal mortalities. Detection of causes of fetal death can lead to prevention of such events in further pregnancies and produce useful information to other members of the family.Objective: To identify the causes of intrauterine fetal death and also detecting the contributing role of fetal, maternal and placental abnormalities in such conditions.Methods: This was a descriptive study carried out at Tehran Javaheri hospital over a 7-year period (1996-2003). All cases of intrauterine fetal death in which the subjects were older than 20 weeks of gestation were studied. Data were collected using patients' medical records. Following evaluation of objective variables, the data were analyzed by SPSS 11 and descriptive statistics.Findings: The highest percentage (42.5%) of IUFD causes were due to placental and fetal cord abnormalities followed by fetal (16%), maternal (14.5%) and unknown (27%) causes. Among known causes, congenital fetal anomalies were the highest. Abruption of placenta and diabetes in mothers were the most causes of IUFD associated with the placental and maternal causes, respectively.Conclusion: Regarding the high rate of unknown causes (27%) found in our study, detection of causes of fetal death through autopsy procedure, cytologic examination and parvovirus B19 evaluation is recommended. Mothers with past history of IUFD should be screened for antiphospholipid antibodies titer. Also a triple test including (alfa-fetoprotein, unconjugated striol and HCG) must be performed for all pregnant women during the 15th to 20th weeks of gestation to detect the presence of any congenital anomalies.

Background: Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is the most common tissue transplant. The indications for penetrating keratoplasty (PK) vary in different regions of the world.  Objective: To determine the indications for PK and visual outcome in a primary referral center for a period of 8 years. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty at Shaheed Sadoughi University Eye Hospital from March 20, 1997 to April 20, 2005. From 286 procedures performed in this period, 255 records were available for evaluation. The data were analyzed regarding sex, age indication, visual outcome and rejection.Findings: The study group included 255 patients from which 141 (55.3%) were males and 114 (44.7%) females. The mean age of the patients was 59.2+19 (with a range of 5-82) years. The frequencies of leading indications for penetrating keratoplasty were as follows: keratoconus (32.9%), pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy (21.7%), corneal scar (14.1%), corneal dystrophy (11%), regrafts (10.2%) and corneal ulcer/perforation (4.7%). Other indications represented only 5.4% of the cases. Gender difference (M/F) ratio was significant for keratoconus. The average age of keratoconus group was significantly low (23.5+1.7) compared with other diagnostic group (P=0.00). Grafts carried out for keratoconus group were indicative of better visual outcome than grafts performed for other corneal pathologies. A large number of keratoconus patients (71.4%) achieved BCVA of 20/40 or higher at final follow up.Conclusions: Keratoconus remains the leading indication for corneal transplantation in our institution followed by PBK/ ABK.

Background: Complete, accurate and timely data gathering is necessary to find epidemics, to provide suitable control strategies, and finally to prevent and control infectious diseases.Objective: A comparative study on national surveillance systems of notifiable infectious diseases in the U.S.A., Australia and Iran and also suggesting a suitable model for Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in 2003-2004. Data gathering instruments were library resources, internet, and consultation with Iranian and foreign experts through face-to-face interview and E-mail. In this research a model for national notifiable infectious diseases surveillance system was presented. This model was tested by Delphi method in 3 stages, and finally a suitable model was designed for Iran.  Findings: Our data showed that promoting the Iranian national surveillance system on notifiable infectious diseases, the structure, types of data, acceptance criteria for disease registry, data gathering, process, data analysis, information dissemination methods, classification of disease, data quality control, data privacy policies and instructions of the existing system must  be modified.Conclusion: Comparison of national notifiable infectious diseases surveillance system of Iran and above-mentioned countries showed that the elements of this system cannot fulfill the Iranian Information requirements. Also, to promote, develop and reinforce a national integrated notifiable infectious diseases surveillance system and effective use of data, the structure of this system, needs modifications.  

Most malignant chest wall tumors are secondary and primary malignant chest wall tumors are uncommon. Primary chest wall tumors account for 2% of all primary tumors found in the body. Following removal of the malignant chest wall tumor with four centimeters margin, the chest wall reconstruction is of prime importance. In this report a patient with a large sternal chondrosarcoma is presented. The tumor was resected and the chest wall reconstruction was performed using bone cement and pectoral muscle flaps.

This study was performed to evaluate the Qazvin midwife’s knowledge on midwifery rules in 1382. A 20 item questionair was filled by 93 midwives. 2% of them had little information, 61% a little, 23%average and 2% had sufficient information. As conclusion the midwives don’t have sufficient knowledge about their professional rules.