Social Welfare
Year:2003 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:19

Pro-market economists usually present "competition" as the only solution of government's inefficiencies. Therefore, having given too much credence to the private sector in economy, they choose market strategy rather than state strategy in economic policies, prizing market choice above state choice, thereby advising strongly privatization policies in the economic system in order to inject rationality and efficiency into economic activities.An important question is that whether there is another alternative for both market choice and state choice. This third way / solution/ option/ road have been theoretically introduced by the professor Albert Hirschman in his classic Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and states.The Principle point of present paper, which is based on "Exit-voice-loyalty theory", is to introduce this third solution: civil society road instead of market road and state road. So , civil society's voice will be considered as a force keeping management of firms and organizations on their toes. This alternative for privatization is the attempt at repairing and perhaps improving the relationship through an effort at communicating one's complaints, grievance, protests, political pressures, and proposals for improvementThe history of this alternative is to a considerable extent the history of the right to dissent, of due process, of safeguards against reprisal, and of the advance of trade unions and of consumer and many other organizations such as NGOs articulating the demands of individuals and groups.

Appearing a new field of psychiatry called social psychiatry and its applied field, community psychiatry, the attentions have been drawn toward socio- cultural factors in determining different pathologies and even some theories have been stated.Psychiatric symptoms are considered as deviation from social norms and being mental patient is viewed as a social role.Severe mental disorders are explained in the framework of social breakdown syndrome, that is the gradual separation of individual from society.In addition, the social theories have some implications for prevention and treatment in the society level to protect" The Mass" and increase the treatment potential of all clients and people.

Having a positive approach toward the affairs also involves a comprehensive and systematic one in order to represent suitable solutions coincided with social realities. Under the current situations, one of them is called Social Capital which is referred as Missing Link. Although this term doesn't have any background in social literature, but its importance and usage, in almost any field of social science have got a special level and its expansion is visible in the field of Mental Health.This article is involved with answering questions such as:1- How can social capital provide a context for mental health promotion in individual, group and social relationships?2- How should these projects and plans be modified by the concept of social capital?

The total change in living quality happening in developed countries represents a suitable policy and programming conducted by the government.Providing enough power and authority for those who are called as society organizers, there remains no doubt to expect a fruitful national economy and consequently a much better living conditions.According to the rate of changes and family economic evolutions, we can set up reliable criteria to evaluate the success of managers in charge and their assessment to predetermined goals.So, in this research we have tried to take a chance on the family economic conditions in 1380 during the last 20 years.

Overcoming "Poverty" has always been the most important strategic goal for the just governments. So their development policies and programs have put an influence on distribution and equality so that they are doing their at most to make a balance among social groups Homemerni. Iran, since 1357, we have observed many fluctuations in strategic policies.The hidden and apparent inflations, a suitable field for embezzling, a bad economic condition, the 7 year-old war, Inefficient and neutral management system, an increasing rate of social disorders, growing rate of population who are under the poverty line, all have burdened a miserable economic and social conditions to the country and made the "Social Welfare" stand in limbo.Although some measures are taken in order to provide the higher living standard for all, but they have all been insufficient and therefore it needs a total reform in "Social Security System" and "National Welfare" to limit "The Poverty".This article reviews the performance of all the organizations and institutions concerned about the mentioned items and their influence on "Public Welfare" and" Poverty Alleviation" has been evaluated, analyzed and illustrated.

Regardless all the factors involved in crime and all measures taken for preventing it in various levels, management and policies which are used to help the avoidance and prevention of crimes and disorders in a scientific way is the major problem. In this article, the writer has brought crime preventive management into consideration and made an attempt to reveal those who are in charge of this fact in Iran according to the constitutional and current laws. He also investigated the protection and prevention against crimes in the government sector offices and organizations according to the internal guidelines and procedures.

In the late 20th century, different processes led to creation of a new phenomenon called "Poverty of Cities" which is a reflection of informal residing. The consequences of this fact due mainly to the unskilled villagers coming to cities increasingly and a failure in economic adjustment in 1980s that slowed down the rate of development resulted in an increase in the number of vulnerable social levels especially in developing countries. Therefore the poverty center was gradually transferred and focused into the big cities.Mean while, the globalization reinforced the employment and economic activities in big cities in nationwide scales, and left a wonderful effect.The balanced economy depends on development stability of city dwelling and this fact will be accessed only if the cities become a source of comprehensive productivity, both economically and socially, so that all society levels draw benefit of this development.It is necessary not to mention informal residing as an obstacle to development since it is considered as a social and economic capital, and it should be empowered.It is believed that achieving an economic development depends on reducing poverty in these areas.This fact was stated and focused in Rio Meeting and Human Residing Charter.

In this article, we have tried to consider the marginal settlements based on an internal (emic) view point and qualitative methods.To do it, the ghetto area of Islam Abad in Karaj was chosen. This is a 30-year-old area that is relatively big (165 acre), but is still continuing its irregular formation in the center of the city. The main purpose of the study concerns with the specific characteristics this area with an Emic view point.The results indicate that this area, with its all irregularities, is significantly a comfortable and peaceful living place for its residents while suffering severs poverty.They have found a territorial integrity in all dimensions and could get a sense of security, having root, xenophobia and find a relationship with the external environment and positive identity.This is a fact that the area residents are able people and could achieve the best facilities during the years and set up a really suitable place for living. We hope that this article will be of great advantage and help in choosing policies and solutions for this fact.

The suburbanism phenomenon , rotted in 1320s and 1330s (i.e 1940- 505), is not only a matter of socio-economic disorder which appeared in the context of informal dwelling areas but also an incomplete response to the problem of residing and housing, in our country and even in some developing or underdeveloped countries during the three last decades.The suggestions and view points related to the problem have been put into two different categories, i.e. pathological and problem solving.But there has also raised a positive view on the issue since 1970, toward empowering and enrichment active organizations, and their capacities and development such that eventually put an end to the title of" A third world city" .In this article, an attempt has been put into assessing different experiences and solutions, and also their functions have been discussed in order to find solutions in term of to socio- economic indicators.

Although the item of people co- ordination is rooted back in ancient , but the poverty and changes in city growth absorbed history new settlers in suburb.Whereas a lack in urban and economic management system caused the expansion of poverty and led to citizens’ separation, living in suburb, meanwhile, created a new and complex concept to "people Co- Ordination" and brought it to a higher and public level than individual one.In 1346, the project of "The 9th of Aban Complex" which aimed to set up homes for home -lesses and ghetto was not welcomed by this group of new citizens.This article focuses on this fact that, while the government development programs couldn't meet the favorite needs and destruction of ghettoes was taken as an artificial remedy, how would be the future perspective of this fact if it happens from the opposite side?According to the facts mentioned above: 1- what are the main bases of active co-ordination in suburbanization? 2- How will the social engineering and supporting solutions be formed in order to help suburbanite?3- What are the suitable steps taken by government to empower of settlers in rural?4- And finally what are the most important limitations and obstacles against people co - ordination?

Addiction is considered as a political, economic, social and cultural fact and individual or environmental factors effect on its control or distribution. Drug abuse is known as an avoidable behavior and the dependency as an unremitting, chronic disease that can be cured. So different societies, during their living circles , have tried to find some solutions with the purpose of decreasing this behavior (drug abusament) , putting a delay to it (precaution step), declining the distribution of disease (dependency) and finding suitable solutions (secondary prevention) and its side effects (tertiary prevention) and they have taken the steps to adjust the vulnerability of persons, families and communities to help them tolerate this burden and get a much more fruitful future aspect.This study tries to show one of the most important approaches to drug abuse prevention known as community- based prevention. It focuses on a social environment in which people living conditions are adjusted positively.Under such conditions, human beings realize that it will be vital to have a good thinking of life in order to achieve the feeling of satisfaction, innovation, development and growth in their daily lives.

This is a study about factors influencing Suicide in koohdasht city in Lorestan province.The method of study is based on documentary research and survey research. Data was obtained by interview with parents and relatives of those who committed suicide.To do so, the file of the whole people who committed suicide in the years of 1376-78, (103 persons), were examined.The achieving results of this study are as follows:Women Committed Suicide more than men, young people more than adults, single persons more than married, low status persons more than high status persons, unemployed people more than employed, housewives and students in high school more than other strata.The most important causes affecting suicide were family inconsistency (problems between parents and children as the gap between two generations), and mental disorder. Most of people who committed suicide use fire because of its availability.