GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2007 | Volume:39 | Issue:59|Papers Count:15

Population serves as one of the fundamental elements to be considered in economic‚ social and cultural planning. As a result‚ an analysis of the Population on and recognition of its structure‚ dimensions and spatial diffusion are regarded as an important instrument in decision making as well as planning. Considering the environmental (geographic) variety and its impact on spatial diffusion of population‚ it is realized that the population in the south-west of the caspian sea and its geographical bed from coast to plateau and from plateau mountain to foot and mountains‚ extending from the east to the west in the same order as mentioned, is neither uniform nor homogeneous in a way that the population of the eastern region is more intense than that of the western region. In this article‚ the writer‚ having used the attitudes‚ experiences‚ statistics and information has made an attempt to investigate spatial patterns of the life of populations in the south-west of the Caspian sea. This area‚ according to latest provincial segmentation of the country in 1377 constitutes 26.1 percent of the population and 14.53 percent of the surface of Gilan. In this article‚ such as the features of the case being studied‚ urban or rural residence‚ decampment‚ and issues the spatial distribution have been studied. At the end‚ having calculated the population growth rate‚ at the present time‚ and the prediction of the population growth in 1400 (A.tl.), a number of conclusions have also been extracted.

The incidence of drought phenomenon is one of the realities of the Urmia Lake Drainage Basin and can be stemmed up from periodical climatic fluctuations and lack of humid and rainy Mediterranean air masses. In this research the data relating to the annual precipitation have been studied for Urmia Lake Drainage Basin in a time period of 43 years (1960-2002) and with the purpose of analysis and calculation of dry and wet years. The main methodology being used in this research is the Dependable Rainfall (DR) criterion. The results of this study show the occurrence of drought phenomenon in all stations generally showing a degree of weakness or effectiveness. The Dependable Rainfall (DR) Index is recognized as a better and more accurate model compared to the other models applied in this research, i.e., Z Score Index of Annual Precipitation (ZSIAP), and Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI).

Rural arrangement is possible through the recognition of environmental economical social and special-Physical structures of rural regions which by analysis of these structures and functions. The Sangan district of Khash in the south east of Iran and 200 Kms from Zahedan, the center of Sistan and Balochistan province has been viewed as an undeveloped region in this research; and to organize its special-Physical and to develop its economic-social functions, and planning, the related proposals have been presented. The preliminary findings showed three disposed, less disposed, and non- disposed regions that after analysis and composition of findings three groups of stable villages static villages and at last unstable villages were known and set according to an analytical model in planning. A rural district with its rural center, Sangan, two rural districts and five rural complexes (each over three to fifteen villages) were designed and proposed for regional development and organization. The model services, and welfare establishments and infra-structural stratification were designed and proposed to spatial distribution in four levels basic points, service centers, service complexes, and at last service systems with the introduction of service elements indicator and the least needed services in each level. Detailed studies and planning are elaborated in the main body of the article.

The Posht Tang drainage basin located in the north–east of Sarpol-e-Zahab in Kermanshah province. It was affected by several slope movements in resent years. We could selected six factors: litology‚ gradient‚ precipitation‚ plant coverage‚ land use and elevation from 11 factors related to effective causes of land slide occurrences using and introduction? 2 analysis by which we can predict vulnerable region to landslide by considering. Accordingly‚ the six mentioned factors were overlaid and the maps of land slide hazard zonation for "Posht Tang” drainage basin were prepared by four methods: Area Density‚ Weight of Evidences‚ Modeling Hierarchical Analysis and Information Value. Finally‚ area density was introduced as the best way for spatial distribution prediction by using landslide index and it is more confident than others methods show that 42 percent of watershed area came across with much and very much vulnerability degree.

Manufacuring activities in recent years have caused a great deal of damages vis-Ã-vis agricultural lands. Presently it is not too difficult finding rural areas degraded by the invasion of urban based investment and small scale (even heavy) industries oriented toward Iranian rural sector. Both policy makers and urban based investors are engaging in current situation. Rostai-e-Iraj is just an example among many cases facing problems in terms of losting their arable lands. This paper tries to present some spesifications of a rural area accepting urban influnces.

In order to use the precipitation of a region better, it is at first necessary to know the synoptic and thermodynamic conditions and the precipitation events of that region. This research has been performed in a region in shir-kuh in yazd, using the daily precipitation data in 38 meteorological stations the synoptic maps and upper atmospheric data in Kerman, Isfahan and Bandar Abbas stations in a 20 year statistic period. Findings of this research show that three synoptic patterns influence region: the first is Sudanese low pressure systems. The second is Sudanese- Mediterranean compound systems and because of good temperature and humidily of the south and more suitable conditions of synoptic and thermodynamic, these two patterns create much precipitation in the region. The third pattern, which is Mediterranean low pressure systems, has less humidity and instability and precipitations. Studyiny vertical temperature structure and humidity of upper atmosphere stations shows that two or three days before reaching low pressure systems to the region, the atmosphere of these stations is extremely dry and stable and after reaching here, gradually they get humidity and the temperature also increases, consequently the temperature structure and humidity of the atmosphere in the mentioned stations become instable and then provide conditions for precipitations.

The zonation according to destructive environmental agents are the geographical regions where to be divide to different classes in term of their response to natural disasters. The Kurdistan province where have most unsuitable and little resistance building materials to earthquake is selected as my study region. Thus, in this study, first it is necessary to declare vibration ability on different regions of province and then, to be study the kind and resistance situation of building materials that they are using in the each zones. Finally, it gave ordering according to earthquake hazard intensity and structures resistance rate in order to planners can preferring regions for decision about different hazard zones and parts with little resistance structures for reconstruction and construction optimization. Methods using zonation in this study are: first it is study what effecting factors occur earthquakes. Then, most important effecting factors including local situation of variety intensity of historical and instrumental records of earthquakes, faults, thrusts and litology have been recognize. Layers of data about each of factors using GIS (Arc View, Arc/ Info and Arc GIS packages) have made and it' s, then, have been weighted. Finally, the zonation model acquired from weights for each factor and its score and the results compare to structures characteristics.

Having desirable ecological conditions, the rural area of Rudbar Ghasran located in the northern part of Tehran is acted as a complementary area for this metropolitan. It has undergone radical changes in the past few decades due to counter-urbanization and prevailing urban-rural relations. This paper present functional change occurred during 1967-2004 in this area. To do so, secondary data, field studies and questionnaires were conducted to investigate the socio-economic changes. The results indicate that new functions such as tourism and industrial activities have been developed in this area while the traditional functions of the area such as farming and cattle breeding have faded away. Unfortunately, these changes have not been based on any preplanned programs and management. This in turn has led to adverse environmental and socio-economic consequences. Considering the ecological significance of this area regarding Tehran metropolitan, implication of proper management of the socio-economic activities and preplanned programs especially in the area of second homes is of prominent importance. This in turn, may lead to a sustainable tourism per say.

The investigation of climatic changes and traces is one of the most interesting topics of the morphology of Iran. Such studies on the glaciers and their extension would be the best key to distinguish the boundaries of morpho-climatic and morpho-dynamic processes. The Zardkoh mountains as a belt by around 15 km width lie exactly in the High Zagrous structural unit and in a direction of NW-SE. There are more than 15 cirques and tongues in the northwest slopes of these elevations and nearby peaks. These cirques are just glaciers cirques with ice core in the Bakhtiyari Zagrous mountains. The primary investigation results from aerial photographs and field data shows that the glacier tongues have a maximum of extension in 2500 m in elevation and limited to Koohrang river banks. These cirques are formed up to 3500 m. Filed observations shows at the present time there is no certain activity of glaciers and ice core is gradually melting in under surface moraine. The transportation of large amounts of moraine during glacier time formed big alluvial fans at the end of glacier valleys and extend by Kohrang river. These fans are the only fans, which originated from glacier in Zardkooh region.

Following many arguments and disputations at the result of extended tensions between the different states on the limits of jurisdiction and sovereignty over the seas finally The third international conference, held in Jamaica 1982, succeeded in adopting final document of conference under the title of "Convention of International Law of the Sea." This convention can only come into effect if 60 parliaments of different nations put their final seal. So far now more than 70 parliaments have announced their approval. The most comprehensive law on maritime areas in Iran was approved in 1993 by Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis). Furthermore a stipulation, approved by Iranian government in 1973 on defining of the coastal baseline has been included in the 1993 law. The main purposes of this paper are: 1. Comparing the IRILMA (1982) and UNCLS (1982). 2. Specifying limits of the maritime areas in the Persian Gulf and the sea of Oman. 3. Determining the similarities, differences and conflicting items of IRILMA and UNCLS. 4. Anticipating the probable conflicts between IRI and other nations due to the enforcement of the Iranian law. 5. Presenting the base proposal for resolving probable disputes and conflicts.

Rural Municipalities (Dehyari) are the public and Non-governmental organizations which currently established for the management of rural public affairs. In the beginning of the establishment of these organizations all the villages with the 20 household and above were allowed to have Dehyari. When it came to the experience it was found a very controversial decision especially in the small villages. This study try to investigate the functional role and activities of Dehyaries in the small villages aims at answering the main question‚ whether the establishment of rural management in the small villages is functional and beneficial or not? In addition‚ the importance number of population in providing services is examined. The results indicate that socio-economic and structural factors are significantly correlated with the accomplishment of Dehyaries in the small villages‚ although the Dehyaries in the large villages were found more functional and economical.