Social Welfare
Year:2017 | Volume:17 | Issue:65 |Papers Count:10

Introduction: In sociologis ts, point of view identifying is a process that is always being recons tructed and the recons truction factors socially, his torically and culturally are varied. Lifes tyle is one of the important components which has a determinative impact on identity belonging. Lifes tyle is defined by the choices in daily life. Thus, in spite of traditional society in contemporary society through emerging consuming society, lifes tyle and its determination in the other fields including ethical and national belonging has become important. Lifes tyle by creating rethinking, reflective and selective power features for people, has transformed the coherent identities and relatively s table, traditional belonging and has created numerous and diverse resources for creating identity and belonging, obligations, as well as differences. The aim of this s tudy is to inves tigate the relationship between lifes tyle and ethical and national belonging of Khoramabad people. Method: Data was collected applying survey method and ques tionnaires. 516 people were chosen as the sample using Cochran’ s formula. Findings: Results show that modern s tyle has 0/5 effect on national belonging and-0/21 impact on ethical belonging. Moreover, traditional s tyle has 0/24 influence on national belonging and 0/31 effect on national belonging. Modern lifes tyle has more effect on national belonging in comparison with ethical belonging. Also, the impact of traditional lifes tyle on national belonging is more than ethical belonging. The s tructural equation model also showed the GFI fit index of 0. 94 and the AGF, CFI and RMR indices also represent a good and acceptable fit of the model. Also, the RMSEA index, which represents the residual values, is 0. 047, of which the low value indicates that the model has a relatively favorable fit. Discussion: The changes caused by the interaction between traditional and modern sys tems and their conflicts in Khorramabad have led to the formation of various issues, including identity issues. In short, it can be said that the city of Khorramabad is experiencing a kind of transition that can be rethought and challenged by cultural and identity factors. In fact, it can be said that the changes made by the new lifes tyle challenged the traditional s tructure of this city and left its consequences.

introduction: Nutrition and consuming food are very important in the planning of the household budget. The analysis of the allocation of household income to goods and services is of interest to economists and politicians, and estimating the demand for goods and services is important in identifying future preferences and needs. Recognizing household consumption priorities will help plan to increase their welfare. Therefore, the present research aims to study the food basket in urban areas of Iran. Method: Using the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) and maximum likelihood (FILM) estimation method, the almost ideal demand systems (AIDS) and linear expenditures (LES) for urban households, as well as the testing of symmetry and homogeneity hypotheses using the Ivyz software Eviews) were estimated. At the end of the incremental, cross, and income separately for each The demand equations are calculated. Findings: The homogeneity hypothesis for all three groups of bread and cereals, protein and fruits and vegetables is accepted in the food demand function of AIDS, but in the LES demand function, the homogeneity hypothesis is rejected for the fruits and vegetables group, and in the consumption of this group housholds have monetary illusion. According to the results of the calculation of elasticity, in the food demand AIDS function, the group of bread and cereals are essential commodities, protein, fruits and vegetables, and other groups are considered to be luxury and for the LES food demand function, all commodities are essential. Discussion: According to the comparison of the results of two demand models, the bread and cereal group in both systems are considered as essential commodity and as a result, they have more effects on welfare changes of households. Also, households do not have monetary illusions for the bread and grain group and are sensitive to real income. Given these results, when considering policy making, we should pay particular attention to the bread and cereal group as the essential commodities of the household. The protein and vegetables group for the household is considered a luxury commodity. As the price of these groups rises, the demand for them decreases. In the event of an increase in household income, they will buy this group of goods.

Introduction: Fight against drought, rural-agricultural development and prevention of immigration of villagers require increasing the attractiveness of villages as a place for living and work which is considered as the most important development programs and protection component of Iran especially in recent years. Measuring the rural life quality and identifying its improving factors, help policy makers increase the quality of life. Therefore, the present study measured the quality of life in villages using Fuzzy method. Method: To achieve accurate results, it is necessary to apply intelligent methods such as Fuzzy based on experts’ knowledge and statistical data. Considering the theoretical foundations and researches, different variables for rural life quality are divided into negative indices (drought and unemployment) and positive indices (social, health and education and infrastructure). Applying elite questionnaire, the weight of each index was determined and simultaneously, by using the census data of the year 90, the numerical value of these indices was calculated and entered into MATLAB software and the final value of quality of life in the provinces was determined. Findings: Based on MATLAB sensitivity analysis, the most weighted quality of rural life indicators are: communications and transportation, trade, health, and hygiene. So, the rural areas which have better conditions regarding these indicators have a better rural quality of life. The results showed that Sistan, Kerman and Kermanshah provinces are in the crisis with regard to the most quality of life indices. Villages in the provinces of Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran and Tehran have the best quality of rural life. Alborz, Gilan and Lorestan provinces have the lowest quality of rural life. Discussion: The importance of transportation in economic development is to that extent that many scholars consider the economic increase in developing countries to be due to proper investment in the transportation sector. Moreover, the location of villages in the main roads and the use of and access to fast transportation vehicles make their communications with the surrounding areas and exchange of information and thoughts possible which lead to social and cultural development of the village.

Introduction: Increasing number of woman-headed households has made it an indispensable issue particularly for Iranian families. Focusing on the women who have become heads of households due to either death of their husbands or divorce, this study seeks to examine the lived experiences, affections, and the difficulties this group of women deal with in terms of remarriage, well-being and occupation. Method: This was a qualitative research based on a case study. Along with an archival study, semi-structured interviews were conducted as a means of data gathering. This research was conducted on the basis of interviews with an accessible sample of 30 women in Tehran from 27 to 63 years old. According to the purposeful sampling and qualitative method requirements, the findings cannot be generalized to other groups of woman-headed households. Findings: Although being the responsible for the family increases the level of stress and anxiety of the women, by accepting this responsibility their self-confidence increases. In the course of time, this group of women become more optimistic in regard to themselves and their abilities. Considering the patterns of women-headed household employment is the distinction between this research and other related researches which only focused on binary of employed/unemployed women. Gender beliefs which consider female employment a choice in contrast to male employment, does not have the same effect on the employment of all women. Here, attention should be paid to the intersection of gender and social class. In the sample population of this study, discontinuous employment is a common pattern among women of the lower class, and permanent employment or lack of employment is a common pattern among middle and upper middle-class women. Moreover, the approach of women reposible for their family regardless of their social class to remarriage was negative. Therefore, it can be concluded that living without a male guardian has some advantages or at least living with a male guardian has some weaknesses and is a source of fear for women. The role of domestic violence against women and the lack of serious support for abused women should be taken seriously. The fears of these women are the loss of freedom and re-engagement in unhealthy family relationships that are difficult to get out of. Discussion: The concept of ‘ women-headed household’ is constituted within a hierarchical understanding of a normative family in which men are considered as breadwinners. Women as a head of household are seen as an exception which needs to be studied. The dominant pattern of policy-making in terms of female employment is subordinated to the image of men as breadwinners. However, the women-headed households, both in Iran and in the world, are increasing and the changes in the institution of the family have had a great influence on this increase, including the fact that in Iran gradually the first marriage happens later, the household size is reduced and the probability of divorce has increased, women’ s education has increased, and the participation rate of married women in the labor market is increasing.

Introduction: Social distinction is a condition which is seen through the actions of consumption. In modern societies, social classes and class fractions adopt different social positions through the use of economic and cultural goods. An automobile is a distinctive status symbol, marking off, but ultimately misrecognizing the inequalities of classes of a society. This research tries to show that different classes, possessing or dispossessing different economic and cultural capitals, by choosing a luxury automobile, are looking for distinction and by choosing mass-produced automobiles try to satisfy their lives’ needs. The research tries to answer this question that whether a luxury automobile (Arvand license plate) leads to creation of sense of distinction among high class fractions which possess cultural and economic capitals? Method: The survey method was used for this research. Statistical population included all populations of Dezfoul who were 18 years old and above. Through convenience sampling, the sample group was 268 people, of which 134 had Arvand-license plate cars and 134 had Mass-produced cars. Also, the self-made questionnaire which had good reliability and validity was used to collect data. Findings: Analysis of data demonstrated a significant difference between the owners of Mass-produced cars and the luxury ones in all three dimensions, namely economic and cultural capitals and social distinction. The correlation between economic capital and social distinction was stronger in comparison to the correlation between cultural capital and social distinction. . In. Structural equation Model, the variance changes of distinctions through economic and cultural capital was defined 64% among which the role of economic capital was highly more than the cultural capital. Discussion: the research results showed that high-class people with the luxury cars, due to having access to economic and cultural capitals, achieve social distinction which distinguishes them from the rest of social classes. On the contrary, low-class people with their mass-produced cars and with lower economic and cultural capitals achieve less social distinction or, better to say, do not look for social distinction.

Introduction: A wide range of children and adolescents in the world is witnessing physical violence or a threat to doing it by their parents. According to previous studies, the exposure of children and adolescents to domestic violence has been linked to extroverted and antisocial behavior and to committing violent behavior. The aim of this study is to predict the risk taking by adolescents in Khorram-Abad through exposure to domestic violence. Method: The present study was a descriptive, analytical and correlation study. The study sample was 379 male and female students in grades 10 and 11 of high schools who were selected applying stratified and random sampling from high schools of two regions of KhorramAbad city. The scale of child exposure to domestic violence and the scale of risk taking among Iranian adolescences were used in order to collect data. Findings: The prevalence of violence of the father against mother was 14%, the parents’ dispute was 35. 9% and the risk taking was 74. 4%. There was a positive correlation between all aspects of domestic violence exposure and risk taking. The exposure rate of violence in boys was higher than girls. Also, 18% of risk raking variance was explained by exposure to domestic violence. Discussion: The results of the present study illustrate the importance of domestic violence exposure and its impact on increasing the risk taking by adolescent.

Introduction: Health plays a vital role in the world and it can be considered as a main core in sustainable development. Public health is mainly related to the development of society and growth. Undoubtedly, the media are the main source of hygiene information for the majority of people. The aim of health education is to increase health literacy, adopt health behavior and expand the culture of health in the society. On the other hand, the media are the greatest coaches in the world today. There are different definitions of reality due to the media in the present world. . Nowadays, one of the important roles of the media is enculturation, also, they can be considered as a resource of socialization. Many of the beliefs and attitudes shape in individuals’ mind through the media induction over time. For example, people who have mental illnesses or a stigma given to them by the media which cause negative public attitude. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychological stigmas which are given to the subjects of the incidents in the incident news of newspapers. Method: In this descriptive study, quantitative content analysis was used. The study population was incidents pages of five widely circulated Iranians newspapers, including Iran, Jam E Jam, Sharq, Hamshahri and Shahrvand in 1394. Due to low news data, the total numbering method was used. Data were evaluated using a chi-square test. Validity of data was tested using Scott test. . Data were analyzed by SPSS software and using framing and social stigma theories. Findings: According to the results, 92/9 percent of the articles were based upon mental patients and the main goal of 33/3 percent of the articles was to show that mental patients are insane and uncontrollable. 23/6 percent of the other articles say that mental patients are solitary and suffer from acute personality disorders. 20/4 percent of the rest of the articles implied that these people would be mentally sick forever. 14/3 percent of the articles insisted on these people as being antisocial. 62/7 percent of the articles noticed the components of mental disorders in suffering people, while 31/1 percent of the articles pointed out that violence is one of the components of mental patients. Social deviations and patient abuse, respectively showed 3/1 percent and 2/7 percent of components in mental illnesses. Discussion: The results of this research show that mental labels are tied to mental illnesses conceptually and are reflected in the headlines and photos of the news in the newspapers. These labels include mental tags such as “ crazy” , “ insane” , “ psycho” and “ mad” which are the most used in the headlines. Representation of mental illness as a visual stereotype has one result: mental patients are not curable and mental illnesses can be the reason of many accidents and crimes. Jam-E-Jam newspaper has the highest share of visual stereotypes in sex offenders and murderers. Shahrvand and Iran newspapers show mental patients as psychos in most of the cases. Besides, Iran newspaper has showed mental patients as “ savages” . Iran newspaper has the highest record in mental labels in its headlines and the lowest number of mental labels belongs to Shargh newspaper. The consequences of these labels are that mental illnesses are equal to some concepts such as “ being insane” and “ being uncontrollable” which keep patients away from treatment and cure and endangers their “ self-confidence” and “ social behavior” . Now the media with misleading images convey messages related to mental health and play a negative role. But with the change of attitude and behavior this negative impact can be changed to a positive effect. We can try to turn the media tools into active tools in a positive way and for health promotion, and we can benefit from significant media outreach opportunities. The media, especially new media provide two-way interaction. Nevertheless, media practitioners and journalists should strive to create accurate media images for people with mental illness and seek to correct wrong stereotypes about all people with mental illnesses; avoid peoples from public and non-academic explanations; and refer them to psychiatrics and specialists to gain a proper understanding of this area. Journalists should have a proper understanding of these people and make this understanding more of a scientific idea rather than the general framework that exists in the society. If journalists or media practitioners try to convey the right information based on the ethical standards, they should produce and disseminate their news or reports based on scientific views which are about mental illnesses and avoid ideological positions and framed cliché s.

Introduction: Disability is defined as the incapability of performing all or part of the normal activities of individual or social life due to congenital or acquired defects in the physical or mental abilities. Giving rights of disabled people and empowering them to have an independent life and to participate in all aspects of life rely on making appropriate urban environments. Disability and challenge of environment appropriateness in the current era are an irrefutable truth. Modern societies deal with this fact in an actual manner and to this large minority, they give rights and are committed to performing them. Critical review of resources: The question of whether the government has an obligation to provide equal access for disabled people has not been addressed in the written works on the rights of people with disabilities, which has been criticized. Another unanswered question is whether not using the usual infrastructure facilities of society by the disabled is due to a defect in these people or it is due to a lack of urban infrastructureDiscussion: Research has argued that since our country, Iran, is based on the Islamic state, the question arises as to whether equal access for the disabled as a right is recognized in the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, including the Qur’ an and tradition And whether the government, on the one hand, and the Islamic community, on the other hand, have such an assignment to such a right. This article was written using analytical-descriptive method and the rules and principles defined in the ijtihad course and tried to find an appropriate answer to this question. Awareness of the Islamic approach to disability phenomenon, while eliminating some misconceptions, has an effective impact on improving disabled people’ s attitude towards themselves and society’ s attitude towards them. Also, it is considered as a basis for the demand and supply of special services to the disabled and their other social rights. Moreover, with the advancement of modern societies in the provision and promotion of services for the disabled, if a religious government like our beloved Iran, cannot be present, at the present time, at least on theoretical foundations-alongside these countries, definitely in the future will move backward in this race. Findings: The findings of the research indicated that the general and religious evidence point to the rights to equal access and the necessity of the presence of people with disabilities in the society, and the government cannot, and has no such right that due to the lack of conditions and by keeping the process of access for everyone silent, always and permanently deprive people with disabilities from social responsibilities. But the right to proper implementation and the rights to the equal access are obligatory to the government.